John Bevilaqua

Taft's were founding members of Skull and Bones... [The following is from a "white paper" written for Japanese readership. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of ctrl.org or its editors] George Bush, Skull & Bones and the New World Order Paul Goldstein Jeffrey Steinberg George Bush, Skull & Bones and the New World Order A New American View -- International Edition White Paper April 1991 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .............................ii The Order of Skull & Bones.......... ......2 Initiation and Ritual......................7 The Spartan Model ........................10 Henry Stimson: Master Bonesman............13 Stimson's Kindergarten and the Cold War...16 Vietnam: The Bonesmen's Debacle.......... 19 Bush in Profile...........................23 The Order's Network.......................25 The New World Order.......................28 The Persian Gulf War......................31 Implications for Japan ...................34 Bibliography..............................38 Some Prominent Members....................39 Selected Quotations.......................43 Introduction This special report is intended to assist the Japanese audience in more fully understanding the present policies of the United States under the administration of President George Bush. It explains the thinking behind America's military adventure in the Persian Gulf and its current attitudes toward the Middle East region. In so doing, we provide a glimpse into the most powerful organization in America--the Order of Skull & Bones. This secret fraternity is based at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where many of the leading members of the U.S. government and the American intelligence community received their formal education. The Order, as it is referred to by its members, is a bastion of White Anglo Saxon Protestant (WASP) culture, which is at the core of the American 20th century outlook. The reader will learn that President George Herbert Walker Bush's concept of the New World Order is an old idea, one which has its origins in the philosophy and beliefs of the secret Skull & Bones fraternity. Today in particular, this is the prevailing outlook of the U.S. government, many of whose most influential members, like the president himself, are part of the Skull & Bones network. These men seek to recreate the American imperium of the immediate post-World War II period, an era which President Bush frequently refers to as "the American Century." The powerful men of Skull & Bones genuinely believe that they have a strategic and moral "right" to control world affairs. Consequently, they take upon themselves the authority to crush any rivalrous threat to U.S. imperial leadership, whether by current allies, such as Japan, Germany or Great Britain, or by Cold War adversaries, like the Soviet Union. The members of the Order, due to their narrow WASP upbringing, view with particular suspicion the maneuverings of Zionist Israel and its affluent, influential lobby in the United States. Bush, his fellow Bonesmen and their like-thinking elitist allies in the American Establishment see themselves as New World Order warriors, an American samurai caste of sorts, whose mission is restoring American greatness. They intend to utilize the institutional networks of the U.S. government and key private agencies, such as the New York Council on Foreign Relations, to advance their purpose. The Skull & Bones members believe in the idea of "constructive chaos." By keeping their true policy intentions secret, by constantly sending out mixed signals on all critical policy issues, they consciously seek to sow confusion among both their nominal "friends" and "enemies" alike. The fulcrum for the policy of constructive chaos is, at present, the Middle East situation. Although U.S. military action in the region has for the time being subsided, America's military power will remain a critical determinant in the future of that vital zone of conflict. American military power is aimed at securing undisputed control over the vast reservoir of oil -- not at necessarily fostering any permanent alignment of local states or combinations of regional interests. If President George Bush and his fellow true believers are successful, the United States will be first among equals in the New World Order. This is their goal. It is also the quest of the Bonesmen of the Order of Skull & Bones -- America's warrior aristocracy. THE ORDER OF SKULL & BONES Skull & Bones was founded at Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut in 1832. It is the oldest and most prestigious of Yale's seven secret societies. Among the others are: Scroll & Key, Book & Snake, Wolf's Head, Eliahu, and Berzelius. These fraternities serve as a recruiting ground for young men destined for careers in government, law, finance and other influential sectors of American life. Skull & Bones is the elite of the elite among these secret societies. Only Scroll & Key can claim a near equal influence on American affairs over the past 160 years. Unlike the Greek fraternities on most other American university campuses, Skull & Bones and its similar secret societies exist exclusively at Yale. They are not part of any nationwide public association. The other elite Ivy League colleges, Harvard and Princeton have similar exclusive secret societies. Yet, even among these few universities, the secret societies of Yale -- led by Skull & Bones -- are unchallenged in their influence on American political affairs. According to some accounts, the Skull & Bones secret society at Yale has an underground affiliation with two other societies which were simultaneously founded at two other locations. The number "322" that appears under the skull and crossbones on the Order's emblem is believed to indicate the year of its founding -- 1832 -- and the fact that it is the second lodge within an international system. By some accounts, the lodge holding the number "1" is in Germany and the lodge numbered "3" is based at another American college. Since its founding, Skull & Bones has only inducted about 2,500 members. At any given time, only about 600 or so members of the Order are alive. This small number underscores the tremendous concentration of power in the hands of its members. If the members of Skull & Bones were to select a Hall of Fame from among their own elite ranks, some of the people whose names would almost certainly appear at the top of the list would be: * Alphonso Taft, a founding member of the Order who served as the Secretary of War under President Rutherford B. Hayes (1876-1880). * William Howard Taft, the only man to ever serve as both the President of and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. * Henry Lewis Stimson, partner in the Wall Street law firm of Root and Stimson, Secretary of War under President Taft (1908-1912), Governor General of the Philippines (1926-1928), Secretary of State under President Herbert Hoover (1929-1933) and Secretary of War under Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1940-1946). * Averell Harriman, investment banker with Brown Brothers Harriman, director of the Lend-Lease program of the U.S. State Department (1941-1942), U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1943-1946), Governor of New York, Under Secretary of State for Asia (1961-1963), and presidential secret envoy to Soviet leaders Stalin, Krushchev, Brezhnev and Andropov. * Robert Lovett, partner in Brown Brothers Harriman, Assistant Secretary of War for Air (1941-1945), Deputy Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense (1950), leading member of the New York Council on Foreign Relations. * Harold Stanley, investment banker, founder of Morgan Stanley. * Robert A. Taft, United States Senator (1938-1950). * Prescott Bush, investment banker and partner in Brown Brothers Harriman, United States Senator from Connecticut, father of George Herbert Walker Bush * George Herbert Walker Bush, United States Congressman (1964-1970), Chairman of the Republican National Committee, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, first American Diplomatic Liaison to the Peoples Republic of China, Director of the Central Intelligence Ageney (1975-1977). Vice President of the United States (1980-1988), President of the United States (1988- ). * John Thomas Daniels, agro-industrialist, founder of Archer Daniels Midland. * Hugh Wilson, foreign service officer, Counselor to Japan (1911- 1921), U.S. Minister to Switzerland (1924-1927), Assistant Secretary of State (1937-1938). Ambassador to Germany 1938), Special Assistant to the Secretary of State (1939-1941), Office of Strategic Services (1941-1945) The members of the Order of Skull & Bones, true to their firm belief in "constructive confusion," have intentionally allowed a series of conflicting mythologies to spring up about the origins and history of their secret fraternity. According to one version of the Order's founding, it was an outgrowth of an earlier British or Scottish freemasonic grouping first established at All Soul's College at Oxford University in the late 17th century. Another version of the history of Skull & Bones is that it grew out of the German "nationalistic" secret .societies of the early 19th century. Still a third explanation is that Skull & Bones is an uniquely American institution which adopted some of the rituals of European freemasonry, but molded these rituals and beliefs into a new form. Regardless of these conflicting accounts, it can be stated with certainty that the Order was first established on the Yale campus in 1832 It was officially incorporated only in 1856 under the name Russell Trust Association. According to virtually all the available biographical data on its early members, the money required to sustain the secret order's campus affairs and its broader role in placing its members into key positions of influence upon their graduation from Yale, derived from the opium trade in the Far East. That trade was set up by the British East India Company and was flourishing by the time the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 ending the American War for Independence. The East India Company during this period was controlled by the Baring Brothers Bank (Toward the closing decades of the 17th century, the British House of Rothschild would supplant the Baring Brothers as the controlling financial interests in the China opium trade. Through the sponsorship of the Barings and also the Rothschilds, a number of leading New England families, some of whom had sided with Great Britain during the American Revolution, were brought into the opium trade as junior partners. These merchant families ran fleets of clipper ships and became in many cases fabulously wealthy as the result of their association with the British East India Company. Among these key New England merchant families were: Cabot, Coolidge, Forbes, Higginson, Sturgis, Lodge, Lowell, Perkins and Russell. These New England merchant families founded the United Fruit Company and the Bank of Boston. The founding families of Skull & Bones included the Russell and Perkins families, Over several generations, however, all these families heavily intermarried and became, in effect, one extended power grouping. William Huntington Russell incorporated Skull & Bones as the Russell Trust Association. Throughout the 20th century, the Russell Trust Association listed the New York City headquarters of Brown Brothers Harriman as its address. Russell was valedictorian of his class at Yale in 1833. He and his Skull & Bones comrades considered themselves to be a special elite among the merchant banking and Puritan pilgrim elite of Yale. They took the Puritan beliefs of the early New England settlers, that they were "elected by God," and pre-ordained to rule North America. The founding of Yale College in 1701 pre-dates the American Revolution by several generations. Many of the founders of Yale were righteous men of the Puritan heritage who devoutly believed in God and country. Some of these patriotic souls later made up the core of Benjamin Franklin's political coalition which ultimately broke with the mother country, Great Britain. Many graduates of Yale were active in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States. Two critics of the Order, historian Antony Sutton and investigative journalist Ron Rosenbaum (himself a Yale graduate), both concluded that Skull & Bones has degenerated since its founding and has taken on more of the occult and ritualistic trappings of the majority of European freemasonic and Illuminati secret societies. Sutton charges that the Order is secretly known among its initiates as the "Brotherhood of Death" and has become an evil instrument in the hands of America's secret power elite. Rosenbaum claims that the society's Germanic origins are inherently wicked and pre-Nazi. In a long 1977 article in Esquire magazine, Rosenbaum charged that the Skull & Bones building on the Yale campus houses remnants from Hitler's private collection of silver. While these stories cannot be dismissed out of hand, it must be noted that authors Rosenbaum and Sutton may be biased. As a young Jewish student at Yale, Rosenbaum was almost automatically excluded on religious grounds from the inner sanctum of the campus's secret societies. Sutton, a British-born eccentric historian, proudly admits his strong British biases, frequently citing philosopher John Stuart Mill as the spiritual mentor in his book on the Order. Despite the possible personal biases in these two accounts of the history of the Order of Skull & Bones, it must be acknowledged that the membership of the society has tended over generations to converge upon a small group of New England families who have intermarried and then sponsored their sons and nephews into the Order. This kind of inbreeding always tends to produce narrow-mindedness and prejudice against outsiders, which can be a serious shortcoming, particularly among individuals responsible for charting the course of a nation as powerful as the United States. It can be documented by comparing the family charts of the early Bonesmen that there is today a core group of no more than 20 to 30 families who form the nucleus of the Order. The majority are old-line Puritan families who came to North America in the very first wave of settlers in the 17th century. Among these prominent families are: Whitney, Lord, Phelps. Wadsworth, Allen, Bundy, Adams, Stimson, Taft, Gilman and Perkins. A second group of families in the Skull & Bones core earned fabulous fortunes during the 18th and 19th centuries and thus won a rite of passage into the New England elite, even though they were not among the earliest settlers. The leading Skull & Bones families in this second category are: Harriman, Rockefeller, Payne, Davison, Pillsbury and Weyerhauser. A few of the Jewish banking families who made their way from Germany to the United States during the 18th and l9th centuries were eventually granted limited access to the WASP inner sanctums. Some families, like the Schiff, Warburg, Guggenheim and Meyer families, were unofficially designated as intermediaries between the New England WASPs and their cousins in London. This was especially true after the Rothschild interests supplanted the Anglican Baring group as the most powerful financial cabal in the City of London. Some of these German Jewish families became so absorbed into the WASP or Anglican society that they eventually converted from Judaism to Protestantism and were gradually ostracized from the Jewish aristocracy. The WASP families, however, never saw the prominent Jewish investment banking families of America as equals. The Jews were considered politically and culturally different by the WASPs, and have never been accepted into the latter's inner circle. For the most part, these Jewish merchant bankers are viewed with suspicion and distrust by the members of the Order. Moreover, the Jewish fraternal societies, such as B'nai B'rith, were formed out of the British-based Scottish Rite Freemasonry. Their sponsors in America, the Rothschilds and the Cecil Rhodes Trust (also known as the British Round Table Group), are connected with the British Foreign Office and its secret intelligence apparatus. INITIATION AND RITUAL To be initiated into the Order of Skull & Bones, one must endure a ritual of selection called "tapping". It is conducted by 15 senior classmen of Yale University who make up the current membership of the secret society. They select 15 members of the junior class to be the Bonesmen the following year. Historically, Skull & Bones kept blacks, Jews and all other non-WASPs from its ranks. Within the last 30 years, however, token members from these groups have been occasionally selected to join. Thus, in the most recent list of initiates to the Order, there is one Yalie with a Jewish surname and even one with a Chinese name. According to author Rosenbaum, in recent years, the Order has inducted members of homosexual rights groups on the campus into its ranks. Among the criterion for selection -- apart from family ties to the order, which has always been an important factor -- is what is referred to by historians and members as the "Three Ordeals." These ordeals are intended to measure the prospective Bonesman's ability to "make it" in the world beyond the university campus. The first ordeal is boarding school. The overwhelming majority of Bonesmen, given their wealthy blueblood family pedigrees, attend one of the prestigious New England preparatory schools, i.e, private high schools. (Whereas a large number of the most elite of the Harvard University students attend Groton, a school with close ties to the Anglican-Episcopal Church, where they receive a thoroughly Anglophilic education, the preferred prep schools for the future Bonesmen are the two Puritan Calvinist-sponsored Phillips Academies.) The second of the ordeals is that of nature. The prospective Bonesmen are judged on their skills as outdoorsmen. Hunting in the New England countryside or, better yet, traveling to distant locations like Africa, the jungles of South America or even the American badlands of the Plains states, is a prerequisite for admission to the Spartan elite ranks of the Order. The third of the ordeals is war. The experience of combat during wartime is considered to be of special significance for the Bonesmen, who see themselves as the elite of the New England WASP warrior caste. Many Yale Bonesmen of President George Bush's generation, as the result of the outbreak of World War II, went directly from prep school into the military service prior to their entering Yale. For a majority of Bonesmen, the preferred military service has historically been with the U.S. Navy. During World II the Naval air corp was a particularly important track for future Bones initiates. In peacetime, participation at Yale in military officer's training is desirable but not essential. The commitment to enter some branch of the military upon graduation is viewed with favor. After the formal selection of the next group of prospective Bonesmen, there is an invitation followed by a formal initiation ceremony. First the 15 senior class members who are the members of the Order select a group of junior class members who are to be "tapped" for Skull & Bones. A group of Bonesmen proceed to the dormitory room of the "tappee." Upon reaching the door, they pound loudly. When the prospective member opens the door, a Bonesman will tap him on the shoulder and yell, "Skull and Bones: Do you