Michael Griffith

17 hours ago, Bill Brown said:

 

I have spoken to Brownlow in person perhaps a half dozen times now.  I don't believe 80% of what he says.  Pulte, aligning himself with Brownlow, has zero credibility with me.

Well, I don't know. I don't know them and I don't know you. A lot of people would say that your aligning yourself with Dale Myers damages your credibility, given the errors and omissions that have been documented in Myers' writings.

I've never used Holan's account in any of my writings on the Tippit case. The most I've ever been willing to say about her story is that it "may" be valid, but I have not considered it to be strong enough to cite in my writings. Now that you've convinced me that her apartment had no line of sight to the shooting scene, I cannot imagine even considering using her account as evidence.

I think it's possible that she may have heard elements of her account from other people in the neighborhood or from her son, or both. I don't know. This is just speculation. Or, perhaps Brownlow fabricated her story and falsely attributed it to her.

I'd be curious to know if Brownlow recorded any of his discussions with Holan. 

2 hours ago, James DiEugenio said:

I don't think the Mafia killed Kennedy.

And why would they ever recruit someone who was a bad a sniper as Oswald to do so anyway?

If you mean the Mafia alone, I agree, but I think it is clear that the Mafia was part of the assassination plot. 

Obviously, I disagree with Blakey's stated belief that Oswald was hired by the Mafia to shoot JFK. 

Quote

Gerry Down said:

Blakey also endorsed "JFK Assassination Logic" by John McAdams. The endorsement is on the back cover.

Yikes. Well, that doesn't shock me, since I know that Blakey intensely dislikes conspiracy claims that he views as too "out there," too disturbing, conspiracy claims that point in directions that he finds unpalatable, and his endorsement of McAdams' book was probably a reflection of that attitude. 

1 hour ago, Bill Brown said:

Holan's apartment on Patton to Tippit's stopped patrol car.  No line of sight...

This photo, especially when compared with CE 530, convinces me that you are correct, that Holan would not have had a line of sight to Tippit and his car. 

Perhaps it would help to remember that WC apologists roundly attacked Blakey when the HSCA report was published, and that they have continued to attack him ever since. They have continued to attack him for repeatedly defending the acoustical evidence (including appearing in two documentaries to defend it), for making a solid case that elements of the Mafia played a role in JFK's death in his book Fatal Hour, for saying it is a "historical fact" that the Mafia killed JFK, for endorsing several pro-conspiracy books, for saying in 2012 that "the Mob set Oswald up as a patsy," for debunking the WC's ridiculous version of Jack Ruby's Mafia ties and movements and motives, for stridently attacking the CIA in his Frontline interview and in his 2014 statement to the 2014 AARC conference, etc., etc.  

On 11/10/2022 at 4:29 PM, Gerry Down said:

Apparently a bell can be heard on the dictabelt recording. I have never heard this bell, does anyone know what part of the recording this bell can be heard on?

Apparently a bell was found in Dealey Plaza. I think it was Gary Mack that found it which some used as evidence that the dictabelt recording could have been recorded in Dealey Plaza. At 2 minutes in on the below video a bell can be heard in modern day Dealey Plaza. I dont know if this is the same bell that was there in 1963 but its interesting to listen to for comparison purposes if anyone knows where the alleged bell is in the dictabelt recording:

From my article on the acoustical evidence:

       For years some critics regarded the sound of a carillon bell on the dictabelt tape as evidence that the tape was not recorded in Dealey Plaza. About 8 seconds after the last shot on the tape, the sound of a carillon bell can be heard. Critics argued that there was no carillon bell in or near Dealey Plaza, and that therefore the bell sound on the tape proved the open mike was not in Dealey Plaza 8 seconds after the shooting.

       The HSCA acoustical scientists were aware of this issue, and they plausibly argued that other police microphones could have recorded the bell sound, noting that a number of other policemen talked on Channel 1 (5 HSCA 591-592). After the HSCA investigation, researchers discovered that in 1963 there was a carillon bell near Dealey Plaza, and they found a KXAS TV-News video tape made in Dealey Plaza in 1964 on which the sounds of the nearby carillon bell can be heard.

       In 1982, an analysis of the dictabelt tape by some IBM scientists concluded that the bell sound is on both channels. The IBM scientists speculated that the bell sound might not be a bell sound but radio interference whose frequency mimicked a bell sound (Thomas 2013:643-644).

15 hours ago, Bill Brown said:

Anyway, her second-story apartment on S. Patton was only about 150 feet from the Tippit shooting scene...

