Jim Hargrove

Every alleged Oswald interview Karl has cited so far was supposedly conducted by CIA-defending Ernst Titovets, who called Oswald’s connection to American Intel the “wildest speculation.... A James Bond fantasy.”  For Millicent Cranor’s expose of Titovets, CLICK HERE.

If Titovets wants us to believe Oswald spoke Russian in Russia, why does he not have any recordings proving it?  Why does Oswald speak only English in every recording Titovets released?  RELEASE THE TAPES!

Why did a Russian doctor at Botkinskaya Hospital in Moscow say this of Oswald after his fake suicide attempt?

"The patient apparently understands the questions asked in Russian.  Sometimes he answers correctly, but immediately states that he does not understand what he was asked."

Norman Mailer, who won the Pulitzer prize for  journalism, made use of Soviet documents that were released at the end of the Cold War to discover the truth about Oswald’s use of language in Russia.  In “Oswald’s Tale” Mailer wrote about his private Moscow Intourist guide, Rimma Shirakova.

He didn’t seem to know a single word of Russian, so Rimma spoke to him in English.

Mailer also wrote:

People laughed at him when he talked.  His Russian was so bad people laughed, not mocking, but friendly.  He would try to pronounce words, get them wrong.  They would laugh….  You have cows in America? You have pigs in America?  He couldn’t understand their words, so they showed him with sign language, made animal sounds, and he laughed.

Some other examples....

• Oswald dated only English-speaking Russian girls in Minsk.
• Oswald befriended Titovets because TITOVETS SPOKE ENGLISH!
• Russian KGB had Oswald’s apartment bugged from 1960 through 1962.  Not once do their files indicated Oswald spoke Russian.
• May 1961--When Stellina Ivanova learned of Oswald's marriage she said, "How can that be? You don't know Russian well enough. How can you communicate to this person? Does she know English?" Oswald told Stellina that Marina knew two phrases "Switch off the light" and "kiss me, please," in English.85  It seems obvious, from her conversations with Robert Webster in 1959 and 1960, that Marina spoke English quite well. [from H&L, p. 339]

For the truth about Oswald’s hidden command of the Russian language while in the Soviet Union, read Dr. James Norwood’s account:

Oswald’s proficiency in the Russian Language

John.... The HSCA tried to both prohibit some and blunt other aspects of Jack White's testimony because they were more interested in protecting WC conclusions than in looking for the truth.  Jack’s White’s extensive graphic work DID make him an expert, at least in my opinion, and who cares what “photogrammetrical” or whatever was the ridiculous word really means?  Jack was a seeker, the last thing the HSCA sought.

I’m not a photo expert, but I know that weird artifacts can be introduced into photos, at least into digitized ones, even through innocent attempts to simply brighten or darken or adjust the contrast of digital images.  I saw that with my own eyes when a photo I took from LIFE magazine of LEE Oswald with a missing front tooth was darkened and contrast enhanced.  A strange, very rectangular black blob appeared in the reproduction, seemingly from nowhere.  Perhaps some real digital photo expert could explain it, but I can't.

We don’t know the real history of most of the LHO photos now in the public record.  Some I am quite certain were deliberately messed with.  But some may just have oddities introduced in otherwise innocent processing techniques.  At the moment, at least, I can fathom no reason to mess with LHO’s ear in the “Alfred of Cuba” photograph. A minor artifact can, of course, be an indication of larger image treachery, but a lack of expertise is also a real detriment when questioning the legitimacy of at least some of these photos.  Just my opinion....

Mr. Kelly uses George de Mohrenschildt to draw a line from ACSI to Oswald, which may well be quite reasonable, but I must point out that de M—before, during, and after 1963--was more closely associated by JFK researchers with one certain Agency than with any part of U.S. Army Intel. Here are two brief examples….

In “Oswald’s Closest Friend,” author Bruce Adamson flat-out called George de Mohrenschildt a “CIA agent.”  In Joan Mellen’s book “Our Man in Haiti: George de Mohrenschildt and the CIA in the Nightmare Republic,” she describes de M as starting his work in Haiti “fresh from his xxxignment from CIA to look after the former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas and Fort Worth.”  De Mohrenschildt’s career for a decade or two closely paralleled CIA black ops.

