Jump to content
The Education Forum

Michael Clark

Members
  • Posts

    4,737
  • Joined

  • Last visited

Posts posted by Michael Clark

  1. A post concerning, and isolating, George De Mohrenschildt's pot-shot on Walker comment. I am seeing 3 accounts on that comment. The first is Marina's Feb 3rd testimony. The second is George De M's 4-22-64 testimony. The 3rd is Jeanne De M's 4-23-64

     

    Mr De Mohrenschildt: He said "I go out and do target shooting. I like target shooting." So out of the pure, really jokingly I told him "Are you then the guy who took a pot shot at General Walker?" 

    ---------------------

    MOHRENSCHILDT.: Yes, yes, yes, yes; that is right. How could I have--my recollections are vague, of course, but how could I have said that when I didn't know that he had a gun you see. I was standing there and then Jeanne told us or Marina, you know, the incident just as I have described it, that here is a gun, you see. I remember very distinctly saying, "Did you take the potshot at General Walker?"

    The same meaning you know, "Did you miss him," about the same meaning? I didn't want him to shoot Walker. I don't go to that extent you see.

    ---------------------

    On April 23, 1964 Mrs. De Mohrenschildt recalls the pot-shot comment:

    JENNER. All right. Now, then, what did you do? Go into some other part of the house?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. I came back to the room, where George and Lee were sitting and talking. I said, do you know what they have in the closet? A rifle. And started to laugh about it. And George, of course, with his sense of humor--Walker was shot at a few days ago, within that time. He said, "Did you take a pot shot at Walker by any chance?" 

    ----------------------

    It seems, Marina claims that G. De M. Made the comment about the pot-shot as soon as he walked in the door. 

    In testimony months later, George, himself, makes note that he could not have made that comment if he did not know that Lee had a rifle.

    And so, Mrs De M. Steps-up with the story about Marina showing her the closet and gun, then telling George about it while in the living room. This sets the stage for the comment having been made in the context of him knowing that Lee had a rifle.

    Marina does not testify, nor is she asked, if she had shown Jeanne De M. the gun in the closet. 

    ----------------------------

    It looks to me like Marina's "by the way" comment was a pre-planned comment that was awkwardly inserted. It also looks to me that it created a problem that needed to be later amended by testimony from the De M's.


    Mrs. OSWALD. He said only that he had taken very good aim, that it was just chance that caused him to miss. He was very sorry that he had not hit him.
    I asked him to give me his word that he would not repeat anything like that. I said that this chance shows that he must live and that he should not be shot at again. I told him that I would save the note and that if something like that
    should be repeated again, I would go to the police and I would have the proof in the form of that note. He said he would not repeat anything like that again.
    By the way, several days after that, the De Mohrenschildts came to us, and as soon as he opened the door he said, "Lee, how is it possible that you missed?"
    I looked at Lee. I thought that he had told De Mohrenschildt about it. And Lee looked at me, and he apparently thought that I had told De Mohrenschildt about it. It was kind of dark. But I noticed---it was in the evening, but I noticed that his face changed, that he almost became speechless.
    You see, other people knew my husband better than I did. Not always--but in this case.

     

  2. What strikes me is that, when she testified to the WC, Marina is unclear about when Oswald "un-buried" the rifle and brought it home. She is unclear about it being Saturday or Sunday. That makes no sense to me. If the De Mohrenschilds visited, with a bunny for the baby, on the night before Easter, that being the last time she would see them, and that being the night that Mrs De M. saw the gun, Marina would be clear about that being the Saturday.

    Jim D's assertion about the conflicting FBI testimony makes sense in light of the WC testimony. I suspect that she is aware of the conflicting statements and this is how she dealt with it, i.e. Being mush-mouthed about it.

    Marina testifies on 2-2-64 that, a couple days after the Walker shooting, George DeM. Walked in the door and the first thing he said was "Lee, how did you miss?" (General Walker).