accept?" If the candidate accepts, a message wrapped with a black ribbon sealed by black wax with the skull and crossbones emblem and the mystical Bones number 322 is handed to the "tappee." The message appoints a time and a place for the candidate to appear on initiation night. Candidates are instructed to wear no metal objects or clothing. According to a 1940 Skull & Bones document, the initiation ceremony involves the following kinds of things: "New man placed in coffin -- carried into central part of building. New man chanted over and reborn into society. Removed from coffin and given robes with symbols on it. A bone with his name on it is tossed into the bone heap at the start of every meeting." Within the Skull & Bones Crypt, also known as "the Tomb," there is what is referred to as a "sacred room" with the number 322, On the arched wall about the vault entrance is inscribed in German: "Who was the fool, who was the wise man, beggar or king? Whether poor or rich, all's the same in death." This quotation from a German Freemasonic ritual remains a source of controversy surrounding the origins of Skull & Bones. It is one of the bits of "evidence" cited by some of the Order's most ardent critics that the group is "Nazi like" and singularly "Germanic". In fact, the rituals of the Order are very much like the rituals employed by Scottish and English freemasonic lodges. Some of the mystery and confusion surrounding these occult symbols and rituals is intentionally fostered by the Order itself. Among the principles taught to the members of the Yale secret society are the value of ambiguity and secrecy. These values are not taught as part of a purely mystical or occult quasi-religion. They are taught as valuable tools to be applied by the Bonesmen when they leave the insulated environment of the Yale campus and become officials of government, the intelligence community, the military or the private sector. A careful study of the often confusing and self-contradictory behavior and public statements of President Bush and his closest advisers throughout the months of the Persian Gulf crisis of last year and war that followed offers a valuable example of how ambiguity and secrecy are applied by Bonesmen. For the initiates of the Order, the question of whether secrecy and ambiguity are used for the purpose of accomplishing "good" or "evil" is of secondary importance. Secrecy and ambiguity are essential instruments for wielding power. The effective wielding of power is one of the overarching goals of all Bonesmen. The secret ties built up during the Bonesmen's senior year of active membership in the Order are maintained for life. Those ties link each Bonesman to every other initiate, especially to those initiates who were members of the Order in the same year. Thus, every member of Skull & Bones is, in real and practical terms, part of a small elite group of young Yale graduates -- most from wealthy and powerful WASP families -- who enter the world of politics, business, finance, intelligence or education and who proceed to make their mark on the world. According to several sources, President George Bush to this day frequently consults with several of his fellow Yale Bonesmen, and has, on occasion, called upon Skull & Bones members to carry out secret diplomatic missions for the White House. THE SPARTAN MODEL These rites of passage into the upper ranks of the WASP Establishment are capped by the experience the Bonesmen go through in their final year at Yale -- the year in which they actively participate in the Order. For the vast majority of the initiates, the process of inculcation with the ideas of WASP supremacy, an American Calvinist version of what British imperialist writer Rudyard Kipling called the "White Man's Burden," began at prep school. According to the biographical accounts of a number of the leading Bonesmen, the prep school experience is paramount. At prep school, intellectual pursuits are encouraged, but special emphasis is also placed on athletic performance. Future Yale Bonesmen are expected to excel in some team sport, such as baseball and football, both American inventions. (Members of Skull & Bones were involved in the development of both games.) Team sports supposedly prepare the future Bonesman to accept leadership responsibility, and more importantly, teach him to "respect the rules of the game." According to one biographer, when George Bush was a Yale undergraduate he was a member of the university baseball team. Although he was apparently not a very good baseball player, he eventually became captain of the Yale team. One day during the Yale baseball season, he excitedly visited his mother to proudly proclaim that he had hit his first home run. She reportedly looked back at him with patrician coolness, and asked, "Yes, George, but did your team win the game?" The particular emphasis on team sports during the prep school and Yale years is, according to several historians, part of the Spartan training that is so essential to the Skull & Bones philosophy. In the world of Skull & Bones, one of the greatest virtues is the ability to steer the nation into war and to successfully prosecute the war. To the Bonesmen, the use of military power is a natural and essential corollary to political power. The Bonesmen are taught that, although ideas have their place, to truly transform history, military force is almost always required. Critics of the Order have pointed out that this philosophy of power and the imperial use of military force comes straight from the chronicles of the Roman Empire -- especially the Roman Empire during its phase of decline and collapse. The criticism may prove to be most prophetically true of the current generation of Bonesmen who are leading the United States under the presidency of George Bush. During the final phase of the Roman Empire, legions were deployed out around the world to conquer and subjugate vast territories, while back in Rome, there was a breakdown, a crisis in which the entire social and cultural fabric of the early Roman republic was eroding and giving way to something akin to the drug, rock-sex counterculture of today. The Roman imperial policy of attempting to gloss over the decadence at home by engaging in constant wars of expansion led ultimately to the total collapse of Rome. In this regard, the Spartan-Roman imperial outlook of the American WASP warrior caste, exemplified by Skull & Bones, cannot be precisely compared to the Japanese samurai code of Bushido. The Japanese Bushido code emphasized honor among the warriors and presumed a fundamentally moral or ethical vision of the world. No such emphasis on morality and honor exists in the code of Skull & Bones. On the contrary, the Skull & Bones philosophy, according to several of its most astute critics and historians, emphasizes the "double-cross system." The "double-cross" is symbolically represented by the crossbones on the emblem of the Order. According to this philosophy, anyone who is not an initiate is inferior, and can be lied to and manipulated to further the power of the WASP Establishment. To the extent that Japanese leaders view their American WASP counterparts as men of honor whose word is sacred and whose intentions are presumed to be virtuous, they will miss the fundamental character of the American imperium. This is of special importance today, with a leading member of the Skull & Bones system occupying the White House. Skull & Bones philosophy first manifested itself at the American national political level in the late l9th century. At that time, the men of the Order adopted all the critical features of the British imperial system, especially the belief in the Anglo Saxon God-given right to rule over all the other races. Even countries like Japan, which were never colonial possessions of the Anglo-American combination, were viewed as inferior nations to be treated no differently from the colonies in Africa, India or Latin America. In 1898, President William McKinley, one of the last of the American presidents to manifest any of the early republican (anti-British imperialism) traditions of the Founding Fathers, was under enormous pressure from the Skull & Bones-led American imperialists. Eventually, he went to war against Spain to "free" Cuba and seize the Philippines. This was the first time that the United States entered a war through devious manipulation and purely in order to expand its territories. It marked the beginning of a new epoch in American history which would forever alter the vision of the United States. It was the first evidence that the men of the Order were at the helm of the ship of state. President McKinley's capitulation to the WASP warriors would prove to be fatal to himself and, some would say, for his country, too. The Spanish-American War of 1898 catapulted the Skull & Bones crowd into a position of dominance within the Republican Party. At the 1900 party presidential nominating convention, McKinley was forced to accept Teddy Roosevelt as his vice presidential running mate. The McKinley-Roosevelt slate was swept into office, in part as the result of the jingoist climate built up by the just-concluded Spanish-American War. Those circumstances were not all that different from the mood that prevails in America in the aftermath of the Gulf War of 1991. Within months of his inauguration of 1901, President McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist while traveling through Buffalo, New York. Thus, Teddy Roosevelt became president, and the Order of Skull & Bones for the first time moved into the White House. Roosevelt surrounded himself with Bonesmen. His successor in 1908, William Howard Taft, was himself a second generation member of Skull & Bones. HENRY STIMSON: MASTER BONESMAN According to a January 1991 article by the Washington syndicated columnists Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, when President George Bush was making his final decision to use military force to crush Saddam Hussein and decimate Iraq, he spent most of the Christmas holidays closeted at Camp David reading a newly published biography of one of his true heroes, fellow Skull & Bones initiate Henry Stimson. While most White House advisers thought that the gulf crisis would be ultimately resolved through diplomacy, unbeknownst to them, President Bush had already decided on the use of devastating military force -- regardless of what measures the world community or the Iraqi leaders took to avert war. Intimate Bush advisers described the president as being in a "mesmerized" state of mind as he walked around the presidential retreat in the Maryland mountains with his Stimson biography, "The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson," under his arm at all times. Indeed, for most contemporary Bonesmen, Henry Lewis Stimson, the quintessential WASP warrior, was the very personification of the Order's full ascent to power during the period of World War II. A member of the Order's class of 1888, Stimson served seven U.S. presidents: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft (a fellow Bonesman), Woodrow Wilson, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S Truman. As the Secretary of War under FDR and Truman, Stimson oversaw the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb. Stimson personally decided on the use of that devastating weapon against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Years earlier, as the chairman of the American delegation at the London Naval Conference and as Secretary of State under President Hoover (1929-1933), Stimson had played a pivotal role in restricting the size of the Japanese Imperial Navy. He would be an architect of the FDR 's administration's economic provocations against Japan which ultimately helped induce Japan into the attack at Pearl Harbor, thus bringing the United States formally into World War II. And Stimson was also ultimately responsible for the FDR administration's decision to intern the Nisei (Japanese-Americans) after Pearl Harbor. Yet, it was also Stimson who ordered American bombers to refrain from attacking the old Japanese imperial capital of Kyoto, a city rich in religious and historical tradition and artifacts. And, according to at least one of Stimson's biographers, it was also "the Colonel" who decided at the close of the war that the Japanese emperor should not be deposed. His sensitivity to Japanese culture and the importance of allowing Japan to retain honor even in defeat is widely to his close adviser, Joseph Grew, a longtime U.S. ambassador to Japan and an accomplished historian. Whether this report of Stimson's involvement in the decision to maintain the emperor is accurate or whether it underplays the role of Gen. Douglas MacArthur, the fact remains certain that Stimson was the key policymaker overseeing the postwar occupations of both Japan and Germany. To fully understand President George Bush's attitudes and policies toward Japan, one must first appreciate the overarching influence that Stimson had on the current occupant of the White House. According to his British biographer Geofrey Hodgson, Stimson's membership in Skull & Bones was "the most important educational experience in his life." Unlike most of his fellow Bonesmen, Stimson earned his membership solely on the basis of his achievements at Yale -- not through family money. His parents were not wealthy, although his forefathers did come to America as early Puritan colonists. But Stimson made up for his lack of financial credentials by his fierce competitive spirit. As he himself put it, the "idea of a struggle for prizes, so to speak, has always been one of the fundamental elements of my mind, and I can hardly conceive of what my feelings would be if I ever was put in a position or situation in life where there are no prizes to struggle for." Although Stimson did not come from classic blueblood background, he married into wealth and power. His wife, Mabel White, came from a prominent Establishment family with longstanding ties to the Order. Thus, upon graduation from law school, Stimson became a partner in the law firm of Eliahu Root, President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War. Although Stimson and Roosevelt would have a falling out in later years, early on Roosevelt and Root provided "the Colonel" with the critical sponsorship and training required to succeed in the world of Establishment politics. According to Stimson's biographers, Roosevelt would frequently taunt the young Bonesman about the fact that he, unlike the president, had never been in the military or fought in any wars. (Roosevelt had resigned as Under Secretary of the Navy to go off and fight in the Spanish-American War.) Thus, at the ripe old age of 44, Stimson joined the Army during World War I and served in the American Expeditionary Force in Europe. Among the other lasting interests that Roosevelt would pass on to Stimson was his deep passion for the Pacific. Roosevelt was convinced that America's imperial destiny was dependent upon its domination of the Pacific Ocean and the Far East. The Spanish-American War, which marked the beginning of America's imperial phase -- and the virtual abandonment of the republican principles upon which the nation had been founded -- began the U.S. colonial occupation of the Philippines, which would continue through half of the next century. Ultimately, Stimson would himself serve as the American Governor General of the islands. In 1900, Roosevelt wrote to Stimson: "Our people are neither craven nor weaklings, as we face the future high of heart and confident of soul, eager to do the great work of a great power... wish to see the United States the dominant power on the Pacific Ocean." STIMSON'S KINDERGARTEN AND THE COLD WAR Henry Stimson's towering influence on George Bush and many other current members and like-thinking allies of the Order was based not only on "the Colonel's" lifetime of achievements. It was also rooted in the fact that Stimson used the World War II period to groom a successor generation of young WASP warriors who would dominate American policymaking during the Cold War and beyond. Although not every member of what came to be known as the "Stimson's Kindergarten" was a member of Skull & Bones, or even a Yale graduate, many were. All were inculcated with the Skull & Bones philosophy and methodology of wielding power. It is through this alliance and patronage system that the influence of the Order has been extended far beyond its small membership roster. Among the leading members of the "Stimson Kindergarten" were: * John J. McCloy, who was Assistant Secretary of War and later served as the High Commissioner for Germany during the postwar occupation. * Robert Lovett, a member of Skull & Bones and a partner in the Order's preeminent Wall Street investment house Brown Brothers Harriman. He became Stimson's Assistant Secretary of War (Air Section). Lovett remained an influential policymaker through the presidency of John F. Kennedy. * Harvey Bundy, another Bonesman, who became Stimson's special assistant at the War Department. Harvey Bundy's two sons, McGeorge and William, fresh out of Yale University and Skull & Bones, joined their father on Stimson's personal staff. McGeorge Bundy would co-author Stimson's memoirs In Active Service in Peace and War. * Dean Acheson, Assistant Secretary of State, Yale graduate (he was not a member of the Order, but, rather, of one of the other Yale secret societies, Scroll Key) and senior policy adviser to FDR and Truman, who ultimately made him Secretary of State. * Gen. George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff of the armed forces during World War II and later Truman's Secretary of State. This group of high-powered policymakers of World War II and immediate post war period were known as the "Stimson-Marshall-Acheson Circle." They shaped America's Cold War containment policy against the Soviet Union and Communist China, including the involvement of the United States in the Korean War. It was also this group which, for better or worse, directed the postwar reconstruction programs in Germany and Japan. Another influential member of Skull & Bones, Averell Harriman, was personally responsible for the sacking of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. It was Harriman, a banker, intriguer and former American Ambassador to Moscow, who convinced President Truman to fire MacArthur. The predominant role that Averell Harriman would play over the course of 40 years of postwar American policymaking underscores the fact that not all leading members of Skull & Bones share the identical policy outlook. While some members of the Stimson inner circle were critical of Harriman, whom they considered to be too personally ambitious (he was also a liberal imperial Democrat in a secret fraternity dominated historically by moderate Republicans), Harriman nevertheless stands out as one of the Order's most active figures. The fact that he was a business partner and social intimate throughout his adult life of fellow Bonesman and Republican Sen. Prescott Bush Sr., the father of the current president underscores that point. Henry Stimson died in 1950, leaving behind a core group of political offspring led by members of his old secret society, Skull & Bones. In the final years of his life he was involved in helping to shape a number of postwar government agencies which would become bastions of power and influence for the Order for years to come. Through this active role in shaping the key institutions of the Cold War