Nonsense.  The distance is more like 250 feet.

Tippit was shot 114 feet east of the corner of Tenth and Patton.  If you're standing at the spot where Tippit was killed, you can pretty much double (probably more than double)  that distance before you'd reach the apartment on Patton (located next to the alley halfway down the block between Tenth and Jefferson); and that's measuring as the crow flies.

...and period photos of the shooting scene and the surrounding area indicate that Ms. Holan may indeed have been able to see Tippit and his car.

And where can one have a look at these "period photos"?

Based on the maps and their distance scales that I reviewed this morning, I'd say the distance from her apartment to the shooting scene was no more than 220 feet, and we should keep in mind that her second-story apartment was a good 18-20 feet above the ground.

The period photos to which I referred are the 1964 FBI photos of the Tippit scene and of the surrounding area, the Heikes photo, and Commission Exhibits 523 and 530. CE 530 is a photo that shows the building in which Ms. Holan lived from the vantage point of a point on Tenth St., and keep in mind that Ms. Holan's second-story apartment was on the northern end of the building, i.e., the end that was closer to Tenth St. Note also that the building on the southern Tenth and Patton corner was at least 20-30 feet from the southern sidewalk and another 6 feet or so from the street. CE 523 is an annotated map of the Tippit scene that seems to show that Ms. Holan would have been able to see Tippit and his patrol car from her second-floor apartment. CE 523 seems to show that the two houses between her building and Tippit's car would not have obstructed her view of the shooting scene.

I notice you avoided the question regarding whether Professor Pulte was lying when he said he attended one of Brownlow's meetings with Ms. Holan. I believe that Pulte was telling the truth. I believe that Brownlow did have several conversations with Ms. Holan. I believe that Ms. Holan's account may be genuine. One wonders why an old lady living in a nursing home would fabricate such a story, although one can always theorize that Brownlow and Hulte misrepresented what she said. 

18 hours ago, Gerry Down said:

In the HSCAs scenario, it was Oswald who fired shots one, two and four and a second gunman from the grassy knoll fired shot number three but missed. 

Is that correct?

Yes, the HSCA--actually Blakey--said that the Z160, Z189, and Z312 shots came from the TSBD, that the Z302 shot came from the grassy knoll, and that the Z302/grassy knoll shot missed.

17 hours ago, Bill Brown said:

"Holan lived at 409 E. Tenth Street"

No.  She did not.

From sometime in 1962 until the fall of 1963, she lived at 409 E. Tenth St. In September 1963, she moved from 409 E. Tenth St. into a second-story apartment located at 113 S. Patton. I missed this move when I was hurriedly scanning some sources on her location yesterday. Anyway, her second-story apartment on S. Patton was only about 150 feet from the Tippit shooting scene, and period photos of the shooting scene and the surrounding area indicate that Ms. Holan may indeed have been able to see Tippit and his car.

And I ask again: Are you saying that SMU Professor William Palte was lying when he said he attended one of Brownlow's two meetings with Ms. Holan?  

19 minutes ago, Bill Brown said:

 

Holan didn't live on Tenth Street.  She lived halfway down Patton between Tenth and Jefferson and she wouldn't have seen any such car in the driveway on Tenth.

Do you believe everything Mike Brownlow tells you, David?

So are you saying that SMU Professor Pulte was lying when he said he attended one of Brownlow's two meetings with Doris Holan? 

Holan lived at 409 E. Tenth Street, and even Myers allows that Ms. Holan may have been home when the shooting occurred.

Furthermore, Holan may have had a view of the Tippit murder scene from her second-floor apartment. Some of her apartment's windows did face toward the 10th and Patton intersection. Overhead and street-level photos of the Tippit shooting scene suggest that Holan may have been able to see the scene. 

21 hours ago, Mike Kiely said:

Of all familiar aspects of the case that Michael mentions, the toot-toot outside the rooming house has always been a stand-out. It just isn't something that you can argue Earlene Roberts 'imagined'. And if she didn't, then in all the post-assassination frenzy to reassign patrol cars, who from the DPD had the time to cruise down N Beckley and say 'hi' to Mrs Roberts via their car horn? Michael assigns this toot-toot to Tippit; now, while I've never seen a convincing argument it was Tippit; equally, I've never seen one to say it wasn't. Add the fact of a tunic hanging up inside the car at 10th and Patton to, perhaps, explain Mrs Robert's testimony that she saw two men in the patrol car, and there's more than a whiff of Occam's Razor about this incident. Or perhaps I just need to grow up.