    -----------------

    Mrs. OSWALD. .....By the way, several days after that, the De Mohrenschildts came to us, and as soon as he opened the door he said, "Lee, how is it possible that you missed?"

    -----------------

    This is the only mention, in Marina'a lengthy Feb. 2nd testimony, of the De M's post Walker assassination-attempt visit. In her July testimony, this visit is not mentioned at all.


     

    I am still digging to be sure I am correct about this, looking over both the Feb. 2nd and July 24th testimony of Marina.

  3. 1 hour ago, James DiEugenio said:

    As I noted in the other thread, how could the rifle be in plain sight if Marina says it was buried at the time? (Reclaiming Parkland, p.105)

    Either someone is lying or someone is mistaken.

     

    I  would not even call this enough for a slice of bread, let alone a sandwich.

     

    The De Mohresnschilds visited on the night before Easter. Easter was on the 14th in 63.

    So their Saturday night visit was about 10PM on the 13th.


    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. I believe so; yes. The night before Easter.

     

    Walker was shot at on Wednesday the 10th. Then Lee "buried" the rifle for a few days.

    Mrs. OSWALD. Yes.
    Mrs. OSWALD. No; the day Lee shot at Walker, he buried the rifle because when he came home and told me that he shot at General Walker and I asked him where the rifle was and he said he buried it.

    Mr. LIEBELER. He shot at General Walker on April 10, which was on Wednesday.
    *Mrs. OSWALD. Wednesday?
    Mr. LIEBELER. Yes; it was on Wednesday.
    Mrs. OSWALD. As I remember, it was the weekend--Saturday or Sunday when Lee brought the rifle back home.
    Mr. LIEBELER. What weekend following the time he shot at General Walker?
    *Mrs. OSWALD. The same weekend of the same week.
    Mr. LIEBELER. Had he destroyed the notebook before he brought the rifle back?
    Mrs. OSWALD. No.
    Mr. LIEBELER. How long after he brought the rifle back did he destroy the book?
    Mrs. OSWALD. He destroyed the book approximately an hour after he brought the rifle home.

    So Lee "un-buried" the rifle on the same day as the De Mohrenschildt's visit.

     

    Jim D., To be sure, I'm not eating the sandwich, I'm just looking at it.

  4. Mr. Jenner seemed intent on making a "scope-sandwich". You can't really have a a scope without a rifle.


    Mr. JENNER. You got there. Now, just relax----
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. I am trying to think hard, because every little fact could be important.

    Mr. JENNER. But you are excited. Relax, and tell me everything that occurred, chronologically, as best you can on that occasion. You came to the door and either Marina or Oswald came to the door, and you and your husband went in the home?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. That is right.
    Mr. JENNER. Then, go on. Tell me about it.
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. And I believe from what I remember George sat down on the sofa and started talking to Lee, and Marina was showing me the house that is why I said it looks like it was the first time, because why would she show me the house if I had been there before? Then we went to another room, and she opens the closet, and I see the gun standing there. I said, what is the gun doing over there?
    Mr. JENNER. You say---
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. A rifle.
    Mr. JENNER. A rifle, in the closet?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. In the closet, right in the beginning. It wasn't hidden or anything.
    Mr. JENNER. Standing up on its butt?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes.
    Mr. JENNER. I show you Commission Exhibit 139. Is that the rifle that you saw? 