era, Stimson was able to establish a continuity of power that would more than compensate for the fact that no single figure among his "kindergarten" emerged as a clear successor, and that several, like McGeorge Bundy, would prove ultimately to be rather disappointing students. The National Security Act of 1947 transformed Stimson's old War Department into the Department of Defense, a sprawling civilian bureaucracy which would in future years house many of the most important members of the Order. Robert Lovett, for example, would become the Secretary of Defense in 1950. The 1947 act also established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as the permanent successor to the wartime Office of Strategic Services (OSS). In the early 1950s, the State Department's Office of Policy Coordination was merged into the CIA, giving the secret agency total control of America's clandestine operations. The National Security Agency (NSA) also was established, under the direction of the Department of Defense, vastly expanding America's signal intelligence capability. Of all these agencies of the Cold War era, the CIA would stand out as a singular power center for Yale University alumni in general and Skull & Bones initiates in particular. The term "spooks," the well-known CIA term for a clandestine operator, was originally Yale campus argot for a secret society member. According to a recently published article in the Covert Action Information Bulletin, there is reportedly a "Bones club" within the CIA which helps promote the intelligence careers of members of the Yale secret society. It should be pointed out that bureaucratic standing is not a real measure of power within the CIA. Very often, individuals in relatively insignificant positions within the organizational chart wield tremendous clout and maintain access to the most sensitive information and policy. Thus, for example, the present U.S. Ambassador to Beijing, James Lilley, a member of Skull & Bones and a career CIA man, is being suggested to replace William Webster as Director of Central Intelligence. For Lilley to step in as director of CIA would at this moment represent a demotion for the senior field operator. It is, however, a demotion he might accept as a personal favor to fellow Bonesman and longtime intimate pal George Bush. The predominance of Yale graduates inside the CIA is also a part of the Stimson legacy. During World War II, many Yale students and even several leading faculty members entered the OSS. The X-2 Branch of OSS, the counterintelligence unit, was dominated by Yale students, as well as Yale English Literature professor Norman Holmes Pearson. One of the Yale men in X-2, James Jesus Angleton, went on to a legendary career as director of the CIA's counterintelligence staff. Yale Skull & Bonesman and Stimson "Kindergartener" William Bundy assumed a senior post at CIA during the 1950s, as did Yale graduates Richard Bissell and Cord Meyer and Yale professor Sherman Kent. VIETNAM: THE BONESMEN'S DEBACLE According to author David Halberstam's best-selling critique of the Kennedy years, "The Best and the Brightest," the JFK presidency marked the high point of Skull & Bones postwar power. But it also marked the beginning of the secret fraternity's fall from the position of unchallenged power, and the beginning of America's precipitous decline as a world power. All these factors are summed up in one word: Vietnam. John Fitzgerald Kennedy's Cabinet was largely handpicked by Skull & Bones elder statesman Robert Lovett, who was personally approached by Joseph Kennedy, the president's father, and asked to shape the direction of the new administration. Lovett had been one of the architects of the World War II industrial mobilization under President Franklin Roosevelt, which helped bring the United States out of the Great Depression. He had been a factional opponent of Averell Harriman within the Skull & Bones circles, initially opposing the Cold War containment doctrine and pushing the idea of Atoms for Peace during the early years of the Eisenhower presidency (l952-1960). Kennedy had personally asked Lovett to join his Cabinet, but Lovett, a partner in Brown Brothers Harriman, preferred to shun formal government service. Instead, he placed a number of younger Bonesmen into the critical posts. McGeorge Bundy was appointed Kennedy's National Security Adviser. Averell Harriman was made Under Secretary of State for Asian Affairs, a position that placed him in charge of many of the most critical decisions along the way to disaster in Vietnam. William Bundy remained in a senior post at CIA. The decision to escalate the American military involvement in Vietnam -- a rejection of Gen. Douglas MacArthur's prophetic warning that the United States should never engage in a ground war in Asia -- was made by members of the Order. According to some accounts, President Kennedy began to have serious second thoughts about escalating the war, particularly after several private Oval Office discussions with MacArthur. With Kennedy's assassination, American soldiers began pouring into Southeast Asia. Harriman remained a fixture of Vietnam policy under President Lyndon Baines Johnson. McGeorge Bundy remained on as LBJ's National Security Adviser untill , when he left government service to assume the presidency of the Ford Foundation, the largest tax-exempt philanthropic agency in the United States. The Ford Foundation annually dispenses of nearly $3 billion in grants. In his capacity as president of the Ford Foundation, Bundy helped finance the anti-Vietnam War movement. The National Student Mobilization Committee, the umbrella group for the entire New Left of the late 1960s and early 1970s, was led by David Dellinger, a Yale graduate. Episcopal Church activist William Sloan Coffin, a Bonesman, a second leading figure in the anti-war protest movement, had previously served as a CIA officer. Thus, the Order had its hands in two critical elements of the policy debacle of the second half of the 1960s. Some leading Bonesmen helped shape the disastrous limited war strategy in Vietnam, while other members of the Order, at least tacitly, contributed to the growth of the drug-rock-sex counterculture by nourishing the New Left soil from which it sprang. As a result of the Vietnam debacle, the "Stimson Kindergarten" literally drove itself out of the corridors of power which it had occupied without challenge for the previous 20 years. With the election of Richard Nixon as president of the United States in November 1968, a different team came into prominence. The politics of that team were personified by Henry A. Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Adviser and Secretary of State. In a May 1982 speech in London at the Chatham House headquarters of the Royal Institute for International Affairs, Kissinger boasted that he was an enthusiastic follower of the late British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and that throughout his years in senior government posts under Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford (1974-1976), he had always consulted more frequently with his counterparts in the British Foreign Office than he had with officials of his own government. Although Kissinger had enjoyed early patronage from McGeorge Bundy, when the Bonesman was Dean of Harvard University and Kennedy's NSC adviser, the Kissinger era marked a low point in Skull & Bones' government power. The Central Intelligence Agency, a hub of the Order's clout, was decimated by scandals that only compounded the damage done to the Agency as the result of its role in the Vietnam disaster. According to some respected writers, for example, Jim Hougan, author of "Secret Agenda," the CIA attempted to reverse the route by helping to bring down Richard Nixon in Watergate. There is significant evidence to bolster some of these accounts. When Gerald Ford became president in August 1974 following Nixon's resignation, Skull & Bones made a brief comeback. In what came to be known as the "Saturday Night Massacre," Ford, in the autumn of 1975, removed Henry Kissinger from his post as NSC Adviser, replacing him with Gen. Brent Scowcroft. Kissinger ally James Schlesinger was fired as Secretary of Defense and replaced by Donald Rumsfeld. And CIA Director William Colby, who had dueled with Angleton, was fired and replaced by Skull & Bones member George Bush. If these maneuvers were intended to be the first step in a more ambitious comeback by the WASP warrior faction, the plan was short-circuited with the election in November 1976 of Jimmy Carter as president. It would really not be until the inauguration of George Bush as president in January 1989 -- a dozen years later -- that Skull & Bones would resurface with the same degree of governmental power that it had enjoyed during the Stimson years. George Bush's selection as Ronald Reagan's vice presidential running mate in the 1980 and 1984 elections was the transition back to that power. Many things had gone wrong in the years since Vietnam to drive the Bonesmen off the center stage. With more than a little input from Bonesmen like McGeorge Bundy and Averell Harriman, the United States had gone into a period of scientific, technological and industrial retreat. The Nixon decision on August 15, 1971 to remove the dollar from a fixed, gold-backed exchange rate system, had triggered a move toward double-digit inflation, urban decay, rising unemployment and soaring interest rates. The Kissinger-orchestrated Iranian-Middle East oil crisis in the early 1970s had contributed to a rate of deindustrialization that ultimately transformed the United State from the biggest creditor nation in the world to the world's biggest debtor nation. According to estimates compiled around the time of George Bush's inauguration as president, the total U.S. internal indebtedness had skyrocketed to more than $12 trillion. Moreover, the period of the 1970s and 1980s had given rise to a new and powerful political-financial combination demanding a share of government clout. This new grouping, with its principle power bases in the U.S. Congress, in Hollywood and on Wall Street, was known as the Zionist lobby. Although Jewish names had been prominent in the legal profession and on Wall Street since the founding of the American republic, in the aftermath of the 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and her Arab neighbors, Zionist power took on a whole different proportion. Again, Henry Kissinger's position in the Nixon administration symbolized the fact that the pro-Israel lobby had moved in with a vengeance to the corridors of power in the nation's capital. Even on Wall Street the 1970s and 1980s had seen a new generation of Jewish financiers come into power, replacing their more cultured and Anglicized predecessors. The WASP Establishment had developed a tolerance of and working relationship with the largely German Jewish bankers known among themselves as "Our Crowd." The new upstart Wall Street Zionists, however, were viewed by the WASPs as a collection of gangsters. If the Skull & Bonesmen needed a legitimate justification for reviving their ever-present dislike of the East European Ashkenazic Jews, the Wall Street Zionists who became known as the so-called "New Crowd" provided them with all the excuses necessary. When Jonathan Jay Pollard, a Naval intelligence analyst, was arrested in November 1985 and charged with spying for Israel against the United States, there was a resurgence of more unabashed antisemitism among the Bonesmen and their blueblood upperclass mates. It has since become a hallmark of the Bush White House. Even when practical political affairs have demanded that the Bush administration deal with the American Zionist lobby or the right-wing Shamir government of Israel, there has been a distinctive undertone of distrust bordering on overt hostility. BUSH IN PROFILE Unlike Averell Harriman, who reportedly coveted personal political power and drew sharp criticism from some of his fellow Bonesmen, George Bush has been a long-term "project" of Skull & Bones. The Bush presidency in real and symbolic terms represents the effort by the Order to restore the lost spirit of the WASP warrior Henry Stimson. With the passage of time and the decay of the WASP elite, the Bush presidency may yet prove to be a tragic replay of past American dreams. George Bush's career was sponsored every step of the way by Skull & Bones members, mostly of his father's generation. Prescott Bush (Skull & Bones Class of 1917), a Brown Brothers Harriman partner who would serve one term in Congress as senator from Connecticut, sent George to the traditional private preparatory school, Phillips Academy in Andover, New Hampshire, which grooms young New England squires for later studies at Yale. It was while finishing his prep school training at Andover that Bush was first exposed to Henry Stimson. Reportedly, Stimson delivered a stirring patriotic speech to the Phillips student body in l940 arguing forcefully for American intervention in the war in Europe. Ironically, at that very moment on the Yale campus, the majority of Skull & Bonesmen were leading the America First movement, which opposed any such U.S. entanglement in Europe. When war with Japan broke out a year later, George Bush enlisted in the Navy and was trained as a pilot. He flew more than 50 missions before being shot down in the Pacific. At Yale after the war, Bush captained the baseball team and followed his father's footsteps into the Order. Political legends have it that George Bush shunned his family's patronage and went off on his own to launch a business career as an oil wildcatter, or speculator, in Texas. Nothing could be farther from the truth. Bush moved to Texas to work for Dresser Industries selling oil drilling equipment. The job was arranged for him by his father with Dresser president Neil Mallon, who was a fellow member of Skull & Bones. Desser, according to several sources, had close ties with the CIA. After a few years with Dresser, George Bush set up his own company, Zapata Oil, to explore new oil fields in Texas and Mexico. Again, Bush was heavily backed by member of his family. Uncle George Herbert Walker, also a Skull & Bonesman, put up a large amount of capital, as did Brown Brothers Harriman. Lazard Brothers, a Jewish brokerage house with longstanding friendly ties to the New England WASPs, put up some money as well, at the urging of Andre Meyer, the owner of the Washington Post Corporation and the father of the current Post publisher Kathanne Graham. Zapata Oil sunk the first offshore well for the Kuwaiti government. Even with that kind of backing, George Bush was less than a success as a businessman. In 1964, a longtime Bush friend, William Farrish III of Scotland, bought the majority of shares in Zapata for $3.2 million to keep the business afloat, while George, in a major career shift, ran for U.S. Congress from a wealthy district in Houston, Texas. He won. During his three terms in Congress (Bush lost the 1970 Senate race to Lloyd Bentsen), George Bush distinguished himself as an advocate of zero population growth and a defender of the eugenics movement. Both of these positions, radical for their day, were probably the result of Bush's close friendship with William Draper Jr. -- a fellow Bonesman and a longtime advocate of population reduction schemes in the Third World. The 1970s were for George Bush years of grooming in high-level politics and foreign policy. During the Nixon re-election campaign of 1972, George Bush was the chairman of the Republican National Committee. He later joined the chorus calling for Nixon's resignation. After a tour as the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, Bush was sent off to Communist China as the Chief Liaison Officer prior to the formalization of diplomatic relations. Bush shared the Beijing experience with Winston Lord, a fellow Skull & Bones member who was the CIA station chief. Lord went on to become president of the New York Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) in 1983. (The Lord family founded the city of Hartford, Connecticut, has a large number of Skull & Bones members on its family tree, and set up one of the most powerful old-line Wall Street law firms, Lord Day Lord.) In 1975, George Bush completed his "grooming" with a brief stint as Gerald Ford's CIA director. In 1980, Bush ran a short-lived campaign against Ronald Reagan for the Republican Party's presidential nomination. Future running mate Reagan cut short Bush's 1980 presidential hopes by defeating him soundly in the primary election in New Hampshire, in the heart of New England. Reagan blasted Bush for his membership in the internationalist Trilateral Commission, which had attained notoriety because 20 members of the unpopular Carter administration had served on the commission. Bush's campaign was otherwise noteworthy because a significant number of his campaign volunteers were CIA officials; his campaign organization was directed by six top Agency and Pentagon retirees. THE ORDER'S NETWORK With Bush in the White House, the WASP Establishment is seeking to re-conquer lost territory, not only within the domain of national politics, but within the financial community, the legal profession and big business. A struggle between some elements of the WASP crowd and the Jewish "New Crowd" on Wall Street has been playing out in the newspapers and federal courts for the past six years, beginning with the criminal indictments of junk bond dealers Ivan Boesky and Michael Milken and the bankrupting and criminal prosecuting of the powerful Zionist-run brokerage house Drexel Rurnham Lambert. To some extent these wars reflect the kind of scramble that always takes place during a financial crisis and shakeout, when certain formerly powerful financial institutions are wiped out and others profit from their rivals' adversity. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the House of Morgan came out on top. Not coincidentally, Morgan Guaranty Trust and Morgan Stanley have been cornerstones of the Skull & Bones grouping on Wall Street since their founding during the last century. Founding partner Harold Stanley was a Bonesman. One hub of the Order's postwar economic power, the major multinational oil corporations, have clearly benefited greatly from President Bush's "charming little colonial war" in the Persian Gulf. The leading oil companies which are linked to the Order are: Standard Oil Trust Corporation, Shell Oil of America, Creole Petroleum Corporation and Pennzoil Corporation. The founder and present chairman of the board of Pennzoil started out in the oil business in partnership with George Bush in Zapata Oil. It is interesting to note in the context of the Bonesmen's deep involvement in the world petroleum business that George Bush, during his early days as a Texas oilman, had worked closely with the Kuwaitis. Eight major Wall Street and Washington, D.C. law firms stand out as practically wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Order of Skull & Bones. Each of these firms was founded by members of the Order, and each of these firms continues to provide up-and-coming Order initiates in the legal community with training, credentials and connections. A review of the major corporate clients of these firms would reveal many of the most powerful companies among the Fortune 500. The Skull & Bones law firms are: * Lord Day Lord * Davis Polk Wardwell * Simpson Thacher Bartlett * Debevoise Plimpton Lyons & Gates * Cravath Swaine & Moore * Covington & Burling * Dewey Ballantine Palmer & Woods * Milbank Tweed Hadley & McCloy. In addition to their corporate clientele and their direct involvement in government through the frequent appointment of partners to Cabinet posts, these firms also specialize in handling the personal financial affairs and investment portfolios of the leading WASP families. In this respect, the Skull & Bones-centered WASP Establishment imitates the Venetian model. During the height of power of Venice, which was the trading capital of the Byzantine Empire, the leading families used their personal wealth to establish insurance companies, family funds and cultural programs through which they extended their political power. Today, the prominent law firms listed above play a special role in directing the affairs of the leading tax-exempt foundations which shape the culture and public opinion of the United States and many foreign countries. We have already seen that McGeorge Bundy, a leading Bonesman, left his position as National Security Adviser to President Lyndon Johnson in 1966 to assume the presidency of the Ford Foundation. During the nearly two decades that Bundy spent directing the $3 billion tax-exempt fund, he arguably wielded more power than he did during his six years as the National Security Adviser to two presidents. Under the Bundy reign the Ford Foundation spent hundreds of millions of dollars to launch the environmentalist movement and funded scores of projects devoted to population reduction in the Third World. From its early decades, the Order has concentrated much of its efforts at establishing, controlling and, in some instances, capturing the major tax-exempt philanthropic foundations of America. The Russell Sage Foundation, which specializes in "social control" programs, was founded by Bonesmen. Among the leading functions of the Russell Sage Foundation today is the maintaining of a centralized tracking of the finances of all the large tax-exempt foundations in the United States. The Peabody Foundation, the Slater Foundation and several of the Rockefeller foundations were all either started by members of the Order or have been dominated by Bonesmen from their inception. Other major family funds, like the Ford Foundation and the Carnegie Endowment, were wrestled from family control by the Skull & Bones apparatus. During the tenure of McGeorge Bundy, two members of the Ford family resigned from the Ford Foundation in disgust over the direction in which Bundy had taken the philanthropic agency. THE NEW WORLD ORDER Between 1983-1986, the British-born conspiracy theorist Antony Sutton wrote a series of pamphlets about the Order of Skull & Bones. According to informed sources, Sutton was one of several historians who were provided with a large file of the Order's internal documents, including minutes of some meetings, descriptions of rituals, and what would appear to be a rather complete list of its members from its founding through to the early 1980s. The short pamphlets were compiled into one volume and published as a book in 1986. For someone closely following the just-concluded Persian Gulf War and attempting to gain some insight into George Bush's performance during that largely orchestrated affair, one recurring theme in the Sutton volume stands out like a sore thumb: the New World Order. According to the Skull & Bones documents used by Sutton in his somewhat flawed profile of the Order, the creation of a New World Order is a primary goal of the Bonesmen and has been for decades. For the initiates into the Order, the term New World Order has a very specific meaning. It is a world dominated by American military power and American control over all strategic raw materials. Just as the Greek city-state of Sparta provided the Skull & Bones with the image of a WASP warrior caste, the Persian Empire, with its system of coalitions of satrap armies, provides the model for the Bonesmen's New World Order. The image of Secretary of State James A. Baker III traveling from foreign capital to foreign capital demanding military legions or chests of gold to finance the war for a New World Order is an image straight out of the chronicles of the Persian Empire. According to the recent biography of Henry Stimson, the man who inspired President Bush was firmly convinced that it was essential for America to go to war once every generation or so. It was, for Stimson, a spiritually cleansing process which enables the nation to rally behind a cause and overcome its weaknesses and shortcomings in one grand burst of military fervor. The romantic mystique of the purgative powers of combat is key to understanding the political philosophy of Skull & Bones. Although America's Vietnam debacle remains a bitter memory of the Bonesmen's failure in war, the recent Persian Gulf conflict, with its massive overkill and the use of highly advanced weapons and technologies, is now the new glorious symbol of the WASP warrior caste's reincarnation. When President Bush vowed that the Gulf War would not be another Vietnam, he was speaking first and foremost to his fellow Bonesmen -- not to the American people. If such thinking smacks of dangerous fantasy on the part of a major world power in the modern era, it is indeed. On a more practical political level, the Gulf War was a gambit to save the Bush presidency from a mounting pile of domestic financial woes, not the least of which was the savings and loan (S&L) crisis and a pending series of failures of major commercial banks. In the months preceding the Gulf showdown, the president's own son, Neil Bush, came under intense media scrutiny for his role in the failure of a large S&L in Colorado. Neil's photograph, testifying under oath before a congressional committee probing fraud among top S & L managers, became a familiar front-page feature in every major newspaper in America, threatening dangerous popular disillusion with the Yale Bonesman in the White House. With a U.S. federal government deficit projected at nearly a half a trillion dollars for Fiscal Year 1991, in large part because of the S&L crisis and a shrinking business tax base, the Democratic Party majority in the U.S. Congress was pressing for deep cutbacks in defense spending now that the Cold War had ended. On the international stage, the reunification of Germany, clearly the most dramatic event of 1990, posed new challenges to the Bush team. Germany was about to emerge as the dominant power in continental Europe by virtue of its advanced industrial infrastructure and its long tradition of independent political dealings with Moscow. Just months before the outbreak of the Gulf crisis, Germany's Chancellor Helmut Kohl had met with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and signed a long term economic assistance pact. As a result, Gorbachev dropped all remaining objections to the immediate reunification of Germany. At that point, the Bush administration changed its tactics. Previously, in sharp contrast to the Thatcher government in Great Britain, it had been nominally in favor of German reunification. But at the Houston economic summit of the Group of Seven Industrialized Countries in the summer of 1990, the United States blocked (with Britain) Germany's plan of unconditional economic aid to the Soviet Union. President Bush took the position that the Soviet Union must submit to International Monetary Fund requisites as a precondition for any substantive economic assistance. In the Far East, Japan's continuing growth in manufacturing also posed a threat to Washington's desire to retain superpower status. If President Bush and his Bonesmen coterie were unaware of a stunning historical analogy, their British "cousins" were quick to pick up on the parallels between the global strategic situation in July 1990 and the identical international situation that existed 100 years earlier. In the 1890s, France, under the brilliant political leadership of Foreign Minister Gabriel Hanataux, was attempting to forge a Eurasian alliance with Germany, Russia and Meiji Japan. The idea was to link continental Europe with Japan and China through a series of large overland infrastructure projects, beginning with the Trans-Siberian Railroad. Through treaties covering key areas of economic and security matters, Hanataux hoped to create a zone of prosperity, built on a foundation of rapid economic growth and extensive trade. Such a political-economic common interest alliance threatened the imperial hegemony of Great Britain. At the turn of the 20th century, Britain looked to the United States (as its English-speaking ally) to join in sabotaging the Hanataux plan. Through the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Britain and her American junior partner (by then led by Henry Stimson's old mentor Teddy Roosevelt) managed to disrupt the French-German-Russian-Japanese economic axis. Two world wars and the Great Depression were the consequences of that interference. THE PERSIAN GULF WAR It was against this historical backdrop that President Bush, invoking the World War II imagery of his Skull & Bones idol Henry Stimson, went to war against Iraq. There is even speculation that President Bush was personally instrumental in luring Saddam Hussein into invading Kuwait, thereby provoking the American-led military response. Many news accounts have emphasized that a two-hour private meeting between the president and Margaret Thatcher in the Aspen, Colorado vacation chalet of U.S. Ambassador Henry Catto on August 2, 1990 helped finalize Bush's decision to immediately deploy military force. Recently, an astute Japanese analyst drew a disturbing parallel between Bush and FDR, who was greatly influenced by Stimson. According to the writer, FDR lured Japan into World War II through an intricate series of economic warfare maneuvers which left Japan with little choice but to strike-back. In much the same way, said the analyst, Bush had lured Saddam Hussein into Kuwait in order to launch a new Gulf War that would have consequences reaching far beyond Iraq and the Middle East. As a result of the military victory over Iraq, the United States is in the process of establishing a string of permanent military bases throughout the Persian Gulf and Near East. The oil sheikdoms of the region, led by Saudi Arabia, are now thoroughly dependent on the American military presence to ensure the survival of their regimes. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is effectively captured by Washington. American bankers aided by U.S. gunboats now are setting world oil prices. Thus, one consequence of the Persian Gulf War is that the United States now has an oil weapon -- pointed principally at Germany and Japan. Ironically, America's two chief economic rivals have paid out a total of $27 billion to date to help finance a Bush administration military adventure which put the oil weapon in Washington's hand. Another telling example of how the Order's man in the Oval Office intends to administer a crumbling U.S. domestic economy while imposing the New World Order on the rest of the world is to be found in the recent buyout of the majority of stock in Citicorp, the largest U.S. commercial bank, by Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz. Citicorp is one of the major American commercial banks on the verge of collapse, but which is considered by the Bush administration and the Federal Reserve System to be "too big to fall." The stock purchase amounted to a Saudi Royal Family bail-out of Citicorp, using the increased profits being enjoyed by the House of Saud as a result of the massive jump in Saudi oil production since the beginning of the Gulf crisis in August 1990. There points up a striking difference between the role of the United States in World War II and the Bush administration's handling to date of the Middle East crisis. During World War II, the United States went through a genuine economic revival. Skull & Bones historian Samuel Huntington described it as a "neo Hamiltonian" policy, a reference to the first United States Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Beginning in 1939, America became a major supplier of military and industrial goods under the Lend-Lease program to the European states fighting Hitler. At the same time, the federal government began issuing low-interest credits to revive the nation's manufacturing base which had been gutted by a decade of economic depression. The industrial buildup accelerated once the United States formally entered .World War II, leading to the establishing of entirely new industrial sectors, such as aerospace and petrochemicals. This time around -- at least to date -- there has been no such marshaling of the U.S. domestic industrial base. Despite moderate increases in the production of certain high-tech weapons systems, the U.S. economy continues its gradual slide into what could be a new depression. Unemployment is greater than at any point in the last decade. Some sociologists fear that the complete disintegration of America's urban centers could produce new race-riots as early as the summer of 1991. The single greatest challenge to George Bush and the Order is: Can they capitalize on the current revival of the American spirit to reverse the disastrous post-industrial society dogmas, and launch their own version of the World War II neo-Hamiltonian industrial recovery? So far, some doomsayers claim, it appears that Bush and his administration plan instead to direct their efforts at looting and blackmailing the rest of the world -- especially the gulf oil sheikdoms, Japan and Germany -- into bailing out the bankrupt U.S. financial houses and federal government and financing the posting of American-led foreign legions at every corner of the globe where there are large deposits of strategic raw materials. If this policy is not altered, George Bush may soon find himself presiding over a new disaster that will make the Vietnam debacle appear insignificant in comparison. The politics of the New World Order appear to be borrowed largely from the pages of the decline and fall of the British Empire. Political columnist Patrick Buchanan, an early vocal opponent of the Bush Persian Gulf strategy, warned as early as August 1990 that the White House was falling into the trap of British "balance of power" politics, the very politics that left Great Britain on the scrap heap of world powers at the close of World War II, and put Winston Churchill, the architect of World War II and the Cold War, out of a job. Since the crushing military defeat of Iraq by a technologically far superior American-led coalition, the Bush administration has vacillated on a postwar policy for the region. It has pursued a pragmatic power balancing game which is rife with potential problems. The two key elements of the American balance-of-power politics in the region are the preservation of a weakened but territorially whole Iraq to offset the other would-be regional-powers Iran and Syria. At the same time, it is tilting toward a nominally more "pro-Arab" position with regard to the Arab-Israeli conflict. While the harsh reparations terms being imposed upon a war-devastated Iraq are probably, in the mind of Bush, aimed at dissuading any future regional military power from launching-cross-border aggressions, they amount to the slow, excruciating extermination of the population of that country. As one seasoned observer noted recently, earlier air wars had caused greater immediate losses of life, due to the inaccuracy of bombs and rockets, but had generally left basic infrastructures intact. The precision bombing of Iraq's entire infrastructure has caused what a United Nations team has called an "apocalypse." The greater loss of life will occur in the aftermath of the combat as a country with 16 million inhabitants is suddenly thrown into a "pre-industrial" state with no electricity, no water or other necessities. American humanitarian aid, administered by occupying troops, will not offset this apocalypse -- especially if harsh war reparations and asset seizures deprive Iraq of the financial resources needed to begin a rebuilding process. Regardless of the fact that the United States has not thrown the full weight of its military presence behind the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime, the shortsightedness of the present Bush policy may very well lead to a Lebanon-type protracted civil war in Iraq. Such a war could potentially spread throughout the region. IMPLICATIONS FOR JAPAN Throughout this short study of the Order of Skull & Bones, emphasis has been placed on the philosophy, the rituals and the modus operandi of the Bonesmen who have devoted their post-Yale careers to world politics. This particular emphasis was chosen in order to provide the Japanese reader with an insight into how the Bush presidency views the rest of the world, so that it will be possible for Japan to better understand what it faces in the post-Persian Gulf War strategic environment. The implications of Skull & Bones domination over American policymaking under the Bush presidency are enormous. Japan must be prepared to meet what amounts to a fundamentally new challenge. Few of the postwar experiences in U.S. Japanese relations will have prepared the Japanese government and the leaders of Japanese industry and finance for-what they now face. In the recent past, the policy of Washington toward Japan has been simply to use political leverage, mostly related to Japan's regional security concerns, to exact compromises and concessions in the economic and financial sphere. But the United States, under its policy of free trade, privatization of the monetary and credit mechanisms, and the transition to post-industrial service-oriented forms of economic activity at home, has suffered a gradual but steady decline over the past 20 to 30 years. Japan, meanwhile, has prospered under a more protectionist and industry oriented policy. In the past decade, Japan has been increasingly thrust into the role of scapegoat for the decline of American prosperity, while at the same time coming under mounting pressure to help finance the United States out of its economic mess. The pressures upon Japan to bail out its postwar big brother have caused tensions between Washington and Tokyo, but the Cold War had provided a common security interest that generally offset the occasional rough language. Under the George Bush Skull & Bones regime at the White House all that has changed. True to the Bonesmen's credo of constructive chaos and global political domination by the WASP Establishment, the United States is now out to dominate U.S.