The police car that Mrs. Roberts saw in front of the rooming house after it beeped its horn may not have been Tippit's car. It is unclear exactly when Tippit was at the Gloco gas station. If he was there until just after Oswald left the rooming house, then he could not have been the one who stopped at the house a few minutes earlier. If that's the case, it was another patrol car, one that was operating off-the-record. However, Mrs. Roberts thought the car's number may have started with a 1.

On 11/23/2022 at 2:18 PM, James DiEugenio said:

Let me add two points. Myers mentioned his very long report on the acoustics.  As if it were definitive.  I do not recall him mentioning that Don Thomas replied to it.  Here it is:

https://www.maryferrell.org/pages/Essay_-_The_Bike_With_the_Mike.html

I also don't recall Myers saying that in Thompson's Last Second in Dallas, he concluded that book with two essays  by two acoustics professionals both endorsing the HSCA conclusion.  

Another favorable scholarly treatment of the acoustical evidence is Dr. G. Paul Chambers' extensive discussion on the subject in his book Head Shot: The Science Behind the JFK Assassination (Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 2010). I quote sizable segments from Chambers' analysis in my article on the acoustical evidence.

Chambers is a physicist who has worked with the NASA Goddard Optics Branch and with Bellatrix, Inc. He has also worked as the supervisory research physicist for the Energetic Materials and Detonation Science Department of the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Maryland and as a research physicist with the Condensed Matter and Radiation Sciences Division of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.

15 minutes ago, Tom Gram said:

There are indeed enormous gaping holes in the case against Oswald for both the Tippit and JFK shootings. I have an open mind about all the evidence in this case, and judge researchers’ arguments on merit regardless of their opinions of Oswald’s guilt - but for Steve to state that there is zero uncertainty about Oswald’s guilt in the Tippit case and that everyone should “grow up” is just ridiculous. The evidence is obviously and indisputably ambiguous as all hell, and it is impossible to come to a truly definitive conclusion on whether or not Oswald did it. 

To add to your points above, we don’t even have a clear chain of custody of the alleged murder weapon, the episode in the Theater is the ultimate clusterf***, and Oswald’s alleged motive for killing Tippit is in direct opposition to the motive suggested by lone assassin theorists for Oswald killing JFK and subsequently denying it. 

If the evidence against Oswald was so conclusive, lone assassin theorists wouldn’t need to make condescending and intentionally provocative comments. Dale Myers is by far the worst offender. The deliberately insulting unhinged rants on his blog read to me like insecurity and desperation, which makes it very hard to take him seriously. I can’t trust someone who needs to go on a massive ego trip just to make a point - and Myers would be a lot more credible if he could handle legitimate criticism without throwing a tantrum, in my opinion. 

Good points all. When I first began to study the JFK case and for a few years thereafter, I believed that Oswald shot Tippit in self-defense, that Tippit was sent to Oak Cliff to find and kill Oswald but that Oswald beat him to the draw. However, in later years, as I read more about the shooting, I changed my mind and concluded that Oswald had nothing to do with Tippit's death. 

I've presented most of my case for Oswald's innocence in the Tippit shooting in my review of Myers' book With Malice.

I really don't care about someone's political views when it comes to the JFK case. I just wish the moderators would not allow people to post non-JFK-case-related threads in this forum.

On 11/26/2022 at 10:42 AM, Steve Roe said:

It's time to grow up folks, Oswald murdered Patrolman Tippit and there's plenty of evidence to support it.

No, there's not. There are enormous, gaping holes in the case against Oswald in the Tippit shooting.

The eyewitness IDs of the shooter were all over the map, with some clearly pointing away from Oswald, but those IDs were minimized or ignored. The IDs of Oswald in the obscenely rigged police lineups are highly questionable and would have been subjected to a severe challenge at trial. The fingerprints on the patrol car's front passenger door, which at least one witness said the assailant touched, were not Oswald's. The clear weight of the evidence shows that Tippit's killer was walking toward him, west, not away from him, east, which, for a number of reasons, makes it even more unlikely that the assailant was Oswald. There is credible evidence that Oswald was in the Texas Theater several minutes before Tippit was shot. There is no credible innocent explanation for Tippit's being so far out of his assigned area and in Oswald's neighborhood, for his stopping at Oswald's rooming house and tapping his horn, for his speeding off from the Gloco gas station minutes before the shooting, and for his frantic use of the Top Ten Record Shop's phone shortly before his death when he could have used any one of the phones set aside for police use in the area. There is no believable way to even get Oswald to 10th and Patton without assuming he got a ride. The clothing and ballistics evidence is a mass of contradictions and smells to high heaven. No one has yet explained why Tippit would have stopped the assailant in the first place if the assailant was Oswald, since the man was, by all accounts, walking normally, and since the police description of the killer differed markedly from Oswald's appearance. And on and on we could go. 