    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. It looks very much like it.
    Mr. JENNER. And was it standing in the corner of the closet?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. You want me to show you how it was leaning? Make believe I open the closet door this way. And the rifle was leaning something like that.
    Mr. JENNER. Right against the wall?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes; and the closet was square. I said, what is this?
    Mr. JENNER. It was this rifle?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. I don't know. It looks very much like it, because something was dangling over it, and I didn't know what it was. This telescopic sight. Like we had a rifle with us on the road, we just had a smooth thing, nothing attached to it. And I saw something here.
    Mr. JENNER. I say your attention was arrested, not only, because when the closet door was opened by Marina you saw the rifle in the closet--you saw a rifle?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes.
    Mr. JENNER. That surprised you, first?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Of course.
    Mr. JENNER. And then other things that arrested your attention, as I gather from what you said, is that you saw a telescopic sight?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes; but I didn't know what it was.
    Mr. JENNER. But your attention was arrested by that fact, because it was something new and strange to you?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes.
    Mr. JENNER. You were accustomed to your husband having weapons?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Well, we had only one rifle on our trip. But my father was a collector of guns, that was his hobby.
    Mr. JENNER. And being accustomed to rifles, to the extent you have indicated, you noticed this telescopic lens, because you had not seen a rifle with a telescopic lens on it before? Had you seen a rifle with the bolt action that this has?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. No; I didn't ever know. I read it was bolt action but I would not know. Mr. JENNER. But you did notice this protrusion, the ball sticking out?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. No; I don't recall. The only thing there was something on it. It could be that it was the telescopic sight or something, but it was something on the rifle. It was not a smooth, plain rifle. This is for sure. 

     

     

     

  5. 17 minutes ago, Paul Trejo said:

    Got the WC the only undisputed eye-witnesses were Marina and Mrs DM.

    After that, we have Ron Lewis in newOrleans during the summer of 1963, as he claims (1993).

    Thank you, Paul. That's not enough to make a sandwich.

    Making a sandwich is a term I have recently considered adopting in my JFK research. I have looked at this or that aspect of the case and I have mused that each piece of evidence is a slice of this or that or some lettuce or a swipe of mayo and, voila! A sandwich has been created. 

    Yes, I have been amusing myself with that. I am delighted to find that the conspirators are going a little hungry with those morsels in regard to the rifle.

    Paul, I am digging through old threads. I do not recall seeing your opinion on the authenticity of the BYP's. May I ask what your take is on those?

     

    Cheers, Mike

  6. I gleaned the following quote from this heavily trolled thread 

    http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/15525-do-we-all-agree-that-the-backyard-photos-are-fake/&page=7

     

    David Joseph's wrote:

    Very interesting thread - I've read thru the entire thing and was very happy to find reference to the Fritz notes but we're missing a piece of evidence

    An observation

    On page 9 it appears Fritz is trying to trap Oswald into saying he lived where Frtiz seems to know the photos were taken... NOT that he showed Oswald these photos ONLY that Frtiz is aware of their existence and knows what they look like... this is at 12:35pm on 11/23/63

    and as we've already seen in the FBI report dated 2-3-64 Det Rose does not find the negatives until 3:20pm 11-23-63

    Add this now, he books them into evidence at 4:30pm on 11-23-63 - when the 12 photos were printed is not yet determined

    Faked or not (I am not touching that one in this post) I find it hard to understand how Fritz can be questioning/trapping Oswald regarding photos that had not been yet found, not yet known to be found, not yet known they would be found or even prints yet made so FRITZ himself would know what he was asking Oswald to describe.

    I look forward to the discussion

    DJ

     

  7. Bump, I know Jack White has passed. I am searching the forum for the Photo Analysis expert opinions on the backyard photos.

    Related thread: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/22303-more-on-the-byp/

    Related thread: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/23028-how-did-they-get-roscoe-white-to-lean-like-that-and-not-fall-over/&

    Related thread: http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/706-backyard-photographs/

     

    Cheers, Mike

  8. I was going off-topic in another thread, so I am posting this thread to track persons who claimed to know that LHO owned a rifle, particularly the Manlicher Carcano, prior to 11-22-63

    *** Edit. Here is a similar thread for reference

    http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?/topic/12296-did-oswald-ever-possess-any-rifle/

     

    So far I have found Marina Oswald, and  Jeanne De Mohrenschildt.

    George De Mohrenschildt DID NOT see the gun.