-Japanese relations with a degree of brutal frankness that will fly in the face of all previous American sensitivities to Japan's honor. Gone are the days of former U.S. Ambassador Michael Mansfield, who always sought to maintain a public climate of friendship and cooperation between the two nations even when behind the scenes he was taking the toughest of stands on the most divisive issues. Under the American-led New World Order, Japan can expect to be treated with far less respect publicly. It can expect that the Bush administration, including his coterie of former top CIA men now working directly out of the Oval Office, will be constantly interfering, covertly in the internal affairs of Nippon. This shift in style has held sway since the Bush inauguration and the subsequent appointment of Michael Armacost as U.S. Ambassador to Tokyo. Armacost has assumed the posture of a Roman pro-consul, dictating policy to a weak satrap, rather than to engage, in diplomatic dialogue. Armacost's performance even before the recent events in the Persian Gulf reestablished American military might as the defining factor in world affairs -- should have provided the Japanese leadership with a clue as to the shift under way in Washington's new policy approach. The Bush policy can best be described as a sophisticated containment policy. The new approach to Pacific affairs was telegraphed in the early days of the Bush administration when the president deployed three of his most trusted senior spooks to three critical Asian diplomatic posts: Armacost was sent to Tokyo; Bush's vice presidential national security aide and former career CIA operator Donald Gregg was sent to Seoul; and John Lilly, another career CIA man and a fellow Yale Skull & Bones member, was sent to Beijing. The fact that three of the CIA's most experienced clandestine field operators were assigned the senior diplomatic posts says a great deal about the Bush administration's intentions to conduct sophisticated political-warfare and sow confusion among the three major nations of the Far East. Bush clearly intends to pursue the historic Skull & Bones mission of extending America's dominion over the entire Pacific region. The idea of even paying lip service to equal partnership between Washington and Tokyo is over, at least for the time being. The process of internally weakening Japan's resistance to this overarching domination by Washington's New World Order began with the Recruit scandal, when the Takexxxxa government was brought down through a U.S.-inspired secret intelligence operation. One of the primary targets of that operation was Yashuhiro Nakasone, the former prime minister and the architect of Japan's post-1973 effort to develop independent ties to the oil-producing Arab states of the Persian Gulf. It is important to understand that Bush's WASP warriors, while adopting a similar approach of non-compromise and domination over Israel and the Zionist lobby inside the United States, will not hesitate to use the Jewish lobby as an instrument for bashing Japan into line. Thus, Commerce Secretary Robert Mosbacher went out of his way to encourage the Anti-Defamation League's leadership convention, which he addressed last year, to join with the Bush administration in pressuring Japan to submit to American free trade demands. The Bush administration will at times encourage the Zionist lobby and Israel to mercilessly attack Japan and will at other times severely criticize Zionist "insensitivity" to Tokyo. This will all be part of the Bush strategy to dominate the Pacific Rim by playing one country or faction off against another, using hard cop-soft cop and other classic techniques of the intelligence trade. Japan will be offered a limited junior partner status in the New World Order, while coming under mounting pressure to continue providing tribute to finance the American imperium. Above all else, Japan will be forbidden from developing any independent foreign policy toward its neighbors, the Soviet Union, the Arab world or anyone else. Such programs as the Global Infrastructure Fund, to the extent that they pose an alternative to the U.S.-dominated international regime, will be vetoed. As a subservient junior partner in the New World Order arrangement, Japan's financial and economic muscle will be used as the piggy-bank for U.S. imperial objectives. The $14 billion "contribution" to the U.S.-led Gulf-War coalition was another benchmark in the transition in U.S.-Japanese relations, as was President Bush's abrupt cancellation of his long-sheduled state visit to Tokyo. When the chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) attempted to visit Kuwait immediately after the gulf cease-fire in March l991, the U.S. State Department refused to grant him permission to go into the American-occupied territory. These intentional diplomatic affronts should be understood as telling signs of the new American-Japanese relationship. On the other-hand, President Bush also suddenly scheduled a brief summit with Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu in Newport Beach, California for April 4, 1991. One purpose of the sudden meeting was to lay out clear parameters of acceptable behavior on the part of the Japanese government when the prime minister meets later in April with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. Japanese Soviet relations, like all other crucial Japanese foreign relations, will be expected to conform with those of the U.S. An essential blackmail "stick" that the Bush administration intends to hold over Tokyo is-Japanese dependency on Persian Gulf oil. As-the result of the Gulf War and the post war American military occupation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other-key oil-producing sheikdoms, the Bush administration will exert unabashed control over world oil supplies -- and prices. In the New World Order, Japan's oil supply will be increasingly linked to concessions on a range of monetary and economic issues, including the Global Agreements on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) talks, which broke up last year as the result of largely Japanese and continental European resistance to the pure free-trade system sought by Bush and Thatcher. Assistant Treasury Secretary David Mulford, a former senior official at White Weld Securities, Inc., which restructured Saudi Arabia's entire financial apparatus, has recently announced that he will seek to prosecute Japan for its violations of the GATT regulations that call upon Tokyo to surrender government control over interest rate policies to the international banking community. The Bush presidency, with its ambitious drive for domination over former friends and foes alike, poses an unprecedented challenge to Japan. While this is neither the time nor the place to offer a solution to the growing dilemma, the profile of the men of Skull & Bones in this white paper should provide the Japanese reader with helpful insights into the nature of the American WASP warrior class and the secret society which spawned it. Bibliography "Bush Boy's Club: Skull and Bones." Covert Information Action Bulletin, Winter, 1990. Halberstam, David. The Best and the Brightest. Random House, New York, 1969. Hodgson, Godfrey. The Colonel: The Life and Wars of Henry Stimson. Alfred Knopf, New York, 1990. Isaacson, Walter and Evan Thomas. The Wisemen: Six Friends and the World They Made. Simon and Schuster, New York, l986. "Membership List of All Skull and Bones Members From 1833-1950." The Russell Trust Association, New Haven, Conn., 1949. Ranleagh, John. The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986. Rosenbaum, Ron. "Skull and Bones: An Elegy for Mumbo Jumbo." Esquire Magazine, September, 1977. "Skull and Bones: A Short History." Executive Intelligence Review, January 30, 1980. Stimson, Henry and McGeorge Bundy. In Active Service in Peace and War. Octagon Press, New York, 1949 Sutton, Antony C. America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull and Bones. Liberty Press, Billings, Mont., 1986. Winks, Robin. Cloak and Gown Scholars in the Secret War William Morrow, New York, 1987. Some Prominent Members of Skull & Bones: William F. Buckley, Jr. (Bones Class of 1950): Founder of National Review, the leading conservative magazine in the United States. Brother James (Skull & Bones l944) is now a member of the U.S. Court of Appeals. William F. Buckley, Jr., former CIA officer in Mexico, also built the political grassroots conservative movement in the U.S. in the 1960s. President Bush and Buckley have recently split over Buckley's strong pro-lsraelism. McGeorge Bundy (Skull & Bones initiate of 1940): Scion of the Skull & Bones Bundy family. Father Harvey H. Bundy was Skull & Bones, as was brother William P. Bundy. McGeorge served in the War Department during World War II as Henry Stimson's assistant and later became the National Security Adviser to President Kennedy. William Bundy became a CIA official and later served in key positions at the Departments of State and Defense. McGeorge headed the Ford Foundation (1968-1980) and William chaired the Council on Foreign Relations (1972-1983). George Bush (initiated in 1948): President of the United States. Comes from a complete Bones family. Father Prescott, a Bones initiate of the class of 1917. Uncle George Herbert Walker, Bones Class of 1927. U S Federal District Court Judge John Walker is also a relative and a Bonesman. Alfred Cowles (Class of 1913): Built the Cowles Communication empire based on the Des Moines (lowa) Register and the Minneapolis (Minnesota) Star and Tribune. These two newspapers play a significant role in shaping the early presidential primaries, especially in Iowa. Hugh Cunningham (Bones 1934): CIA man from 1947 to 1973. He served in top positions in the Clandestine Services, the Board of National Estimates and later as Director of Training. Thomas Daniels (initiated in 1914): Founder of the largest agro-business and grain cartel company in Minnesota -- Archer-Daniels-Midland (ADM). Served in the Foreign Service and later during World War II as head of the Fats and Oils Section of the War Production Board. ADM Corporation's new head Dwayne Andreas is one of the most powerful figures in U.S.-Soviet trade relations. Daniels's only son, John (Bones 1943), also works in ADM. The bank which underwrites ADM stock issues is the Morgan Stanley investment bank Richard Ely Danielson (Skull & Bones 1907): Past publisher of the Atlantic Monthly magazine, one of the leading magazines for seeing which policy line on a variety of issues is coming out of the Eastern Establishment. Russell Wheeler Davenport (initiated in 1923): Fortune magazine writer and editor, made this magazine the leading authority on financial matters in the United States. Davenport created the Fortune 500 companies list. Henry P. Davison (Bones Class of l920): Key senior partner in the Morgan banking and financial trust networks. His fellow Bonesman Harold Stanley (1908) founded the investment bank Morgan Stanley. Davison and his family helped set up the Guaranty Trust Corporation which became Morgan Guaranty Thomas Cochran (1904 Bonesman) was one of the most powerful partners in the Morgan bank. The influence of the Morgan banking system can be seen in its relationship with the hierarchy of U.S. intelligence. The head of the Office of Strategic Services, Gen. William Donovan, worked as a Morgan intelligence operative in the 1920s and prepared the intelligence reports for the Morgan banking concerns on developments in Europe. F. Trubee Davison became CIA Director of Personnel in 1951 and placed key Bonesmen in the right positions inside the CIA. Averell Harriman (1913 initiate): Scion of the Harriman railroad family. His brother Roland (Skull & Bones 1917) ran the investment bank Brown Brothers Harriman. Averell was one of the most powerful members of the Skull & Bones fraternity, His government posts ranged from Ambassador to Russia during World War II and various State Department positions to chief negotiator on the Vietnam Talks. Confidential adviser to Presidents Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, Johnson and later Nixon and Carter. His investment banking firm is virtually a Skull & Bones bank&Mac220;nine senior partners are from Skull & Bones. President Bush's father worked in Brown Brothers Harriman after helping to merge several companies in the United Rubber Corporation of America. Winston Lord (Bones Class of 1959): Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (1983-l988). Former State Department official and CIA officer in Asia. China expert. Six members of the Lord family were Skull & Bones, including Charles Edwin Lord, former Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury. Oswald Bates Lord (Skull & Bones l926) married Mary Pillsbury of the Minnesota based Pillsbury Flour Corporation. Winston Lord is their son. Robert A. Lovett (1918 initiate): Put together the Brown Brothers Harriman merger and later organized the aviation industry mobilization for World War II. Became part of the most exclusive power group in World War II under Henry Stimson. Lovett was one of the five or six most powerful men in the United States for nearly 40 years until his death in 1986. Henry Luce (initiated in 1920): Built the Time-Life publishing empire. Became the leading publicist of the "American century" doctrine. Dino Pionzio (Bones Class of 1950): CIA deputy chief of station in Chile during the overthrow of Chilean President Salvador Allende. Now works at the investment firm Dillion Read. Alphonso Taft (initiated in 1833): Secretary of War (1876), Attorney General (1876-1877) and later Minister to Austria and Russia. Co-founder of Skull & Bones. Robert A. Taft (1910 initiate): Speaker of the House of Representatives (1921-1926) and Senator (R-Ohio). Leader of the Isolationist movement in the 1930s. His son Robert A. Taft, Jr., also senator from Ohio, led the right-wing of the Republican Party in the 1950s and 1960s. Robert A. Taft, Jr., however, was the only member of the Taft family who was not Skull & Bones. William H. Taft (Skull & Bones 1878): President of the United States (1908-1912) and appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1921-1930). Secretary of War (1904-1908). Trustee, Carnegie Institution. Part of the long line of Tafts who served in the U.S. government. William Collins Whitney (initiated 1863): Secretary of the Navy (1885-1889). Promoter of the Naval Shipyards and financier. Part of the Whitney family which sent eight of its members to Yale to become Skull & Bonesmen. Family intermarried with the Payne, Harriman and Vanderbilt clans. The Whitneys became some of Wall Street's most powerful financiers through the Guaranty and Knickerbocker Trust Companies. Current U.S. senators who are Skull & Bones members: Sen. Jonathan Bingham (D-N.M.). Sen. David Boren (D-Okla.) is chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee. Sen. John Chafee (R-R.I.); Former Navy Secretary and on the Senate Intelligence Committee. Sen. John Heinz (R-Pa.): Recently killed in an airplane crash. was a Bonesman as was his father. The Heinz family has one of the largest food-producing companies in the world. Sen. John Kerry (D-Mass.): Formerly on the Senate Intelligence Committee, Kerry is now on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Selected Quotations: -- During the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962, two Skull & Bones advisers to President Kennedy, McGeorge Bundy and Robert Lovett, met in the west wing of the White House to discuss strategy. According to author Godfrey Hodgson, there was a photograph of master Bonesman Henry L. Stimson, their mentor, on Lundy's desk. "All during the conversation the old Colonel seemed to be staring me straight in the face," recalled Lovett. Finally, he said to Bundy, "Mac, I think the best service we can perform for the president is to try to approach this as Colonel Stimson would." -- At the Potsdam summit in 1946 when President Truman first met Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, Stimson told the president: "The chief lesson I have learned in a long life is that the only way to make a man trustworthy is to trust him." -- Commenting on the plan of Robert Morgenthau, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Treasury Secretary, to deindustrialize Germany after World War II, Stimson wrote: ". . . just such a crime as the Germans themselves hoped to perpetrate on their victims . . . a crime against civilization itself?" He added rather ironically that the plan was like "a beautiful Nazi program! This is to laugh!" -- "They possessed a common background, common experience, and a common liking for old wines, proper English and Savile Row clothing," wrote the biographer of former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew. A top level diplomat and State Department powerhouse during the first half of the 20th century, Bonesman Hugh Wilson adds, "The Foreign Service [is] a pretty good club." -- "These men helped establish a distinguished network connecting Wall Street, Washington, worthy foundations and proper clubs," wrote historian and former JFK aide Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. "The New York financial and legal community was the heart of the American Establishment. Its household deities were Henry L. Stimson and Elihu Root; its present leaders, Robert A. Lovett and John J. McCloy; its front organizations, the Rockefeller, Ford and Carnegie foundations and the Council on Foreign Relations." -- British author Godfrey Hodgson stated in an essay on the American Establishment that it was "characteristic of these men to take on the burdens of world power with a certain avidity... It reflected a grim but grand duty that was a legacy from half-buried layer of New England Puritanism." -- Averell Harriman's father, owner of the largest railroad company in the United States at the turn of the century, told his son: "Great wealth is an obligation and responsibility. Money must work for the country." -- "I scoffed at Harvard's Porcellian club. It was too smug. But to get into Bones, you had to do something for Yale, wrote Averell Harriman. He would frequently return to the "Tomb on High Street." During the Paris Peace Conference on the Vietnam War, Harriman was quite upset about not being able to attend a "Bones Reunion." In the book The Wise Men, Harriman is described as willing to talk openly about national security affairs, but "he refused, however, to tell [even] his family anything about Bones... so complete was his trust in Bones's code of secrecy..." -- Stimson during the liberation of France in 1944 wrote about the need for France's reconstruction following the Nazi occupation of France: "America cannot supervise the elections of a great country like France. Consequently, we must eventually leave the execution of the State Department formula to the French themselves... where we ourselves will assume responsibility in part or more for its execution according to Anglo-Saxon ideals." -- Stimson on Austria and Germany following World War II: "They [the British] haven't any grasp apparently of the underlying need of proper economic arrangements to make peace stick... If they restore Austria to her position in which she was left by the Versailles arrangement 25 years ago, why they would reduce her to a non-self-sustaining state [is beyond me]... Central Europe after the war has got to eat. She has got to be free of tariffs in order to eat." -- Stimson was "opposed to a Carthaginian Peace" in which Germany was reduced to a non functioning society. He wrote, "The Ruhr and Saarland... [must not] be turned into a second rate industrial land . . . regardless of what it means to Germany... [rather] to the welfare of the entire continent " -- In 1948, the debate within the U.S. government over the creation of the state of Israel was reaching critical intensity. President Truman was the "dark horse" candidate to defeat the Republican nominee, Thomas Dewey. Truman thought he needed the Jewish groups to mobilize in his support in order to get elected. He also believed that after so many years of suffering and persecution, the Jews deserved a homeland of their own. However, his most trusted foreign policy advisers, George Marshall, Dean Acheson and Robert Lovett, were, according to the book The Wise Men, "all dead set against the birth of Israel... However humanitarian a Jewish homeland might seem... it posed a real risk to U.N. national security. It was absolutely vital that the U.S. maintain its pipeline to Mideast oil. Supporting the Zionist cause would only antagonize the Arabs." Lovett said, "Israel was one ally too many " -- On Japan, Stimson and McGeorge Bundy wrote their book On Active Service in Peace and War: "Since 1937, when the Japanese attacked China, Stimson had been urging, as a private citizen, an embargo on all American trade with Japan, and this attitude he carried with him into the Cabinet [when he became Secretary of War]." Stimson prepared a memorandum in 1940 pointing out how Japan had yielded before American firmness, in her withdrawal from Shantung and Siberia in 1919 and her acceptance of naval inferiority in 1921. "Japan," Stimson wrote, "has historically shown that she can misinterpret a pacifistic policy of the United States for weakness. She has also historically shown that when the United States indicates by clear language and bold actions that she intends to carry out a clear and affirmative policy in the Far East, Japan will yield to that policy even though it conflicts with her own Asiatic policy and conceived interests. For the United States now to indicate either by soft words or inconsistent actions that she has no such clear and definite policy towards the Far East will only encourage Japan to bolder action." -- On December 7, 1941, Stimson wrote in his diary: "When the news first came that Japan had attacked us, my first feeling was of relief that the indecision was over and that crisis had come in a way which would unite all our people. This continued to be my dominant feeling in spite of the news of catastrophes which quickly developed. For I feel that this country united has practically nothing to fear, while the apathy and division stirred by unpatriotic men have been hitherto very discouraging." -- On the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Stimson wrote in an article for Harper's Weekly in 1947: "My chief purpose was to end the war in victory with the least possible cost in the lives of men in the armies which I had helped to raise. In the light that no man, in our position and subject to our responsibilities, holding in his hands a weapon of such possibilities for accomplishing this purpose and saving those lives, could have failed to use it and afterwards looked his countrymen in the face." -- At the Truman White House in the presence of Secretary of State James Byrnes, Adm. Leahy and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, according to his biographer: "Stimson had argued consistently for a commitment to allow the Japanese to keep their Emperor, not because- with the memory of Manchuria in his mind he had any special sympathy for him, but because only the Emperor could persuade the Japanese to surrender and therefore save American lives." .