John,

I’ll have to double check on this when I have a little more time, but I think the photo of Oswald in the striped shirt above (labeled “Harvey Oswald”)  was actually provided by John Pic, who identified it as his brother while saying he didn’t recognize the Bronx Zoo fellow.  The chin does look a little strange to my untrained eye, but I’m no expert.  Pic did say, I believe, that this was how his brother looked in NYC in 1952.  Pic seemed to suspect that something weird was going on, but that's impossible to prove.  When John Armstrong tried to interview him, he just said, "I stand by my Warren Commission testimony."

Now, let’s go back to this photo that you presented on the last page….

As much as I admire DJ’s research skills, I don’t necessarily agree with him that the earlobe cutout is surely an anomaly caused by pixelation and generations of copies. It could be, I suppose, but I’m far from convinced. On the image above and on Jack White’s poster it appears to me that something else may well be going on there.  I don’t know if that is very significant—in LHO lore the “Alfred of Cuba” photo is not very important, but I do agree that it is a very strange anomaly, almost suggesting something was cut out, but, like Steve, I've got to admit that I'm far from a photo expert.   

Thank you for bringing up William Kelly’s fascinating post from 2013.  This is the first time I’ve read it.  It is striking that the 12:48 description of the JFK assassin suspect was: “white male, approximately thirty, slender build, height five foot ten inches, weight 165 pounds.”

Note how similar this is to the description of “Lee Henry Oswald” in the infamous Oct 10 1963 CIA cable: “Oswald is five feet ten inches, one hundred sixty five pounds….” Except for the age difference, only indirectly given in the CIA message, the description is identical.  Could this be where that impossibly early description came from?

The CIA cable was signed by Jane Roman (Angleton’s xxxistant), William Hood (also close to Angleton), Thomas Karamessines (xxxistant to Helms) and John Whitten who, according to Jefferson Morley, was the only CIA officer of the four signers who suffered any adverse consequences for this troubling cable.

It is also interesting to compare the 12:48 police radio description of the JFK shooter with the 1:22 pm description of Tippit’s shooter: “White male, thirty, five eight, black hair, slender build, wearing white jacket, white shirt, dark slacks.”  Interesting that both DPD radio descriptions listed the suspect as about 30 years old.

Early researcher Leo Sauvage asked Dallas xxxistant District Attorney Jim Bowie whether a telephone call (by Julia Postal) had led to Oswald's arrest. Bowie told him there was a call from the cashier, but also that there were “Half a dozen calls!”  

2 hours ago, B. A. Copeland said:

Thanks Jim. I’d say Wilcott’s testimony should absolutely and carefully studied and verified before we make any concrete claims regarding what he testified to the HSCA.

What's disturbing, though, is that it is quite obvious that the HSCA's Michael Goldsmith simply would not allow Wilcott to testify about certain things that he knew. Note the last few highlighted lines in this additional page (below) from the HSCA notes.  It indicated that Goldsmith had a "desire to insure secrecy of Wilcott testimony." It added that "Goldsmith said Committee did not want any public revelation on his committee appearance."

Wilcott and his attorney apparently refused these conditions but "Agreed to not reveal specifics of specific questions."  You know, questions like, What was the cryptonym of the CIA's Oswald Project?  In the official transcript of his HSCA testimony, Wilcott apparently said, "I don't remember." But the staff notes (see previous page) indicate that he did remember, didn't he?

DJ,

Well, we’ve gone around and around on this a few times before.  As I always say, it wouldn’t surprise me a bit if military intel—even at the JCS level—was involved in the plot, but I can only go with the direct evidence I can see.  And I think Garrison had the tiger by the tail in New Orleans, even though he was nearly devoured by it.

The conspiracy to kill JFK, as you say, probably started well before April 1963.  I’ll bet the roots are in the days after the Bay of Pigs.  But I do think, as I said originally, that Russian-speaking Harvey Oswald’s direct engagement as the patsy-to-be started on April 23, 1963, when he moved back to New Orleans, minus his family, for no apparent reason whatsoever.   How interesting that Ruth Paine was intimately involved with Oswald family business even then.