     

    Mr. De MOHRENSCHILDT. And I think Oswald and I were standing near the window looking outside and I was asking him "How is your job" or "Are you making any money? Are you happy," some question of that type. All of a sudden Jeanne who was with Marina in the other room told me "Look, George, they have a gun here." And Marina opened the closet and showed it to Jeanne, a gun that belonged obviously to Oswald.
    Mr. JENNER. This was a weapon? Did you go in and look?
    Mr. De MOHRENSCHILDT. No; I didn't look at the gun. I was still standing. The closet was open. Jeanne was looking at it, at the gun, and I think she asked Marina "what is that" you see. That was the sight on the gun. "What is that? That looks like a telescopic sight." And Marina said "That crazy idiot is target shooting all the time." So frankly I thought it was ridiculous to shoot target shooting in Dallas, you see, right in town. I asked him "Why do you do that?" 

    -----------------------
    Mr. JENNER. Did you see the weapon?
    Mr. De MOHRENSCHILDT. I did not see the weapon.

     

    Ok, Jeanne De M. Saw the rifle...

    JENNER. You say---
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. A rifle.
    Mr. JENNER. A rifle, in the closet?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. In the closet, right in the beginning. It wasn't hidden or anything.
    Mr. JENNER. Standing up on its butt?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes.

     

    Ruth Paine did not know about the rifle...........
    Mr. JENNER - Mrs. Paine, if you had become aware prior to November 22 of the fact, if it be a fact, that there was a rifle in the blanket wrapped package on the floor of your garage, what do you think now you would have done?
    Mrs. PAINE - I can say certainly I would not have wanted it there.

     

    Mr. Paine didn't know about the rifle.

    Mr. LIEBELER - I now show you Commission Exhibit 139, which is a rifle that was found in the Texas School Book Depository Building, and ask you if you at any time ever saw this rifle prior to November 22, 1963?
    Mr. PAINE: No I did not.

    That makes Marina and Mrs. De Mohrenschildts the only eyewitnesses to Lee's possession of the (a) rifle. That's all I am aware of so far.

     

  9. Ok, Jeanne De M. Saw the rifle...

    JENNER. You say---
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. A rifle.
    Mr. JENNER. A rifle, in the closet?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. In the closet, right in the beginning. It wasn't hidden or anything.
    Mr. JENNER. Standing up on its butt?
    Mrs. De MOHRENSCHILDT. Yes.

     

    Ruth Paine did not know about the rifle...........
    Mr. JENNER - Mrs. Paine, if you had become aware prior to November 22 of the fact, if it be a fact, that there was a rifle in the blanket wrapped package on the floor of your garage, what do you think now you would have done?
    Mrs. PAINE - I can say certainly I would not have wanted it there.

     

    Mr. Paine didn't know about the rifle.

    Mr. LIEBELER - I now show you Commission Exhibit 139, which is a rifle that was found in the Texas School Book Depository Building, and ask you if you at any time ever saw this rifle prior to November 22, 1963?
    Mr. PAINE - I did not,

    That makes Marina and the De Mohrenschildts the only eyewitnesses to Lee's possession of the (a) rifle. That's all I am aware of anyway.

     
  10. 9 minutes ago, Alistair Briggs said:

    I can imagine that there might not be any more to add to the list...

    ... just on the subject of the rifle etc I have been looking through a couple of books to find the references Oswald is claimed to have said about it under interrogation. There's a couple of things that have jumped out at me a wee bit, so I am going to have to double check it all. I will try and knock something up about it as soon as I can. ;)

    Mr. HOLMES. Yes. They said, "We have a picture of you holding"--actually it came up before then in an interrogation of him about this rifle that came to this post office box.
    They asked him, "Do you own a rifle?" He said, "No."

  11. 7 minutes ago, James DiEugenio said:

    I think about a couple of years ago, Lifton posted a news story from about  a day or so after the murder in which someone said they saw Oswald on an elevator with a long package which looked like he had a fishing pole in it.  I don't recall the thread but maybe someone else does.

    Yes Alistair, the point is THAT rifle.