Strugis Shipping Empire from Boston PRESTIGE IS ONLY IN OUR MINDS. Harvard is one of the oldest of America's universities and has become one of the most prestigious. But what is "prestige"? The word is defined by Merriam-Webster as follows: "standing or estimation in the eyes of people; weight or credit in general opinion; commanding position in people's minds." "Prestige" is not unlike the word "history"-HIS STORY-when you consider that what we call history has been written by people on the winning side, who reveal only that part of what happened that they want us to know. If what really happened would not afford them that air of standing or estimation in people's minds to which they aspire, then they're not averse to making up a cover story which would bestow on them that degree of craved respectability. So prestigious has Harvard's "image" become that you may have trouble, for example, believing that the board members, administrators, and faculty of Harvard-that noble institution-would allow the men and women who are entrusted with its endowment to operate in a manner that Catherine Austin Fitts has suggested. (See reference to her allegations at http://www.mail-archive.com/natnews%40egro.../msg01280.html). What do you really know about Harvard? There is a side of history that has been glossed over in the telling-that has been covered up. WHO WROTE THE HISTORY THAT YOU WERE TAUGHT? Since the American Revolution Harvard College has been run by the successors of a board that in the period after the Revolution, was entirely under the control of a group of men from Essex County, Massachusetts, located north of Boston. These men were mentioned in 1808 in correspondence between then-Senator John Quincy Adams and Thomas Jefferson as being involved in a plot to secede from the United States because they felt its nationalistic policies designed to protect the trade of the United States were detrimental to their own business interests. These men, called the "Essex Junto" were identified by Adams as: (1) Massachusetts Senator George Cabot, (2) Judge John Lowell and his son, also named John Lowell (sometimes called "The Rebel"), (3) former Secretary of State Timothy Pickering, (4) merchant Stephen Higginson, (5) Massachusetts Supreme Court Justice Theophilus Parsons, and (6) Aaron Burr's brother-in-law, Judge Tapping Reeve from Connecticut. All the plotters except Reeve had been born in Essex County. Researcher Anton Chaitkin, who is one of the authors of the much lauded "Unauthorized Biography of George Bush," spent months delving into the archived correspondence among those individuals, and unearthed admissions of their treasonous intentions against the United States. The plot was hatched in large part by the secret intelligence operations of their trading partner, the British East India Company, in collaboration with powerful financier families in Europe. Alexander Hamilton's support of Thomas Jefferson for president against Aaron Burr prevented the clique from electing Burr, but Hamilton's action also targeted him for destruction; he was eventually murdered in a duel set up by Aaron Burr. THE HARVARD ENDOWMENT - ESTABLISHED WITH DRUG PROFITS. After Judge John Lowell was selected to Harvard's Board, he continued to pour money into that school's coffers, and was rewarded in return. From then until 1943, there was only one decade in which a Lowell was not among the half-dozen or so board members. His son, John Lowell, attended his first meeting of the Harvard board April 17, 1810, at the home of the board chairman, Theophilus Parsons. [source: Greenslet, Ferris, The Lowells and their Seven Worlds, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, (1946), pp. 75-76.] Judge Parsons was aptly characterized by a faculty member: "Our college .... is under the absolute direction of the Essex Junto, at the head of which stands Chief Justice Parsons,.... a man as cunning as Lucifer and about half as good. This man is at the head of the Corporation.'' [source: Quoted in Zechariah Chafee, Jr., "Theophilus Parsons," Dictionary of American Biography.] The Cabot name has been almost as closely associated with control of the Harvard Corporation as the Lowells. The Cabot family, which was involved in the shipping trade, established their fortunes during the war years of 1776-1783 as eminently successful privateers. One author stated: "The Cabots provided America with more privateers than any other family." [source: Leon Harris, Only to God: The Extraordinary Life of Godfrey Lowell Cabot (New York: Atheneum, 1967), p. 6] KEEP THE FAMILY'S VALUE IN THE FAMILY. The Cabot fleet, sanctioned by various state legislatures, attacked and captured British, Spanish, Portuguese, and other ships, selling the spoils of legalized piracy as booty. George Cabot's brother, Andrew, purchased the estate confiscated from the Royal Governor of New Hampshire, John Wentworth, a cousin of both the Cabots and Higginsons. He later became the governor of Nova Scotia. George Cabot's uncle Francis married the sister of Richard Clarke, of Clarke and Sons--the British East India Company agents whose tea was dumped in Boston harbor. [source: Briggs, Vernon L., History and Genealogy of the Cabot Family, 1475-1927, privately printed, Boston, 1927, Vol. I, p. 196.]. George Cabot's wife was his double-first-cousin, Elizabeth Higginson. Stephen Higginson's daughter, Sarah, was the wife of Judge John Lowell. Samuel Cabot became the friend and personal agent of his English cousin, Richard Clarke, and was placed in charge of the management and disposal of the Clarke's property in the United States. He also directed the Clarke family's venture capital into new investments. The bond was made closer when he married Richard Clarke's granddaughter. The bulk of the Cabot family's fortune was acquired several years later by Samuel Cabot's son (Richard Clarke's great-grandson) through an alliance with Thomas Handasyd Perkins in the West Indies slave-trade. Thomas H. Perkins and his brother worked tirelessly, trading with China and sending cargoes to the West Indies and to Europe. By the end of 1792 they owned sizable shares in seven vessels, but were losing interest in the slave trade because of a vicious slave uprising at that time. They much preferred the China trade, and by the 1830s, Perkins was said to control as much as half of the entire U.S. trade with Canton. [source: Russell B Adams Jr., The Boston Money Tree ©1977]. Their nephew, John Perkins Cushing was chosen as an assistant to the manager of the Canton outpost in 1804, who died within a few months. Cushing, not yet twenty, became a principal in the firm, newly named Perkins & Company. WALTHAM MILL--FORERUNNER TO HUD MONEY LAUNDERING. John Perkins Cushing remained in Canton tending the affairs of Perkins & Company while his more "respectable" relations like Francis Cabot Lowell were marveling at the success of their Waltham mill and laying the foundations of the great manufacturing city of Lowell, Massachusetts, which was financed with the profits brought in from China. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, though he built a short-lived cotton mill of his own along the Charles River in Newton, just west of Boston, and later made some fairly substantial investments in the Lowell mills-he was even, for a time, president of the Appleton Company-remained first and foremost a merchant, far and away the leader of Boston's mercantile community. By the 1820s Cushing was known as the most influential of all the foreigners in Canton. Cushing had struck up a close business and personal relationship with the hong merchant Houqua, who at his death in 1843 was said to be the richest man in the world. During the War of 1812, they loaned their money out--at 18 percent interest--to other merchants in Canton. But the fur trade paled and when hard cash grew harder to come by, a search began for a substitute for the furs and specie that had been foundations of Boston's China trade. Opium seemed the ideal commodity to fill the gap. During much of the 1820s, opium was virtually the only profitable commodity in the China trade. The British, with their monopoly in opium-rich India, were far and away the heaviest dealers, but the Perkins interests, sparked first by Cushing and later by the brothers Robert Bennet Forbes and John Murray Forbes, ran a worthy second. The first Perkins cargo of Turkish opium, on board the brigantine Monkey, arrived in China in 1816; when the transaction proved profitable, the firm dispatched an agent to Leghorn, Italy, to set up an opium-buying operation. It was the beginning of a thriving if illicit commerce for the house of Perkins and for the future of a number of other Boston fortunes. Thomas Handasyd Perkins welcomed Chinese moves to halt the opium traffic, figuring that if China made things hot enough for drug dealers, the less venturesome traders would be scared out of the business, leaving a bigger share for the Perkins firm. It was a shrewd guess: rival merchants John Jacob Astor and Stephen Girard dropped the opium trade. For years, along with the Boston firm of Bryant & Sturgis, the Perkins interests had a virtual monopoly on Turkish opium imports to China. The Perkins firm and Bryant &Sturgis were frequently called "the Boston Concern," and William Sturgis, scion of an old Cape Code seafaring family, was a Perkins nephew and employee. Cushing announced, on October 26, 1818, that the commission business of Perkins & Company would thereafter be handled by a newly organized firm, James P. Sturgis & Company, whose head was William Sturgis's first cousin. On paper, this took Cushing out of direct involvement in the drug trade, since opium shipments from the Boston Concern would go through the Sturgis firm rather than Perkins & Company. In fact, Cushing had by no means washed his hands of the opium traffic; not only was he related to the principals of James P. Sturgis & Company, but he was still a partner of the drug-dealing Perkins brothers, who also were Sturgis kinsmen. And even after he retired from active business and returned to Boston, he continued to invest in opium ventures. Russell & Company was founded in 1824 with Cushing's encouragement. Later, Perkins & Company would be merged with the Russell firm, further consolidating the Boston Concern's interests in China. Like John Perkins Cushing, John Bennet Forbes was a Perkins nephew. His father, Ralph Bennet Forbes, had married Margaret Perkins in 1799, young Bennet was taken under the generous Perkins wing, as were his brothers Thomas Tunno Forbes and John Murray Forbes. The Forbes boys grew up in Milton, just south of Boston, where they were enrolled at Milton Academy. In 1816, at the age of twelve years, John Bennet became the first apprentice in a new firm formed by Thomas H. Perkins, Jr. and James Perkins along with Samuel Cabot, their brother-in-law. By 1818, John Bennet Forbes had been stationed in China to assist his cousin John Perkins Cushing. In 1828 Cushing returned to Boston from Canton, where he had spent nearly half his life, leaving Perkins & Company's affairs in the able hands of John Bennet's brother, Thomas Tunno Forbes. He rejected a proposal of partnership with Samuel Cabot (a Perkins son-in-law) and Thomas Perkins, Jr. and also turned aside an offer as head of the Perkins firm, which since the death of James Perkins in 1822 had been run by Samuel Cabot and Thomas Handasyd Perkins. Thomas Forbes, who understood that John Bennet preferred his life on the sea to running the Canton office, died in 1828, leaving instructions that Russell & Company should take over the Boston Concern's affairs. Samuel Russell agreed, and in the spring of 1832, Bennet Forbes sold a half share in the business to Russell & Company. With a tidy fortune, he sailed home to Boston, where he set up in the offices of China merchant Daniel C. Bacon to handle consignments from Russell & Company. Through the influence of younger brother, John Murray Forbes in Canton--who managed transactions for Houqua as well as for the Boston Concern-the goods readily came his way. For the two Forbeses, Houqua's business offered a double-barreled return: John picked up a percentage of the hong merchant's business in Canton, and Bennet got a commission on his shipments sold in Boston. At the same time, Bennet began to build an expensive house on a hill in Milton; it is now the Museum of the American China Trade, under the curatorship of his great- grandson, Dr. H. A. Crosby Forbes, an expert on Chinese porcelain. (This house is a short distance from where George Herbert Walker Bush was born less than a century later.) John Murray Forbes, his health broken from his labors, returned to Boston on doctor's orders in the summer of 1833. When he recovered and returned to China the following year, Forbes found the firm still deeply involved in the opium trade. When he returned to Boston in the spring of 1837, he brought with him a sizable fortune-including a half-million dollars of Houqua's own money which the hong merchant gave him to invest in American enterprise as he saw fit-and an agreement to get a three-sixteenths share of the firm's profits for three years, in ex[c]hange for looking after its interests in the United States. The Panic of 1837 resulted in John Bennet's insolvency, and he again returned to China, with John's power of attorney, entitling him to act in his stead as a partner in Russell & Company. It was a well-placed trust: Bennet Forbes was made chief of the firm on January 1, 1840, and man[a]ged to merge the competing house of Russell, Sturgis & Company into the older Russell concern. To be continued tomorrow.... Web sources: With reference to the allegations of Catherine Austin Fitts: See her articles posted at her website under "Harvard Endowment Prefers 'Gaming' to Market Competition" http://www.solari.com/action/articles/index.html For an excerpt from: The Boston Money Tree by Russell B Adams Jr.©1977All Rights Reserved; Thomas Y. Crowell Company New York ISBN 0-690-01209-8 324 pps. - First Edition - Out-of-print See http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/scripts/wa.exe...trl&P=R3303 See http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/scripts/wa.exe...trl&P=R4317 For an excerpt from: Bonds of Enterprise by John Lauritz Larson President and Fellows of Harvard College©1984 Harvard University press ISBN 0-87584-155-4257 pages - First Edition -- Out-of-print In-print from: McGraw-Hill Companies ISBN: 0071032797 See http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/scripts/wa.exe...rl&P=R46610 Several chapters of Anton Chaitkin's book, Treason in America, have been posted by Kris Millegan and can be retrieved by searching the archives, which is a wealth of information: See http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/scripts/wa.exe...L=ctrl&P=R2 You can also search Kris Millegan's CTRL archives: http://peach.ease.lsoft.com/scripts/wa.exe?S1=ctrl&D=0 and at his website at: http://www.ctrl.org/