4 hours ago, John Butler said:

3 hours ago, John Butler said:

 

Well, let me try this again.  Many photos involving alleged Oswalds have been altered.  If the altered figures were not an Oswald character or a member of the Oswald Project then why alter the photo?  James Pic said he would not recognize this youth as his half brother Lee Harvey Oswald.  It is not Harvey because of the wide nose.  So, who?

Can you see what is wrong with this photo?  What is present that kills the reality of the photo?  What makes this photo a lie?

John,

I see what you’re getting at.  Not only are there problems with the physical appearance of Oswald in many of these photos, there are also direct indications that the photos themselves were altered, sometimes fairly crudely.  The clipped earlobe in the “Alfred of Cuba” photo at top, for example, is a dead giveaway, though I hadn’t noticed it before.

The nose does look large in the Bronx Zoo photo, but the direct sunlight on it and not on his face immediately around it could, I suppose, cause the image to “bloom.”  His neck is also much thinner than in other pictures.  (John A. points out that this is a constant difference between "Harvey" and "Lee.") There is also no doubt that John Pic testified that the Bronx Zoo Oswald didn’t appear to be his brother.

I assume you’re seeing some other evidence of fakery in the zoo photo.  What is it?
 

15 hours ago, Jim Hargrove said:

Speaking of the "square broad chin," compare that chin to other "LHO" mug shots, and it is hard to believe it is the same guy!  For some reason, Jean Souetre was asked about the image and said he knew nothing. 
  

Huh?

As far as "Lee Harvey Oswald" is concerned, the plot began in earnest on April 23, 1963.  This isn't difficult....

If you are going to kill a sitting American president, you have GOT to have a designated patsy.  If you don’t, the search for you will be relentless, and you eventually will be apprehended no matter how well you cover your tracks.  The designated patsy, at least for the specific assassination project that succeeded on 11/22/63, went by the name “Lee Harvey Oswald.”

For no apparent reason whatsoever, “Lee Harvey Oswald” moved from Dallas back to New Orleans on April 23rd and 24th, 1963, but Ruth Paine invited Marina to stay with her in Texas.  In New Orleans, “Lee Harvey Oswald” quickly adopted the role of a pro-Castro Communist sympathizer, although in actuality he was working with Guy Banister and other virulent anti-Communists.

Nevertheless,  the charade was necessary so the designated patsy could be depicted as a tool of Fidel Castro.  The primary purpose of the assassination, I think, was to provoke an invasion of Cuba, which might have happened had LBJ not intervened and convinced Earl Warren to preside over a massive cover-up.

Significant portions of the Federal government took major steps to clear the way for LHO’s patsification when, on Oct. 9, 1963, the FBI cancelled the “WANTED NOTICE CARD” on LHO, effectively removing FBI and Secret Service surveillance of LHO during President Kennedy’s visit to Dallas. 

One day later, on Oct. 10, the CIA issued a memo about “Lee Henry Oswald” with mostly accurate biograpic details about LHO essentially giving him a clean bill of political health, despite his so-called “defection” to the Soviet Union just a few years earlier.  The plot was now in full swing.  

6 hours ago, B. A. Copeland said:

Jim, didn't Wilcott say that it was "approx. RX-ZIM..." or something along those lines? I'm thinking that approximation is relevant as it may not be "exactly" "RX-ZIM" but something close to it if true or accurate according to Wilcott.

Yes, but note how the reference to it is typed up in the HSCA notes, which says, “Cryptonym for Oswald Project approx. RX-ZIM.”  (The hyphen is underscored.)  I’ll bet that was an indication that Wilcott wasn’t sure whether it was typed, for example, as RX-ZIM or RX/ZIM.

John....   On Jack White's poster "THE EVOLUTION OF LEE HARVEY OSWALD" a closeup of "LHO's" face from the image above is labeled as follows: "43. Date unknown, probably summer of 1960.  "Alfred of Cuba" photo.  Square broad chin."  John Armstrong worked with Jack developing the poster.

Speaking of the "square broad chin," compare that chin to other "LHO" mug shots, and it is hard to believe it is the same guy!  For some reason, Jean Souetre was asked about the image and said he knew nothing. 
  

I'm asking once more....

Why did high school dropout "Lee Harvey Oswald" get the same scores in Russian and English language affinity in U.S. Army exams?  How did he manage to have a two-hour conversation, in Russian, with Rosaleen Quinn, a year before he ever set foot in the USSR?  Why could he speak NO RUSSIAN in Russia?