     Because recall, in her first SS interview, Marina said she never saw a rifle with a scope in Oswald's possession. (Reclaiming Parkland, p. 86)

    As per Jeanne D seeing the rifle, I don't know how she saw it there when Marina said Oswald had buried it during that time. Someone is either lying or mistaken. (ibid, p. 105)

    Gearge saw it and asked Lee iif he took the Pot-shot at the General. George's wife was there but I don't recall if she saw it as well. I was just throwing her in for good measure, to come up with a quick "at most" count. It isn't a large number of people that personally, visually, knew that Lee owned a rifle.

    Regarding the "a" rifle or "that" rifle, I think I am correct that LHO did not own any other rifle since at least as far back as when he went to Russia. 

  12. 16 minutes ago, Alistair Briggs said:

    No worries :)

    Great question you have asked. I look forward to seeing what you come up with. :)

    I  stopped as soon as I started. I copied Marinas testimony and I forgot how dumbfounded it makes me....

    LHO: "Hi honey, I'm home! I just took a shot at General Walker!"

    Reading stuff like this stops me in my tracks. I don't know what to do with it.

    Obviously, that is not the real statement of LHO. Here is a line from Marina.


    Mrs. OSWALD. No; the day Lee shot at Walker, he buried the rifle because when he came home and told me that he shot at General Walker and I asked him where the rifle was and he said he buried it. 

    To be sure, however,  the list is not that long, although I obviously haven't read everything.

    Marina, G. De M., possibly Mrs De M., throw in the Paine's just as speculation and that very well could be it.

    Edith Whitworth saw a scope, or other rifle part. There may be another gunsmith in the testimony.

  13. Just as an aside...

    I am curious as to how many people have to be lying in order for LHO to be telling the truth that he never owned that rifle. I am talking first hand people. 

    -Marina

    -George and Mrs. DeMohernchildt ( I think they both saw it when DeM. asked LHO if he had taken the Walker pot shot.)

    (I am going to keep an eye out, as I read, to fill out this list. I have to read the Paine's testimony again.)

  14. Recently, I gained a greater understanding of the whole question of what the Dark Ages were, what the Middle Ages were and importantly, what they were not. 

    I simply did this by reading the Wikipedia entry on the Carolingian Renaissance. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance

    Briefly, after the Roman Empire became Christianized, scholarly literature was supplanted by dogmatic works of the church. Also, with the fragmentation of the empire in Europe, security was greatly reduced and localized power structures prevailed. With this loss of communications and security, much of the prior advancements in learning and scholarship perished, or nearly so. While brief, the Carolingian Renaissance rescued a useful language tradition and many works of literature. Without the Carolingian Renaissance, later revivals would have had to start lower, dig deeper and would have come-up far shorter than they did. I hope that makes sense and I hope it is useful.

    Cheers,

     

    Michael

     

    Wikipedia entries change. It is a couple months after I wrote the above. I don't know how much the Wiki entry has changed since, but I wish that I had copied the entry at the time of my original posting. That said, better late than ever. The following is a copy/paste of the current entry. May 11, 2017.

     

     

    Carolingian Renaissance

    Carolingian minuscule, one of the products of the Carolingian Renaissance.

    The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century which took inspiration from the Christian Roman Empire of the fourth century. During this period, there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies.

    The Carolingian Renaissance occurred mostly during the reigns of Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York. Charlemagne's Admonitio generalis (789) and Epistola de litteris colendis served as manifestos.

    The effects of this cultural revival were mostly limited to a small group of court literati. According to John Contreni, "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an unmeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society". The secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Carolingian Renaissance made efforts to write better Latin, to copy and preserve patristic and classical texts, and to develop a more legible, classicizing script. (This was the Carolingian minuscule that Renaissance humanists took to be Roman and employed as humanist minuscule, from which has developed early modern Italic script.) They also applied rational ideas to social issues for the first time in centuries, providing a common language and writing style that enabled communication throughout most of Europe.