See Tobacco, Tomahawks and Textiles posting from last year.... The American Tobacco Company The anti-smoking conspiracy began over a century ago. Skull & Bones members ring-led the creation of the American Tobacco Trust, to gather all the companies under anti-smoker control. But they knew that they couldn't just take over the tobacco companies and shut them down, because others would simply enter the field. So, they also created and built up enemies to persecute tobacco, particlarly the American Cancer Society, the Harvard School of Public Health, and the American Heart Association, and used these as proxies to create and control the federal health establishment (the National Institutes of Health and National Cancer Institute, et al.) to manufacture fraudulent pseudo-science to deceive the public at taxpayer expense. The anti-smoker-controlled tobacco companies merely put up a phony pretense of fighting the anti-smoker-controlled "health" lobbies, and purposely throw lawsuits (that is, to those brought by the "right" plaintiffs) in order to financially intimidate potential entrants away from the tobacco industry. The anti-smokers' fixation on James Buchanan Duke as the ruthless builder of the Tobacco Trust is just a smokescreen for the corrupt municipal railway and electricity barons, of whom William Collins Whitney (Skull & Bones 1863), was one. The whole gang of them was involved in the American Tobacco Company, and Whitney, with his main partner, Thomas F. Ryan, and his brother-in-law, Oliver H. Payne, played a central role. The Whitney's Northern Finance Corp. was a major stockholder at least until 1929. The Whitney Family "In 1884 James B. Duke moved to New York and opened a cigarette factory, intending to develop a tobacco market in the North. Shortly thereafter, he met Oliver Payne, who suggested that instead of fighting his North Carolina competitors, he buy them out. American Tobacco was the result." (Oliver Hazard Payne's business activities. Marist College Center for E-Business.) Payne himself had been the second largest refiner in Cleveland when Rockefeller bought him out, and he subsequently became one of the major partners of Standard Oil. In 1884, the partners began looking for ways to invest their money. Oliver Hazard Payne's Business Activities / Marist College Center for E-Business The company attributes American Tobacco's pricing to its use of the Bonsack machine, which other manufacturers declined to adopt. And: "J.B. Duke was then a handler of men, a professional executive rather than a financier. He owned far less than a controlling share in American Tobacco common. In 1897 Colonel Oliver Payne of Standard Oil cornered a working majority of the stock, and Duke told Payne he would sell his shares and start a new company if Payne's group desired it. Payne backed down and gave Duke a free hand from that point onward. Not that Duke was 'agin' the men who furnished capital. In fact, his principle motive was top bring into the American camp such well-connected men as Thomas Fortune Ryan, William C. Whitney, Anthony N. Brady and P.A.B. Widener." (Sold American! - The First Fifty Years. American Tobacco Company, 1954.) Sold American!, 1954 / tobacco document As for these "well-connected men:" Between about 1880 and 1905, "A single group of six men -- Yerkes, Widener, Elkins, Dolan, Whitney, and Ryan -- combined the street railways, and in many cases the lighting companies, of New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and at least a hundred towns and cities in Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, New Hampshire, and Maine. Either jointly or separately, they controlled the gas and electric lighting companies of Philadelphia, Reading, Harrisburg, Atlanta, Vicksburg, St. Augustine, Minneapolis, Omaha, Des Moines, Kansas City, Sioux City, Syracuse, and about seventy other communities. A single corporation developed nearly all the trolley lines and lighting companies of New Jersey, another controlled similar utilities in San Francisco and other cities on the Pacific Coast.... In New York, Thomas F. Ryan and William C. Whitney were the powerful, though invisible, powers in Tammany Hall... In Philadelphia, Widener and Elkins dominated the City Hall and also became part of the Quay machine of Pennsylvania." They made their fortunes in these fields through construction overcharges and stock market bubbles. (The Age of Big Business, A Chronicle of the Captains of Industry, by Burton J. Hendrick. Globusz Publishing. Chapter V, The Development of Public Utilities. Originally published in 1919 by Yale University Press.) Hendrick / Globusz Publishing (America's Sixty Families - The Public-Utility Background of Wilson's Backers. By Ferdinand Lundberg. Vanguard Press 1937 & 1938.) Other exploits of Brady, William L. Elkins, Rockefeller, Ryan, Whitney, and Widener, plus Charles Evans Hughes. Lundberg / Conspiracy Theory Research Links Archive "Thus in setting up the American Tobacco Company the artful allies Whitney and Ryan had begun by issuing to the public an initial capital of $10,000,000, which was increased in 1898 to $70,000,000; then finally, when they changed the company into a New Jersey corporation in 1909, they celebrated with a rousing capitalization of $180,000,000! According to one of the fantastic legends of Wall Street, Whitney and Ryan together had used little more than $50,000 in promoting the Tobacco Trust, and capturing its stock." (Chapter Sixteen, Concentration: The Great Trusts. In: The Robber Barons, by Matthew Josephson. Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934.) The Robber Barons, Ch. 16 / Yamaguchy Richard Kluger in "Ashes to Ashes" (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996) strives to portray the Tobacco Trust as a one-man show of James Buchanan Duke. He claims that, in the 1890s, "everal of American Tobacco's ranking directors, Lewis Ginter among them, argued that Duke was acting rashly and squandering company capital in reaching for control of the entire tobacco universe. These rebels approached the Standard Oil multimillionaire Oliver H. Payne, by then a prominent Wall Street investor, and sought his aid to wrest control of American Tobacco. Payne had an audience with Duke, who persuaded him of the necessity of these slashing tactics that, in various forms, Standard Oil itself had pioneered. Payne came on board as an ally of Duke, not to check him." Kluger also implied that Union Tobacco, headed by Thomas Fortune Ryan with Payne's brother-in-law Whitney as a director, was a potential competitor of American Tobacco. While "Vowing his hatred of predatory trusts in general and Duke in particular," Ryan actually tricked Liggett & Myers, which had refused to sell out to American, into selling out to him instead. Then, Union promptly turned around and "came into the fold." This was no doubt the plan in the first place. Directory of Cigarette Brands, 1864-1988 Directory of Cigarette Brands 1864-1988. F. Delman, A.M. Marion Jr., J Umana, K Sukhra, eds. Tobacco Manufacturers Association of the United States, Inc., 1989 (Second Edition). Directory of Cigarette Brands 1864-1988 / tobacco document The American Tobacco Company, incorporated in 1889 "The tobacco growers fear that it means an organized effort on the part of the great manufacturers of the country to control the price of leaf tobacco. The charter passed the two branches of the Virginia legislature Wednesday without attracting any special attention, and Gov. Lee signed it along with a big batch of others. An attempt will be made pass a repealing bill." The incorporators of the company in 1889 were Lewis Ginter, John Pope, Thomas M. Jeffries, Milton Cayce, and James M. Boyd, "all prominent and leading tobacconists of Richmond." (The American Tobacco Company. Raleigh News and Observer, Dec. 25, 1889.) Lewis Ginter "As some of our readers will be anxious to know who Maj. Ginter is, we will state that before the war he was a silk merchant in the city of Richmond, and in the pursuit of his business went occasionally to Europe, was in Paris the night of the Revolution in 1848, when Louis Philipe was dethroned and France declared free. The Major says things were stormy that night." He served with the Confederacy in the Civil War. After the war, he was in the banking business in New York City, until "Black Friday," when he returned to Richmond to manufacture tobacco and cigarettes. (The Pender Monument Fund. Raleigh News and Observer, Oct. 10, 1883.) In 1860, he was with the firm of Ginter, Alvey & Arents, which imported goods from Europe. (Domestic News Items. New York Herald, May 11, 1860.) "At a round table in the Waldorf cafe last evening four friends sat in quiet converse. One was recently from Richmond, and his apparent familiarity with the inside history of the American Tobacco company made him unusually interesting." The speaker said that Ginter "is a bachelor, about 75 years old and in a feeble condition. If he should die just now, goodby Tobacco Trust!" "He went into the Tobacco Trust with his eyes open and a tremendous price for his business, and next to Duke himself is the leading spirit of what threatened to become the greatest of monopolies. After Ginter comes his man, John Pope. For years... John Pope has been one of the biggest men in the American Tobacco company. He was recognized as the personal representative of Mr. Ginter, and was made vice-president. He arrived at his present prosperity in a rather peculiar way. When Mr. Ginter was selling dry goods and notions in White street he made it his business to become acquainted with every employe in his store, as well as with the cartmen and shippers. Among the latter was a good-natured chap of the name of Pope, to whom he took a great fancy. Pope used to jump off his wagon to rush in for such goods as the firm had to go by express, and Mr. Ginter never failed to pass a word or two with him. When the old gentleman went to Richmond he took Pope along and pushed him to the front." (Ginter and Pope. From the New York Press. Milwaukee Journal, Feb. 21, 1896.) Ginter resigned in 1897, reportedly after his propositions were overruled. (Major Ginter's resignation. New York Times, May 2, 1897.) "It is said that John Dunlap, of New York, is Lewis Ginter's greatest chum, and his legal advisor as well. Mr. Ginter is the richest man in Virginia, and is just now about to retire to private life. One day he visited Dunlap and made the acquaintance of the latter's nephew, a boy of 10 or 12 years. 'Wouldn't you like to have a pony?' he asked. 'I couldn't very well,' replied the youngster, 'because I have no place to keep him. But I would like some pictures.' He meant cigarette pictures. Mr. Ginter went to the factory and had a complete set of all the pictures that had ever been used in his cigarettes got together, and he sent it to his small friend with an injunction never to smoke." (The Daily Picayune, New Orleans, Jun. 14, 1897, p. 4, col. E.) "Major Ginter was born in New York City in 1820, descending from an old German family which came to this country nearly two centuries ago. He went to Richmond as a clerk when seventeen years old, and after a short time opened the 'Yankee Notion House,' which was a landmark to the older citizens of that community. He served as Quartermaster in the Confederate Army with the rank of Major, being then a wealthy and prominent business man.After the war he came to New York as a member of the brokers' firm of Harrison, Goddin & Co. All of his accumulations were swept away on 'Black Friday,' and he went back to Richmond without a dollar and started in the cigarette business. He formed a partnership with Joseph Allen, who was making cigarettes on a small scale, the firm of Allen & Ginter then employing about a dozen hands." (Death of Lewis Ginter. New York Times, Oct. 3, 1897.) He left his home to his nieces, the Misses Arents; his country home, Westbrook, to his sister, Mrs. Young; and his stock farm to George Arents. His brother and a niece and nephew in Missouri were also remembered. The total value was estimated at $7 to 8 million. (Will of the Late Maj. Ginter. Raleigh News and Observer, Oct. 7, 1897.) John Pope John Pope, vice president of the American Tobacco Company, was "not quite 40" when he died at Lewis Ginter's residence. His malady was said to be laryngitis, from which he had suffered for quite some time. He was born in Brooklyn, N.Y. When he was fourteen years old, Lewis Ginter "found him a check boy in a New-York express office," and he went to Richmond in 1872 or 1873 with Ginter. He had a brother in Richmond and three sisters in Brooklyn. (Obituary. Boston Daily Advertiser, Apr. 9, 1896; Obituary Record. New York Times, Apr. 9, 1896.) His estate was valued at $1,750,000. George Pope was the executor. (A Tobacco Millionaire's Will. Charleston, S.C. Weekly News and Courier, Apr. 15, 1896.) He left 500 shares of American Tobacco preferred and 1000 shares common, plus $25,000 in other securities to his sisters, and $150,000 each to his sisters and brother, with his brother as the residuary legatee. (Will of John Pope. New York Evening Post, Apr. 14, 1896.) His brother, George P. Pope, gave much of his wealth to the Catholic Church, and was made a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory by Pope Leo XIII in 1902. (George P. Pope Dead. New York Times, Nov. 27, 1917.) John Pope of Allen & Ginter Tobacco was a nephew of William Wilberforce Mann. Mann was working on a universal language when he died. His library and effects were left to Lewis Ginter, who had supplied him with money for several years. (The Dead Recluse. New York Times, Feb. 24, 1885.) Mann was born in New Hampshire in 1808, and his parents took him to Georgia when he was young. He lived in Paris during the 1848 revolution, and married a French woman by whom he had a daughter, Marion [or Maria]. (The Dead Recluse's Daughter. New York Times, Feb. 25, 1885; William Wilberforce Mann. Papers, 1825-1897. Accession 26673, Personal Papers Collection, The Library of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.). William Wilberforce Mann / University of Virginia The American Tobacco Company, 1890 "The American Tobacco Company, chartered in New Jersey last week, is said to represent an immense cigarette trust. Allen & Ginter, of this city [Richmond], Duke & Son, of Durham, N.C., Kinney Brothers of New York and Richmond, Goodwin of New York, and Bonsack's Cigarette Machine Works, of Lynchburg, are in the combination." (The Deadly Cigarette. The Los Angeles Times, Jan. 4, 1890.) "The scheme was to admit George Arentz [sic] and Albert Young, both friends and family connections of Mr. Ginter, and other wealthy New Yorkers. The object of this charter, Mr. Pope says, was to enable the works to retain their local interest, and reinforced by abundant means to keep from being pressed into the cigarette trust now spreading its strong arms over the entire continent. It is suggested now that the purchase may have been in the interest of the combination, and this belief is supplemented by the fact that Gov. [James Edwin] Campbell, of Ohio, is reported to have recently introduced to Major Ginter a wealthy Englishman who was very anxious to get control of the works." It was said to have $25,000,000 of "mostly English money." The managers of Allen & Ginter in New York and William S. Kimball & Co. of Rochester, N.Y., denied that they had been sold to the trust. (A Great Tobacco Deal. Raleigh News and Observer, Jan. 5, 1890.) From the Baltimore Sun, Jan. 23: The New Jersey incorporators were Lewis Ginter and John Pope of Richmond, Va., George Arents and James B. Duke of N.Y., Benjamin N. Duke and George W. Watts of Durham, N.C., Francis W. Kinney of N.J., William H. Butler and Charles J. Emory of Brooklyn, and William S. Kimball of Rochester. (The Great Cigarette Syndicate. Daily Evening Bulletin, San Francisco, Jan. 31, 1890.) [The Virginia charter was reported to have been repealed on Feb. 1.] Charles Head & Co. and Cordley & Co. of Boston sought to buy the company's preferred stock. (Boston Daily Advertiser, May 26, 1890, p. 3.) The published directorate: Lewis Ginter, Richmond, Va.; John Pope, First Vice President, Richmond Va.; George Arents, New York City; James B. Duke, President, New York City; Benjamin N. Duke, Durham, N.C.; George W. Watts, Durham, N.C.; Francis S. Kinney, Butler, N.J.; W.H. Butler, Secretary, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Charles G. Emery, Treasurer, Brooklyn, N.Y.; William S. Kimball, Second Vice President, Rochester, N.Y. Stephen Little was the Controller. The Farmers Loan and Trust Company of New York was its registrar. (American Tobacco Company Display Ad. Milwaukee Sentinel, June 3, 1890.) American Tobacco Co., 1891-98 From the Baltimore Sun: American Tobacco bought Marburg Bros. and G.W. Gail & Ax of Baltimore in 1891. (A Deal in Tobacco. Raleigh News and Observer, Apr. 24, 1891.) The National Tobacco Company of Louisville and the Whitlock Company of Richmond also joined the trust. (American Tobacco Company. Daily Inter Ocean, Jan. 29, 1892.) Directors elected were William H. Butler, John Pope and George W. Watts for two years, Benjamin N. Duke and George Arents for one year, and George W. Gale and William A. Marburg additional directors for one year. (Millions rolling around. New York Times, Jan. 28, 1892.) Arents, Duke, Gail, and Josiah Brown were elected for one year, and Pope, Watts and Butler for two years. (American Tobacco Company; and: Stock Quote 4. New York Times, Feb. 15, 1894.) Arents, Duke, Gail and Brown were re-elected. (American Tobacco Company's Meeting. New York Times, Apr. 16, 1895.) A grand jury indicted President James B. Duke and directors Butler, Marburg, Louis Ginter, Arents, Gail, Benjamin N. Duke, Watts, Brown, and Charles G. Emery, alleging that in April 1889, the Allen & Ginter, Duke, Sons & Co., McKinney & Co., William S. Kimball & Co., and Goodwin & Co. combined as the American Tobacco Co., and obliged retail customers not to buy from other manufacturers. The evidence was presented by the National Cigarette Company, which manufactured Admiral cigarettes. (Tobacco men under indictment. New York Times, May 8, 1896.) Joseph H. Choate and W.W. Fuller were attorneys for American Tobacco, while Assistant District Attorney John D. Lindsay represented the state. New York's anti-trust law amending the 1893 law was signed by Gov. Morton that May. Cases were pending in Illinois and New Jersey as well. (Tobacco trust rights. New York Times, Nov. 18, 1896.) Their demurrer was dismissed. (Tobacco men to be tried. New York Times, Jan. 23, 1897.) The defendants were represented by Daniel G. Rollins, W.W. Fuller and Lucien Oudin. District Attorney Olcott and his assistants Carpenter and Hardwicke represented the prosecution. (American Tobacco Company. New York Times, June 8, 1897.) Josiah Brown, the Secretary of American Tobacco, was the only defendant in attendance. In all forty ballots, ten jurors voted for conviction and two for acquittal. Those two had asked whether American sold more cigarettes than its constituent companies had before the combination. The case was discharged. (Tobacco jurors disagree. New York Times, June 30, 1897.) William H. Butler resigned from the directorate of the American Tobacco Company to become president of the Union Tobacco Company, and Harrison Drummond was elected to fill his place. (A Tobacco Competitor. New York Times, Dec. 9, 1898.) Harrison I. Drummond, Yale 1890 Harrison Irwin Drummond (1869-1920), Yale Ph.B. 1890, was born in Alton, Ill. After graduation, he joined the Drummond Tobacco Company, founded by his father, James Thomas Drummond, in St. Louis. He became president after his father died. He became first vice president and a director of the Continental Tobacco Company when it absorbed Drummond. He retired in 1901 and returned to St. Louis, where he was a director of the Merchants-Laclede National Bank and the Mississippi Valley Trust Company, and President of the Drummond Realty Trust Company. He moved to Pasadena, Cal. in 1906, and helped organize the Security National Bank. He had two brothers who graduated from Yale, James T. Drummond 1896 S and Charles R. Drummond ex-1899 S.; and a son, Harrison, non-graduate 1919 S. (Obituary Record of Yale Graduates, 1920-1921, pp. 223-224.) James T. Drummond was a vice president of Drummond Tobacco until 1901, then joined his brother at the Drummond Realty until 1902. He joined Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. in 1912, and was its southwestern sales manager. (Obituary Record of Yale Graduates 1925-1926, p. 251.) Obituary Record of Yale Graduates, 1920-1921 / Yale University Library (pdf, 304 pp) Obituary Record of Yale Graduates 1925-1926 / Yale University Library (pdf, 350 pp) Benjamin N. Duke Mrs. Benjamin N. Duke, Mrs. W.W. Fuller, Mrs. Walter H. Page, Mrs. Rufus L. Patterson and Mrs. T.B. Yuille were patronesses of the Noirth Carolina Society. (North Carolina Society Gives Dance. New York Times, Apr. 20, 1912.) Benjamin N. Duke was a brother of James B. Duke. His daughter, Mary L. Duke, married Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle less than two months after her brother, Angier Buchanan Duke, married Cordelia Drexel Biddle, the