For that matter, to even assume that Oswald would have had any reason to shoot Tippit, one must assume that Oswald shot JFK, but new research strongly indicates that Oswald was not even on the sixth floor of the TSBD during the shooting and that he did not fire a rifle that day. 

On 11/27/2022 at 10:28 AM, Matthew Koch said:

This book says they do correlate ..

https://www.amazon.com/Last-Second-Dallas-Josiah-Thompson/dp/0700630082/ref=sr_1_1?crid=AX2E47NGEOB0&keywords=last+second+in+dallas+josiah+thompson&qid=1669562831&sprefix=last+second+in+dallas%2Caps%2C139&sr=8-1

Yes, I'm aware of that. I've read Last Second in Dallas. One problem is that Thompson is wedded to the idea of an unaltered, pristine Zapruder film, whereas I think there are obvious, clear indications in the film that it has been altered. There are several events in the film that simply could not have happened, that were physically impossible. We know from Doug Horne's ground-breaking research that the film was edited at a CIA-contracted photo lab in New York and that two versions of the film were viewed at CIA HQ in Langley. 

Anyone who argues that Connally was hit at Z224 based on the flimsy evidence of the lapel flip needs to explain how a bullet that made Connally's chest exit wound could have caused the lapel to flap when the wound was nowhere near the lapel, not to mention that Connally himself, after studying high-quality blowups of the Z film, said he was certain he was not hit before Z232 and identified Z234-236 as the moment of impact. 

They also need to explain the fact that JFK is visibly knocked forward starting at Z226 and that Connally's shows dramatic reactions starting in Z236, including the sudden collapse of his right shoulder. JFK's sudden forward jolt starting at Z226 is one of the most obvious reactions/movements in the Z film. Yet, JFK is clearly responding to some kind of wound starting at right around Z200 when his right hand abruptly stops in the middle of a wave and drops to the level of his chin/throat, and he starts to turn his head rapidly to the left, and when he emerges from behind the freeway sign he has both hands at his throat--this all happens well before he is visibly jolted forward starting at Z226.

The most likely cause of the lapel flip was the brisk wind that was blowing intermittently in Dealey Plaza during the motorcade.

Tom Bass starts his far-left review with this dubious paragraph:

          The Vietnam War was a dog from day one. This was the scandal revealed by the Pentagon Papers, the forty-seven volumes documenting the lies and fakery that year after year racked up bodies like cordwood. More than 3 million Vietnamese were bombed, shelled, gassed, tortured and otherwise killed in a war that Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and Ford should have ended the day it began, by acknowledging that the Vietnamese beat the French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 and that colonialism in Asia was dead.

You can find this spin repeated virtually verbatim in communist propaganda about the Vietnam War. 

In point of fact, the Vietnam War was a noble effort to keep the 18 million citizens of South Vietnam from falling under North Vietnam's brutal, tyrannical communist rule. 

To read Bass's review,

-- You'd never know that North Vietnam was the aggressor, that North Vietnam launched four large-scale invasions against South Vietnam (1964, 1968, 1972, and 1975). In contrast, South Vietnam never once sent a large army across the DMZ and/or through Laos to invade North Vietnam. 

-- You'd never know that the Saigon regime allowed its citizens far more basic rights than the Hanoi regime allowed its citizens.

-- You'd never know that Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh would not have defeated the French without massive aid from the Chinese, that China provided tens of thousands of support troops to aid the Viet Minh, that Chinese generals ran major Viet Minh operations (including the assault on Dien Bien Phu), and that Ho and his fellow Communists murdered tens of thousands of non-communist Vietnamese nationalists to consolidate their power in the north. 

-- You'd never know that there would have been no North Vietnam without massive Soviet and Chinese military and financial aid, that China had over 100,000 support troops in North Vietnam, and that Russia had over 1,000 advisers in North Vietnam (many of whom operated some of North Vietnam's Soviet-provided SAM missile batteries).