    ImportEdit

    Kenneth Clark was of the view that by means of the Carolingian Renaissance, Western civilization survived by the skin of its teeth. However, the use of the term renaissance to describe this period is contested, notably by Lynn Thorndike, due to the majority of changes brought about by this period being confined almost entirely to the clergy, and due to the period lacking the wide-ranging social movements of the later Italian Renaissance. Instead of being a rebirth of new cultural movements, the period was more an attempt to recreate the previous culture of the Roman Empire. The Carolingian Renaissance in retrospect also has some of the character of a false dawn, in that its cultural gains were largely dissipated within a couple of generations, a perception voiced by Walahfrid Strabo (died 849), in his introduction to Einhard's Life of Charlemagne, summing up the generation of renewal:

    Charlemagne was able to offer the cultureless and, I might say, almost completely unenlightened territory of the realm which God had entrusted to him, a new enthusiasm for all human knowledge. In its earlier state of barbarousness, his kingdom had been hardly touched at all by any such zeal, but now it opened its eyes to God's illumination. In our own time the thirst for knowledge is disappearing again: the light of wisdom is less and less sought after and is now becoming rare again in most men's minds.

    Scholarly effortsEdit

    A lack of Latin literacy in eighth century western Europe caused problems for the Carolingian rulers by severely limiting the number of people capable of serving as court scribes in societies where Latin was valued. Of even greater concern to some rulers was the fact that not all parish priests possessed the skill to read the Vulgate Bible. An additional problem was that the vulgar Latin of the later Western Roman Empire had begun to diverge into the regional dialects, the precursors to today's Romance languages, that were becoming mutually unintelligible and preventing scholars from one part of Europe being able to communicate with persons from another part of Europe.

    Alcuin (pictured center), was one of the leading scholars of the Carolingian Renaissance.

    To address these problems, Charlemagne ordered the creation of schools in a capitulary known as the Charter of Modern Thought, issued in 787. A major part of his program of reform was to attract many of the leading scholars of the Christiandom of his day to his court. Among the first called to court were Italians: Peter of Pisa, who from 776 to about 790 instructed Charlemagne in Latin, and from 776 to 787 Paulinus of Aquileia, whom Charlemagne nominated as patriarch of Aquileia in 787. The Lombard Paul the Deacon was brought to court in 782 and remained until 787, when Charles nominated him abbot of Montecassino. Theodulf of Orléans was a Spanish Goth who served at court from 782 to 797 when nominated as bishop of Orléans. Theodulf had been in friendly competition over the standardization of the Vulgate with the chief among the Charlemagne's scholars, Alcuin of York. Alcuin was a Northumbrianmonk and deacon who served as head of the Palace School from 782 to 796, except for the years 790 to 793 when he returned to England. After 796, he continued his scholarly work as abbot of St. Martin's Monastery in Tours. Among those to follow Alcuin across the Channel to the Frankish court was Joseph Scottus, an Irishman who left some original biblical commentary and acrostic experiments. After this first generation of non-Frankish scholars, their Frankishpupils, such as Angilbert, would make their own mark.

    The later courts of Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald had similar groups of scholars. The Irish monk Dicuil attended the former court, and the more famous Irishman John Scotus Eriugena attended the latter.

    One of the primary efforts was the creation of a standardized curriculum for use at the recently created schools. Alcuin led this effort and was responsible for the writing of textbooks, creation of word lists, and establishing the trivium and quadrivium as the basis for education.

    Another contribution from this period was the development of Carolingian minuscule, a "book-hand" first used at the monasteries of Corbie and Tours that introduced the use of lower case letters. A standardized version of Latin was also developed that allowed for the coining of new words while retaining the grammatical rules of Classical Latin. This Medieval Latin became a common language of scholarship and allowed administrators and travelers to make themselves understood in various regions of Europe.