Thank you for the reply.  I'm really, really saddened by this.  It always struck me that Sandy was polite and professional in his posts.

Rick,

I haven't found anything in U.S. history closely comparable to Harvey and Lee, and I've looked, and so has John.  But keep in mind how secretive this stuff must be. CIA accountant James Wilcott told HSCA staff that the cryptonym for the Oswald Project was RX-ZIM, but note how little information you can find on RX-ZIM!

In general, though, examples of identity tricks and impersonations are easy to find in international spycraft.

The book “Castro’s Final Hour” included a photograph (see below) of Antonio and Patricio DeLaGuardia, top spies for Cuba during the 1960s, ‘70s, and ‘80s. They were identical twins, useful, among other ways, for providing an alibi when one or the other got in trouble.

Australian identical twins Don and Peter Field (photo below) were active behind enemy lines in what is now Papua, New Guinea during WWII.  See the story HERE.

A Russian named Konon Molody, born in Moscow in 1922, was sent to Berkley, California at the age of seven to learn English and develop familiarity with American customs.  Ten years later, he returned to the USSR, was commissioned in the Soviet Navy, and started espionage training. By 1954, Molody sailed to Canada with a birth certificate and other paperwork for a Canadian named Gordon Arnold Lonsdale who had died c. 1943.  As “Gordon Lonsdale,” Molody had a significant career as a Soviet spy, including interactions with Rudolph Abel in the U.S. and with the British military.  He was convicted of espionage in London in 1961.

I can't remember where I saw it, but one of Allen Dulles's books supposedly extols the usefulness of doubles in spycraft.  It has been said that the famed German spy Mata Hari used stage doubles for her shows so she could be doing other things.  Identity games appear to be pretty common in the world of espionage.

It doesn't seem possible as he is one of the most valuable posters on this board.   Can this possibly be so?

Rick,

The Oswald Project was not established to assassinate JFK.  It was designed to give a Russian-speaking kid an American identity so he could travel to the USSR and pretend he didn't understand the Russian language.  This is exactly what happened years before the assassination of JFK.

The Harvey and Lee project became entangled in the Kennedy assassination probably beginning in the summer of 1963, or a little earlier.

DJ,

As you indicate, and according to Wikipedia as well, Truman signed the National Security Act, which created the CIA, in 1947. But note that the Wikipedia article further states, “In 1949 [Lawrence] Houston helped to draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act (Public law 81-110), which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed."

It sounds like the CIA didn’t get it’s real covert teeth until that 1949 law.

Now, let’s look at Marguerite….  

She quickly spent her tiny (or non-existent) funds obtained after the death of her husband, Robert E. Lee Oswald in 1939, and by the WWII years was so destitute she couldn’t keep her children.  But then, in 1947, she suddenly had enough money to purchase 101 San Saba in Benbrook in her own name.  Just a year later, she purchased a second him in her own name at 7408 Ewing in Fort Worth, and, in 1951, yet another house at 4833 Birchman in Fort Worth.

I think Marguerite’s money most likely came from a deal she made with U.S. Intel, but it probably started with a precursor to the CIA. CIA funding from the start is not totally impossible, I guess, but the Agency just sounded pretty immature during 1947 and 1948, when Marguerite suddenly was able to purchase two houses in her own name. 
 

That's interesting.  I always preface this sort of thing with the statement that I'm not very good with faces, but the "Oswald" in this picture doesn't look to me much like either the Russian-speaking Oswald killed by Ruby or the American-born Oswald.  That's just me.

Otoh, from looking at the picture, "LHO's" left foot appears three or four--or maybe even a little more--inches below either of Marina's feet.  I don't see how you can take just his left foot into consideration.  The following web page tries to explain the above... though I'm not sure how successfully.

http://www.russianbooks.org/oswald/discrep.htm

9 hours ago, John Butler said:

Jim, Paz,

When I entered the military l was 5 feet 11 inches at 19 years old.  When l was 24 the same age as Oswald I was still 5 feet11 inches.

What I am trying to say is height doesn’t change that much in just a few years.

Harvey was shorter than that.  I think 5’ 9” or so.  The draft card James Alik Hiddell Oswald was even shorter than that.  At least in his Minsk photo with Marina.  Jack White did convincing measurements on that photo.