-- And you'd never know that after the Communists took over South Vietnam, they imposed a reign of terror that nearly rivaled the Communist genocide in Cambodia. As has been thoroughly documented, when the North Vietnamese took over South Vietnam, they executed tens of thousands of South Vietnamese, and sent well over one million others to concentration camps, where tens of thousands died from abuse and cruel conditions. To this day, Communist Vietnam remains one of the most repressive regimes on the planet, according to every major human rights group (including Human Rights Watch). 

And, is Bass aware that the portion of the war covered by the Pentagon Papers only goes to 1967, and that, even then, the Pentagon Papers is not a comprehensive record of the deliberations regarding the war up to 1967?  

If you'd like to read more to get the full story on the Vietnam War, I invite you to check out my website The Truth About the Vietnam War.

Dr. Paul Hoch and Dr. Murray Miron found evidence that the dictabelt recording has been altered in the segment that contains the suspicious transmissions regarding Tippit's presence in Oak Cliff. It is also entirely possible, if not certain, that the dictabelt in evidence is a copy, and that the timing of some transmissions was affected in the copying process.

These are two other reasons that it's problematic to try to correlate the gunshot impulses on the recording with events in the Zapruder film. 

When asked about the issue of which motorcycle recorded the sounds on the dictabelt, acoustical expert Professor Ernest Aschkenasy explained to then-Congressman Christopher Dodd that if the motorcycle was not in Dealey Plaza, it must have been in a replica of Dealey Plaza:

          Mr. DODD. Let me try to conclude this, by asking you this, though. Having said that, and using the expertise that you have in acoustics, you, I think, said, Dr. Aschkenasy, that to have found a sound that you developed in your predicted response in some place other than Dealey Plaza, it would have been necessary to reconstruct, in effect, Dealey Plaza in some other place?

          Mr. ASCHKENASY. Correct.

          Mr. DODD. So that even if that sound that we hear is the third or fourth response, that would have only been able to have come, based on your expertise and your tests, only could have come from Dealey Plaza, unless you could have recreated Dealey Plaza?

          Mr. ASCHKENASY. Congressman Sawyer at that time asked the question, if somebody were to tell me that the motorcycle was not at Dealey Plaza--and he was in fact somewhere else and he was transmitting from another location--my response to him at that time was that I would ask to be told where that location is, and once told where it is, I would go there, and one thing I would expect to find is
a replica of Dealey Plaza at that location. That is the only way it can come out. (5 HSCA 592)

This is great news to hear. I'm happy that the documentary is doing so well. Of all the videos on the JFK case that people can see, this is the best one currently available. 

We should keep in mind that Dr. Pierre Finck, the only forensic pathologist at the autopsy, confirmed to the ARRB that there was a fragment trail that went from a point near the external occipital protuberance (EOP) upward to the area of the right orbit (behind the right eye). No bullet fired from the Oswald sniper's nest could have made that wound, unless Kennedy's head was tilted nearly 60 degrees forward, which the Zapruder film and the Muchmore film clearly show it was not.

On 11/23/2022 at 1:39 PM, Steven Kossor said:

I've had some experience with audio recordings (I understand what "compression" and other sound adjustment technology is), obtained the best available copies of the Dallas PD dictabelt audio recordings (through the generosity of a person from this forum who shared them with me) and studied them carefully using high quality audio recording and mixing equipment, and consulted with Doug Horne and others over the years about what the recordings contained.  There is no doubt that there are sounds on the DPD dictabelt recordings I analyzed that meet the standards for gunshot sounds (rapid attainment of atypically high amplitude with a very short duration), and that there are at least four of them that are plainly apparent (and up to four others that are probably not echoes), but here's the problem:  There is no three-wheeler motorcycle on any film of Dealey Plaza during the shooting time sequence; the "stuck mic" wasn't in the limo, Queen Mary, or on any of the two-wheel motorcycles that appear in the Nix, Moorman, Zapruder or other film & photo evidence taken during the shooting.  The three-wheel motorcycle with the stuck mic appears to have been up on Stemmons, quite a distance from DP at the time of the shooting.  It's possible that another microphone captured the sounds of gunshots in DP and that those sounds were mechanically mixed with the "stuck mic" sound recording (possibly during the creation of the existing copy of the DPD dictabelt recording).  The short version is that, although there are sounds that meet the criteria for gunshots on the existing DPD dictabelt recording, it is not possible to determine with a high level of confidence how those sounds came to be on that recording.  I've listened to the DPD dictabelt recordings in their entirety (from about 12:00 noon through about 5:00 pm) and found some really, really interesting things in them (discussions about ambulance activity being the most significant, I believe), and would be happy to talk with others about those recordings.