    Carolingian artEdit

    Main article: Carolingian art

    Carolingian art spans the roughly hundred-year period from about 800–900. Although brief, it was an influential period. Northern Europe embraced classical Mediterranean Roman art forms for the first time, setting the stage for the rise of Romanesque art and eventually Gothic art in the West. Illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, small-scale sculpture, mosaics, and frescos survive from the period.

    Carolingian architectureEdit

    Main article: Carolingian architecture

    Carolingian architecture is the style of North European architecture promoted by Charlemagne. The period of architecture spans the late eighth and ninth centuries until the reign of Otto I in 936, and was a conscious attempt to create a Roman Renaissance, emulating Roman, Early Christian and Byzantine architecture, with its own innovation, resulting in having a unique character. Its architecture was the most salient Carolingian art to a society that never saw an illuminated manuscript and rarely handled one of the new coins. "The little more than eight decades between 768 to 855 alone saw the construction of 27 new cathedrals, 417 monasteries, and 100 royal residences", John Contreni calculates.

    Documents created during the Carolingian Renaissance show growth of instrumental music with new instruments. The images may document earlier European cythara (lute types) or else a "revival of the Roman kithara."

    Carolingian currencyEdit

    Around AD 755, Charlemagne's father Pepin the Short reformed France's currency. A variety of local systems was standardized, with minor mints being closed, royal control over the rest strengthened, and purity increased. In place of the gold Roman and Byzantine solidus then common, he established a system based on a new .940-fine silver penny (Latin: denarius; French: denier) weighing 1/240 of a pound (librum, libra, or lira; livre). (The Carolingian pound seems to have been about 489.5 grams, making each penny about 2 grams.) As the debased solidus was then roughly equivalent to 11 of these pennies, the shilling (solidus; sol) was established at that value, making it 1/22 of the silver pound. This was later adjusted to 12 and 1/20, respectively. During the Carolingian period, however, neither shillings or pounds were minted, being instead used as notional units of account. (For instance, a "shilling" or "solidus" of grain was a measure equivalent to the amount of grain that 12 pennies could purchase.) Despite the purity and quality of the new pennies, however, they were repeatedly rejected by traders throughout the Carolingian period in favor of the gold coins used elsewhere, a situation that led to repeated legislation against such refusal to accept the king's currency.

    The Carolingian system was imported to England by Offa of Mercia and other kings, where it formed the basis of English currency until the late 20th century.

    NotesEdit

     Einhard's use of the Roman historian Suetonius as a model for the new genre of biography is itself a marker for the Carolingian Renaissance.

    ReferencesEdit

    CitationsEdit

     Trompf (1973).

     Contreni (1984), p. 59.

     Nelson (1986).

     Clark, Civilization.

     Thorndike (1943).

    ^ a b Scott (1964), p. 30.

     Cantor (1993), p. 190.

     Innes (1997).

     Lewis Thorpe, tr., Einhard and Notker the Stammerer, Two Lives of Charlemagne, 1969:49f.

     Carolingian Schools, Carolingian Schools of Thought.

     Cantor (1993), p. 189.

     Chambers & al. (1983), pp. 204-205.

     Contreni (1984), p. 63.

     Winternitz, Emanuel (July–December 1961). "THE SURVIVAL OF THE KITHARA AND THE EVOLUTION OF THE CITTERN, A Study in Morphology". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 24 (3/4): 213. Retrieved 24 November 2016.

    ^ a b Allen (2009).

    ^ a b c d Chown (1994), p. 23.

     Ferguson (1974), "Pound".

     Munro (2012), p. 31.

    ^ a b Suchodolski (1983).

     Scott (1964), p. 40.

    BibliographyEdit

    Allen, Larry (2009), "Carolingian Reform", The Encyclopedia of Money, Sta. Barbara: ABC Clio, pp. 59–60, ISBN 978-1-59884-251-7.

    Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization of the Middle Ages: a completely revised and expanded edition of Medieval history, the life and death of a civilization. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-017033-6.