Some of Oswald’s Russian friends said about 5’ 3” or 5’ 4”.

This will give certain people fits.  This indicates 3 Oswald’s.

John,

That's interesting. Kerry Thornley described Oswald's height as 5'5" (WC XI:89), but LHO's height as listed on nineteen different documents currently in the National Archives is fairly evenly distributed between 5'9" and 5'11" (11 say 5'9", and 8 indicate 5'11"). Only one, a 4/28/60 notation by "Marguerite Oswald," lists his height at 5'10".

The incredibly detailed information from all those witnesses to LHO and family in and around Alice Texas also suggests more than two Oswalds.  Even John A. is mystified by those events.

Can you point me to any information about the much shorter LHO in Russia?  I'm totally unaware of this. 

This is covered in detail in Harvey and Lee.  Why don't you check for yourself by (gasp!) reading at least a few pages from the book.  If you don't want to buy it, it is available without cost from at least three different web servers.  Here's a hint: Search for "Murray Chotiner" and "ETI Realty."

And by the way, since you make endless snarky references to "Hungarian Harvey," I will again point out to readers that H&L proponents have never suggested anything other than the POSSIBILITY the the Russian-speaking Oswald was of Hungarian descent.  (I have posted evidence elsewhere that Russian lanuage instruction was required teaching in Hungarian schools, at least after WWII and possibly earlier.) 
 

The following FBI document, an internal teletype from 11/30/63, was withheld from public view for three decades.  Emphasis added....

URGENT 11-30-63 7-37 PM EST MB
TO DIRECTOR, AND SACS DALLAS AND NEW YORK
FROM SAC, NEW HAVEN /100-18158/
NEW YORK VIA WASHINGTON
LEE HARVEY OSWALD, IS - R
ON NOV. THIRTY INSTANT, JACK D. TIPPIT, SELF EMPLOYED
CARTOONIST FOR NATIONAL MAGAZINES AND WIFE, ONE SIX FOUR
NEW TOWN TURNPIKE, WESTPORT, CONN., ADVISED AS FOLLOWS. AT
APPROXIMATELY ELEVEN THIRTY AM ON INSTANT DATE MRS. TIPPIT
RECEIVED A TELEPHONE CALL FROM UNKNOWN WOMAN WHO ASKED IF
MR. TIPPIT WAS A POLICEMAN AND IF HE WAS RELATED TO THE POLICE-
MAN TIPPIT WHO WAS SHOT IN DALLAS. MRS. TIPPIT REPLIED HER
HUSBAND WAS NOT A POLICEMAN, WAS DISTANTLY RELATED TO OFFICER
TIPPIT AND ASKED IDENTITY OF CALLER. ON ANOTHER EXTENSION
JACK TIPPIT LISTENED TO BALANCE OF PHONE CALL. THE WOMAN SAID
SHE COULD NOT GIVE HER NAME AS SHE WAS AFRAID OF BEING KILLED,
THAT SHE WAS FROM NEW YORK AND HAD TO COME "HERE" TO MAKE THE
CALL SO THAT SHE COULD NOT BE TRACED AS SHE WAS IN FEAR OF HER
END PAGE ONE

PAGE TWO:

LIFE. THE WOMAN REQUESTED THAT NOTHING BE SAID TO THE PRESS
ABOUT A WOMAN CALLING AS THEY WOULD KNOW HER IDENTITY AND SHE
WOULD BE KILLED.
THE WOMAN SAID SHE KNEW OSWALD-S FATHER AND UNCLE WHO
WERE HUNGARIANS AND COMMUNISTS. THE WOMAN CONTINUED THAT
OSWALD-S FATHER AND UNCLE HAD LIVED AT SEVENTY SEVENTH AND SECOND
AVENUE, YORKVILLE, NYC, THAT WHILE LIVING THERE BOTH WERE
UNEMPLOYED, GOT THEIR MONEY FROM COMMUNISTS AND SPENT ALL THERE
TIME IN COMMUNIST ACTIVITIES.
THE WOMAN THEN BEGAN SPEAKING INDISTINCTLY, DISJOINTEDLY,
AND NERVOUSLY. SHE STATED SHE HAD TWO NAMES TO GIVE AND
MENTIONED THE NAME EMILE KARDOS AND SAID SOMETHING ABOUT A
BROTHER IN LAW. WHEN MRS. TIPPIT TRIED TO FIND OUT WHOSE
BROTHER IN LAW THE WOMAN KEPT REPEATING THE WORD BROTHER IN LAW.
THE WOMAN STATED KARDOS IS HEAD OF THE COMMUNISTS AND THAT THIS
GROUP IN NEW YORK NOW HAS CHARTS AND MAPS. THE WOMAN SAID
SOMETHING ABOUT WEINSTOCK THE EDITOR OF QUOTE WOMAN-S WORLD
UNQUOTE BUT DID NOT GIVE FURTHER DETAILS.. THE WOMAN SAID THE
END PAGE TWO