I think Dr. Thomas makes a solid case that McClain's bike was in Dealey Plaza during the time in question. The photographic record does not give us a complete picture of the bikes that were in the plaza at the time, but the record does suggest that McClain's bike very well could have been there at the right time.

Anyone who argues that the gunshot impulse patterns on the dictabelt were not recorded in Dealey Plaza during the assassination must explain why the impulse patterns have echo patterns that are unique to Dealey Plaza; why those echo patterns occur in the correct topographic order; why the dictabelt contains N-waves from supersonic rifle fire; why those N-waves occur only among the identified gunshot impulse patterns and only in the two impulse patterns that were recorded when the motorcycle’s microphone was in position to record them; why the dictabelt contains muzzle blasts and muzzle-blast echoes; why those N-waves, muzzle blasts, and muzzle-blast echoes occur in the correct order and interval; why windshield distortions occur in the impulse patterns when they should and do not occur when they should not; and why the location and movement of the dictabelt's impulse patterns match the location and movement of the impulse patterns from the appropriate shots of the test firings in Dealey Plaza. 

As for someone else's question about the Z224 lapel flip and the dictabelt, since the Zapruder film has been altered, any attempt to correlate the dictabelt gunshot impulses with events in the Z film is problematic from the outset.

Who told him he could take a day off when we are anxiously waiting for his next book?!😃

Ah, yes, Gerald Posner, the guy who falsely claimed that Connally's back wound was 3.0 cm long when he surely knew that this was the post-surgical size of the wound and not the original size, which was 1.5 cm long. When the surgeon cleaned and debrided the wound, he enlarged it to 3.0 cm long, but he said the original wound was 1.5 cm long. Posner had to know this.

16 hours ago, Pat Speer said:

This is true. It is the subject matter of The Assassination tapes by George O'Toole, as I recall. The problem is PSE software is like a lie detector. It is suggestive, but not admissible in a court of law or anything like that. NAA tests for gsr are admissible. 

Actually 10 or 11 states allow PSE lie detector tests to be admitted as evidence in court. One advantage of the PSE (aka VSA) is that it can be administered without the person's knowledge. 

By the way, regarding the famous heart-wrenching picture that someone posted in this thread that shows the young South Vietnamese girl Kim Phuc fleeing and nude after being burned in an air raid, no Americans were involved in this incident. The planes doing the bombing were South Vietnamese air force planes flown by South Vietnamese pilots in support of South Vietnamese troops in the village of Trang Bang, who were trying to repel part of North Vietnam's massive invasion of South Vietnam in 1972. The South Vietnamese pilot who dropped the napalm bomb that accidentally and unintentionally burned Kim Phuc later moved to the U.S. Even the AP photographer, Nick Ut, who took the picture, was South Vietnamese. Needless to say, if the North Vietnamese had not launched the massive Easter Offensive in 1972, there would have been no battle at Trang Bang and the young girl would not have been burned by an errant napalm bomb.

News media reports that an American commander ordered the airstrike that burned Kim Phuc were incorrect. There were no Americans involved in the airstrike. And, again, the airstrike would not have been necessary if the Hanoi regime had not launched another massive invasion of South Vietnam in the spring of 1972.

2 hours ago, Benjamin Cole said:

My guess is the bullet exited JBC's body with a "halo" of bones that tore the shirt, but the shirt held the bones, while the bullet kept going....

Or a large bullet fragment accompanied by smaller bullet fragments tore the shirt and the smaller fragments were held by the shirt while the large fragment exited the coat. After pulverizing 4 inches of rib bone, it likely that the bullet fragmented to some degree, and that it suffered visible deformity.

In connection with this, I should note that Dale Myers and many other WC defenders consistently misrepresent the size of Connally's back wound as 3 x 0.8 cm, when in fact its original size was 1.5 x 0.8 cm. The 3 cm size was its size after it was surgically altered, as the surgeon, Dr. Robert Shaw, explained. 1.5 x 0.8 cm is virtually the same size as JFK's rear head entry wound, which was 1.5 x 0.6 cm. This fact refutes the theory that the bullet that struck Connally's back was tumbling. The bullet entered at a right angle or at a tangent, and this is by far the most plausible explanation for the dimensions of Connally's back wound.