    Chambers, Mortimer; et al. (1983), The Western Experience to 1715 (3rd ed.), New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 0-394-33085-4.

    Chown, John F (1994), A History of Money from AD 800, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-10279-0.

    Contreni, John G. (1984), "The Carolingian Renaissance", Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages.

    Ferguson, Wallace K. (1974), "Money and Coinage of the Age of Erasmus: An Historical and Analytical Glossary with Particular Reference to France, the Low Countries, England, the Rhineland, and Italy", The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1 to 141: 1484 to 1500, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 311–349, ISBN 0-8020-1981-1.

    Grier, James (Spring 2003), "Ademar de Chabannes, Carolingian Musical Practices, and "Nota Romana", Journal of the American Musicological Society, 56 (1), pp. 43–98.

    Innes, M. (1997), "The classical tradition in the Carolingian Renaissance: Ninth-century encounters with Suetonius", International Journal of the Classical Tradition.

    Munro, John H. (2012), "The Technology and Economics of Coinage Debasements in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: With Special Reference to the Low Countries and England", Money in the Pre-Industrial World: Bullion, Debasements, and Coin Substitutes, Pickering & Chatto, republished 2016 by Routledge, pp. 30 ff, ISBN 978-1-84893-230-2.

    Nelson, Janet L. (1986), "On the limits of the Carolingian renaissance", Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe.

    Scott, Martin (1964), Medieval Europe, New York: Dorset Press, ISBN 0-88029-115-X.

    Suchodolski, Stanislaw (1983), "On the Rejection of Good Coin in Carolingian Europe", Studies in Numismatic Method: Presented to Philip Grierson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 147–152, ISBN 0-521-22503-5.

    Thorndike, Lynn (1943), "Renaissance or Prenaissance?", Journal of the History of Ideas, No. 4, pp. 65 ff.

    Trompf, G.W. (1973), "The concept of the Carolingian Renaissance", Journal of the History of Ideas, pp. 3 ff.

     

  15. On 1/31/2015 at 0:51 PM, Roger DeLaria said:

    I was recently poking around in one of the many used book stores in my area, and I found a copy of "In The Shadow Of Dallas - A Primer on the Assassination of President Kennedy", published by the editors of Ramparts Magazine, 1967. I haven't read through it yet, but it looks pretty insightful for the time. I also picked up a copy of The Ruby Cover Up by Seth Kantor. I haven't read that one yet. They also had a copy of the WC Witness Testimony, I was thinking of picking that one up if it's still there. Might provide some interesting, if not fanciful reading.

    Roger, did you read "In the Shadow of Dallas"? What did you think of it?

  16. I am thinking that Jesus was the Jesus from The Gospel of Thomas. A guy with an unfathomable message expressed in the form of sayings, which were a familair mode of communication at the time. The message, however, was new. Of course, if you were not of noble blood, of aristocratic lineage, bestowed of great omens, or demonstrating great powers or relating yourself in familiar pagan ways, you were mad. The message was, however, immutable. So the messenger was bestowed with miraculous powers, called  the son of God (divi filius), and the language of his teachings raised from that of a desert nomad to that of a respectable Roman aristocrat.

    I'm good with that; it's the thought that counts.

    Cheers,

    Michael

  17. I've become interested in the history of this forum and it's members. I have not quite figured out the best place to posit my questions. It seems that Nathaniel was lost in a month long shut-down of the form in 2013. It also seems that we lost a bunch of members in December of last year, 2016; including Merideth.

    Ive noticed, being a nooob, that some forum greats have died or disappeared along the way. Some have been difficult to track down and the circumstances of their demise is almost always obscure in an obituary. It seems to me like some of these folks should be momorialized in a hall-of-fame type area of the forum.

    To be sure, I did not exert great effort to see how Nathaniel is doing these days. It did seem like a good post to bump in order to raise the subject of the status, well-being, and whereabouts of former members.

     

    Cheers, 

    Michael

×
×
  • Create New...