PAGE THREE:

GROUP IN NEW YORK PLANS TO TAKE OVER THE GOVERNMENT, THAT OF
COURSE THEY WOULD DENY THIS BUT SHE KNEW IT TO BE TRUE.
SHE THEN HUNG UP ABRUPTLY. THE WOMAN NEVER GAVE ANY REASON
FOR HER CALL WHICH SOUNDED LOCAL. MRS. TIPPIT THOUGHT THE
WOMAN HAD AN AUSTRIAN OR GERMAN ACCENT WHILE MR. TIPPIT
BELIEVED IT WAS SPANISH. BOTH FELT THE WOMAN SOUNDED LIKE
A MATURE ADULT AND DID NOT HAVE A YOUTHFUL VOICE.
MR. TIPPIT EXPLAINED WOMAN MAY HAVE OBTAINED HIS IDENTITY
FROM AN ARTICLE ON PAGE ONE OF NORWALK, CONN. QUOTE HOUR
UNQUOTE FOR NOVEMBER TWENTYFIVE LAST, WHICH STATED THAT WE MAY
BE A DISTANT RELATIVE OF THE DALLAS POLICEMAN. TIPPIT SAID
ARTICLE RESULTED FROM TELEPHONE CALL FROM REPORTER WHO WAS
CHECKING ALL TIPPITS IN LOCAL TELEPHONE DIRECTORIES.
BUREAU REQUESTED TO COORDINATE ABOVE WITH ANY OTHER
INFORMATION TO DETERMINE IF PERTINENT AS NEW HAVEN HAS NO
KNOWLEDGE OF THE RESIDENCE AND ASSOCIATES OF OSWALD-S FATHER
AND UNCLE.

END AND ACK PLS
7-45 PM OK FBI WA LLD FOR RELAY
6-47 PM CST OK FBI DL FL
TU PLSDISC M
CC-MR_ROSEN

Gene,

Yeah, the program was probably started by the OSS, and continued as many of the people from that organization moved on to the CIA.  Marguerite Claverie Oswald undoubtedly sealed the deal, probably in the 1940s.

9 hours ago, Paz Marverde said:

I remember an Italian newspaper showing discrepancies of height among some photos of LHO

Paz,

Paperwork from several Marine Corps examinations indicate Oswald was 71 inches tall (5 foot 11 inches), but on a slab in the Dallas morgue he was measured at 69 inches, two inches shorter.  There are more listings of his height at both 71 inches and 69 inches, but never at 70 inches, which you would think would happen if these were just sloppy measurements.
 

Thanks for digging up that thread, Kathy.  The discussion is intriguing, but Donald O. Norton was probably born in 1949 and, if so, was too young to have been the man born as Lee Harvey Oswald.  He apparently formed a one-man advertising company and John found a flier with his picture on it.

3 hours ago, Gene Kelly said:

It seems one of the Oswalds interviewed by Ms. Kittrell spoke of prior work as a delivery person in San Diego. 

Don't forget the infamous note that Marguerite supposedly signed on 10/7/55 that was found in Oswald's file at Warren Easton High School:

"Becaus [sic] we are moving to San Diego in the middle of this month Lee must quit
school now. Also, please send by him any papers such as his birth certificate that you may
have. Thank you. Sincirely ...... Mrs. M. Oswald

There are other indications that the Russian-speaking Oswald and his caretaker "mother" may have moved to San Diego, but, of course that is not part of the Official Biography of "Lee Harvey Oswald."