bridegroom's sister. "The bridesmaids were the misses Ellen Yuille, Florence Gilbert, and Caroline Fuller of this city; Yvonne Townsend of Washington, D.C., and Lucy Stokes and Anna Branson of Durham, S.C. [sic]... The ushers included Maurice Burke Roche, Evans Russell Tucker Jr., Henry Nichols Tucker, William Sturgis and Edwin Kane of New York; Pierpont Schreiber of Short Hills, N.J.; De Benneville Bell, Reginald Hutchinson, and Alfred Putnam of Philadelphia; and Lawrence Villas of Chicago." The New York guests included Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Dula, Mr. and Mrs. Oliver W. Harriman, Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hill, Mr. and Mrs. Percival S. Hill, Mr. and Mrs. Rufus L. Patterson, Mr. and Mrs. Clinton W. Toms, Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Taft and his son, Walbridge S. Taft, and Mr. and Mrs. T.B.Yuille. The Philadelphia guests included Mrs. George Widener and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph E. Widener, and Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Berwind. Other guests were Judge R.T.W. Duke, William Eskridge Duke and Miss Mary Duke of Charlottesville, Va., Mrs. A.H. Stokes of Durham, N.C.; and Perry Belmont of Washington, D.C. ($500,000 in Gifts At Biddle Wedding. New York Times, Jun. 17, 1915.) $500,000 in Gifts At Biddle Wedding, 1915 / New York Times Benjamin Duke's son, Angier Biddle Duke, drowned in 1923. He had established a trust fund for his wife and their two children in 1919. The securties included: 5,000 United Drug Company, $250,000; 1,000 United States Steel preferred, $116,137; 1,000 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco preferred, $113,500; 1,000 Weyman-Bruton Company preferred, $106,045; 320 George W. Helme Company preferred, $33,965; 700 American Snuff preferred, $66,895; and additional stocks worth $63,343. The Guaranty Trust Company was the trustee. (Accounting Filed in A.B. Duke Trust. New York Times, Oct. 5, 1924.) Angier Biddle Duke Jr., the grandson of Benjamin N. Duke, married Priscilla St. George, the granddaughter of George F. Baker Jr. (~1878-1937). Barbara Field was a bridesmaid, and Marshall Field Jr. [4th] was an usher. The guest list was lengthy. (Priscilla St. George Is Married To Angier B. Duke in Tuxedo Park. New York Times, Jan. 3, 1937.) Barbara and Marshall Jr. were the children of Marshall Field 3d, who financed the stockholders of Tobacco and Allied Stocks in their takeover of Philip Morris. Thomas B. Yuille "A member of an old Southern family, Mr. Yuille was born in Halifax County, Va. As a young man he became associated with the American Tobacco Company at Durham, N.C. In 1901 he came to the company's office here and in 1912 became a vice president of the company. Mr. Yuille continued as vice president of American Tobacco until 1916, when he resigned. Soon afterward he became president of the Universal Leaf Tobacco Company. In 1923 he was elected president of the Tobacco Products Corporation. Organizations with which he had been affiliated at various times as a director were the United Retail Stores Corporation, American Machine and Foundry Company, United Drug Company, First and Merchants Bank of Richmond, Va., United States Trust Company of Newark, Tobacco Products Export Corporation, Universal Leaf Tobacco Comapny, Inc., and Knollwood Manor, Inc." (Thomas B. Yuille Dead At Age of 64. New York Times, Nov. 23, 1934.) He married Nannie Williams Long in 1894, when he was the American Tobacco Company's representative in Clarksville, Va. (Another Wedding in Henderson. Raleigh News and Observer, Oct. 31, 1894.) In 1907, he was the head of the leaf buying department. (Fierce Tobacco Rivalry. New York Times, Nov. 26, 1907.) Yuille, William P. Gilmour, and and Williamson W. Fuller were executors of the estate of John B. Cobb of Stamford. (Cobb Estate is $4182,708. New York Times, Oct. 18, 1923.) He had a joint brokerage account with C.C. Dula of Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. His daughter, Ellen, married William J. Sturgis of Bronxville, N.Y., the son of Rev. Joseph R. Sturgis of Virginia. Angier B. Duke was best man, and the ushers were Philip O. Mills, A.J. Drexel Biddle Jr., James A. Blair Jr., George B. Glaenzer [s&B 1907], Theodore S. Watson, Walbridge S. Taft [Yale 1907], Theodore P. Dixon [s&B 1907], and his brother, J. Steele Sturgis of Chicago. Guests included J.F. Horan, Jaquelin P. Taylor, and Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Wiggin. (Sturgis-Yuille Wedding. New York Times, Oct. 9, 1915; Miss Ellen Yuille Weds W.J. Sturgis. New York Times, Nov. 18, 1915.) She remarried to Chicago broker Wolcott Blair, son of Watson F. Blair, in 1926. His daughter, [susan] Burks Yuille, married Carroll Carstairs, Yale 1913, of New York and Philadelphia. (Miss Yuille Weds Carroll Carstairs. New York Times, Mar. 21, 1924.) Carroll Chevalier Carstairs was an art dealer in New York City. (Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1948-1949, p. 69.) His daughter, Nancy Yuille, married Viscount Adare. (Miss Nancy Yuille Wed in Palm Beach. New York Times, Mar. 8, 1934.) His daughter, Melissa, married William C. Whitney's nephew, Harry Payne Bingham, in 1937. Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale, 1948-1949 / Yale University Library (pdf, 186 pp) Continental Tobacco Co., 1898 Incorporators of the Continental Tobacco Company: James B. Duke, John B. Cobb, Harrison I. Drummond, Mark Leopold, Frank H. Ray, Herbert L. Terrell, Oliver H. Payne, Thomas Atkinson, Pierre Lorillard Jr., James B. Hughes, C.H. Faucette, Paul Brown, Basil Doerhoefer, Grant B. Schley, and Oren Scotten. (The Continental Tobacco Co. New York Times, Dec. 11, 1898.) American Tobacco Co., 1900 Directors of American Tobacco, 1900: R.L. Patterson (Sec.), H.D. Lee (Treas.), J.B. Duke (Pres.), T.F. Jeffries (VP), B.N. Duke, T.W. Watts, George Arents, J. Doerhoefer, O.H. Payne, J.B. Cobb (VP), H.I. Drummond, P.A.B. Widener, T.F. Ryan, Anthony N. Brady, W.W. Fuller, W.R. Harris (VP). (Moody's Manual of Industrial and Miscellaneous Securities, First Annual Number, 1900. John Moody, Editor. ?.C. Lewis Co.) ATC, Moody's Manual, 1900 / tobacco document Peter Doerhoefer Peter Doerhoefer, "the Nestor of the immense tobacco manufacturing interests of Louisville," was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany. He married Katherine Siebel and came to America in 1851. He opened a butcher shop in New Albany, then began to manufacture plug tobacco, and moved to Louisville in 1861. John and Basil Doerhoefer were his sons. (Death List of a Day. New York Times, Sep. 19, 1902.) The Universal Tobacco Company, 1901-1904 William H. Butler, an organizer of the American Tobacco Company in 1890, and brother, George P. Butler, founded the Universal Tobacco Company, out of whose remains the Butler & Butler Tobacco Company was formed, and then acquired by American Tobacco. In 1912, he and his brother bought the Surbrug Company, manufacturing smoking tobacco in Hoboken, N.J., and the Khedivial Company, manufacturing cigarettes. The Tobacco Products Corporation was founded on this, which later acquired the New York City branch of Philip Morris. The Tobacco Products Corporation Consolidated Tobacco Co., 1901 The Consolidated Tobacco Company was formed in 1901 to take over the common stock of the American and Continental Tobacco Companies. Directors were James B. Duke, Oliver H. Payne, Thomas F. Ryan, J.R. Cobb, W.W. Fuller, Grant B. Schley, Frank H. Ray, Anthony N. Brady, C.C. Dula, William R. Harris, P.A.B. Widener, Percival S. Hill, B.N. Duke, and Charles E. Halliwell. (Consolidated Tobacco Co. New York Times, June 7, 1901.) The American Snuff Company and the American Cigar Company were added as well. (Tobacco Trust Attacked. New York Times, May 29, 1902.) In the Northern Securities litigation, "It was recalled, as a coincidence, by some of those present, that on June 20 W. Bourke Cockran called the attention of District Attorney Jerome to failure to answer questions on the part of the Consolidated Tobacco Company. In reply to that letter De Lancey Nicoll also addressed the District Attorney, in the course of which letter he said, concerning the formation of the Consolidated Tobacco Company: 'All of the stockholders except those holding 12,000 shares of the American Tobacco Company, and an even larger proportion of the Continental Tobacco Company, accepted the offer and exchanged their stock for bonds. Most of these 12,000 shares were then assembled into a pool or a syndicate, on behalf of which four suits have been brought which, fom one standpoint or another, attack the validity of the American Tobacco Company's offer to purchase. Most of the persons interested in this pool are also connected with the Universal Tobacco Company, organized by Messrs. Cockran, William H. Butler, abnd others, as a rival for the American Tobacco Company in April 1901 and the suits which have are all under the direction or control of Mr. Cockran and his associates, one of whom at least is a gentleman well known in the financial world as a promoter of strike litigation.'" [strike litigation constituted suits filed in order to reap a settlement.] (Got Stock Free To Bring Merger Suit. New York Times, Aug. 16, 1902; Tobacco Trust Case Submitted to Mr. Jerome. New York Times, Jun. 21, 1902.) Charles E. Halliwell In January 1899, the majority of stock of the Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. was sold to Mr. Butler of the Union Tobacco Company by Moses C. Wetmore, Charles E. Halliwell, Samuel T. McCormick, Mrs. Claude Kilpatrick, Mrs. John Fowler, and Mrs. John E. Liggett for $6.5 million cash. Wetmore was to continue as president and general manager for five years, and George S. Myers kept his shares. (Big Tobacco Deal. Morning Oregonian, Feb. 5, 1899.) Mrs. Charles E. Halliwell, wife of the First Vice President of the Continental Tobacco Company, was the daughter of James Ayres Brown, "a leading merchant of London." (Obituary Notes. New York Times, Mar. 13, 1902.) Their daughter Mabel married Holland Sacket Duell, Yale 1902, a lawyer from Syracuse. (Weddings of a Day. New York Times, Sep. 30, 1904.) Halliwell fell ill in 1905 and married his nurse, Miss Ruth Alice Cole. "In the American Tobacco Company Mr. Halliwell is second in importance only to James B. Duke. He is also a director of the American Peat Fuel Company, the American Snuff Company, Automatic Weighing Machine Company, International Cigar Machine Company, Kentucky Tobacco Product Company, Luhrman & Wilbern Tobacco Company, and the P. Lorillard Company. He is 55 years old, and his wealth has been estimated at $20,000,000." (Charles E. Halliwell Weds. New York Times, Oct. 5, 1906.) "Mr. Halliwell was in control of the Leggitt [sic] & Meyers Tobacco Company, in St. Louis, when James B. Duke set out to combine the big tobacco concerns," and made Halliwell an officer of the American Tobacco Company. He was said to be 50 years old. (Charles Halliwell Dead. Washington Post, May 7, 1907.) In 1909, C.E. Halliwell had $600 in dividends of American Tobacco preferred stock unclaimed since 1904. (American Tobacco Co., Fiscal Statement, Dec. 31, 1921.) American Tobacco Co., Fiscal Statement, Dec. 31, 1921 / tobacco document His widow married William Porter, who began as a cotton broker in Louisville, then "allied himself with the National Tobacco Company and then with the American Tobacco Company, becoming general manager of the sales department in this city. In 1903, Porter gave up the tobacco business, becoming a member of the Stock Exchange firm of Perkins, Erickson & Co." (Stock Exchange Man Hurt in Auto Wreck. New York Times, May 25, 1911.) Porter died, and she married Warren Clark Van Slyke, a well-known lawyer. She had received a quarter of Halliwell's $5 million estate in trust, with half to his daughter and a quarter to his son, Walter S. Halliwell. (Mrs. Porter to Wed Again. New York Times, Jun. 20, 1913.) Holland S. Duell's daughter Helen, Vassar 1927, married Thomas Witter Chrystie, Columbia 1924. (Holland Sackett Duell, B.A. 1902. Bulletin of Yale University. Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1942-1943, pp. 75-76.). They were the parents of American Health Foundation trustee Thomas L. Chrystie. (Mrs. Thomas W. Christie, Women's Civic Leader, 57. New York Times, Oct. 28, 1963.) Yale Obituary Record 1942-1943 / Yale University Library (pdf, 312 pp) De Lancey Nicoll De Lancey Nicoll, The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, 1910 / Google Books American Tobacco Company acquires the Cuban trade, 1902 London newspapers claimed that George P. Butler of the Universal Tobacco Company acquired the Henry Clay & Bock Tobacco Company and the Havana Commercial Company. (Rival for Tobacco Trust. New York Times, Jan. 25, 1902.) However, The American Tobacco Company acquired the Havana Commercial Company, Henry Clay & Bock Tobacco Company, and H. de Cabanas y Carbajol Company, the three largest companies dealing in Cuban cigars and tobaccos, and incorporated them as the Havana Tobacco Company in New Jersey. H.B. Hollins & Co. had a large interest in the Havana Commercial Company. (Tobacco Trust in Cuba. New York Times, May 29, 1902.) [James Coleman] Ford Huntington of Louisville, Ky., Scroll & Key 1891, was secretary-treasurer of the Havana Tobacco Company in 1901. He left to become treasurer and a vice president of the New York Telephone Company until retiring in 1931. His brother, Robert Palmer Huntington, Scroll & Key 1891, was with Drexel, Morgan & Co. from 1891-1895, then Hoppin, Koen & Huntington, architects. (Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1948-1949, p. 19.) Stephen Whitney and Beekman Hoppin were ushers at Robert Palmer Huntington's marriage to Helen Gray Dinsmore. Mrs. Levi P. Morton, the wife of the vice president, was one of the guests. (Huntington-Dinsmore. New York Times, Jun. 2, 1892.) His daughter married Vincent Astor, son of John Jacob Astor who died in the Titanic disaster. "The wedding marked the uniting of two families of great wealth. Mr. Astor, following his father's death, came into the possession of estates valued at $65,000,000, and his bride is the granddaughter of the late William B. Dinsmore, a multi-millionaire... Her grandfather on the maternal side was Alvin Adams, founder of the Adams Express company." (Vincent Astor Weds Helen Huntington. New York Times, May 1, 1914.) After the Astors were divorced, she married Lytle Hull, son of Mrs. George Huntington Hull of Louisville, Ky., whose mother was also a Huntington. Her ex-husband married Mary Benedict Cushing, daughter of Dr. Harvey Cushing, the year before. (Mrs. Astor Is Wed to Florida Broker. New York Times, Apr. 16, 1941.) Her sister, Alice, married Charles H. Marshall. Her sister and Mrs. Marshall Field 3d were matrons of honor, and Marshall Field 3d was best man. Cole Porter was one of the ushers. (Alice Huntington One of Many Brides. New York Times, Jun. 3, 1917.) Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale, 1948-1949 / Yale University Library (pdf, 186 pp) William B. Dinsmore Jr. married Marion De Peyster Carey, whose stepfather was Richard Delafield. His ushers were Frederic Foster Carey, Frederick Prime Delafield, Valentine G. Hall, Oliver S. Campbell, L. Frederic Holbrook Betts, Dexter Blagden, Frederic Huntington, and Nathaniel Thayer Robb. (Many Bright Weddings. New York World, Jun. 5, 1905.) British-American Tobacco, 1902 The first board of directors of the British-American Tobacco Company: Sir William Henry Wills, J.B. Duke, J.B. Cobb, H.H. Wills, W.R. Harris, C.E. Lambert, W.W. Fuller, W.G. Player, C.C. Dula, Hugo von R. Cunliffe Owen, Percival S. Hill, Thomas Gracey, W.B. Ogden, Thomas Ogden, R.H. Walters, P.R. Walters, Percy Ogden, and Harold Roberts. J.B. Duke, R.H. Walters, and Thomas Ogden joined the board of the Imperial Tobacco Co. (The Tobacco War Ended. New York Times, Sep. 28, 1902.) B.A.T. Industries An historical note, by Laurie Dennett, 1987. Dennett, 1987 / tobacco document AT in 1906: "Of the common stock, $35.5 million [of $40.2 million] was owned by fifty-two people, and the ten largest stockholders owned 63%. These included six directors - James and Benjamin Duke, Thomas Fortune Ryan, Anthony Brady, O.H. Payne and P.A.B. Widener - along with the Wall Street firm of Moore & Schley, Grant B. Schley himself, and the Whitney and Elkins estates. Among those owning $100,000 or more in common stock were Percival Hill, George Arents, R.J. Reynolds, Pierre Lorillard and R.A. Patterson, originator of the Lucky Strike smoking tobacco." (Sold American! American Tobacco Company, 1954, p.37.) AT in 1906, Sold American!, 1954 / tobacco document William James Wallace of the Central Trust-associated Butler law firm represented the American Tobacco Company in the Sherman Anti-Trust suit. Another attorney for American was De Lancey Nicoll, whose sister later married Thomas F. Ryan. Oral Argument of De Lancey Nicoll , U.S. v. American Tobacco Co. and others, 1910 / tobacco document U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 106 (1911) / FindLaw.com U.S. Marshalls served papers on James B. Duke, Caleb C. Dula, Percival Hill, Thomas J. Maloney, William R. Harris, William H. McAllister, Benjamin N. Duke, Herbert D. Kingsbury, William W. Fuller, Robert C. Dula, George C. Allen, and Rufus L. Patterson at the office of the American Tobacco Company. Thomas F. Ryan, Anthony N. Brady, H.M. Hanna, Pierre Lorillard, Grant B. Schley, P.A.B. Widener and a half dozen others were out of town. (Tobacco men subpoenaed. New York Times, July 19, 1907.) American Tobacco Company, 1911 "Court Convinced of Correctness of Its Construction of Sherman Acts as Applied to the Standard Oil Company - Finds Undisputed Facts Sufficient to Convict Tobacco Company - Court Below to Control Trust's Dissolution." (Reaffirms Rule of Reason in Tobacco Trust Case. New York Times, May 30, 1911.) SIC. The strange antics of the Butler brothers and their friends seem to have escaped the Court's notice. They are not among the 29 defendants. Opinion Nos. 118 and 119, U.S. vs. American Tobacco Co., May 29, 1911 / tobacco document The Directors and four others owned 77% of the common stock: A.N. Brady 33,334 shares; O.H. Payne 33,334; P.A.B. Widener 33,000; Moore & Schley 31,452; Thomas F. Ryan 30,000; W.C. Whitney estate 29,034; J.B. Duke 25,000; B.N. Duke 14,000; W.L. Elkins estate 13,233; G.B. Schley 12,200. Most also held large amounts of preferred stock. Other holders of common stock: Gertrude Whitney 6,667; W.R. Harris 6,567; G.W. Watts 6,500; H.M. Hanna 5,500; Paul Brown 5,200; C.E. Halliwell, 4,600; C.C. Dula 4,108; R.B. Dula 4,100; J.B. Cobb 4,002; W.W. Fuller 4,000; S. Siegman 3,350; H.P. Whitney 3,300; W.B. Dickerman 3,035; P.S. Hill 2,427; George Arents 2,300; R.K. Smith 2,000; C.N. Strotz 2,000; Sidmon McHir 1,933; Homan & Co. 1805; W.H. McAlister 1,800; Wolf Bros. & Co. 1,575; George Blumenthal 1,470; C.A. Griscom 1,433; B.H. Homan 1,334; R.J. Reynolds 1,333; R.A.C Smith 1,333; P. Lorillard 1,300; Dominick & Dominick 1,230; T.J. Maloney 1,167; R.L. Patterson 1,100; Charles D. Barney & Co., James G. Butler, G.D. Casilear, Sarah P. Duke, Laura M. Kimball, D.S. Lamont estate, S.I. Peters, A.W. Smith, J.H. Smith, Mrs. A. Woerishoeffer, F.B. Mitchell, and M.E. Dickerman, 1,000 each. "Those named owned together 355,065 shares out of a total outstanding of 402,424 shares, par value $40,242,200." The preferred stock amounted to $78,089,100. The company's lawyers included W.W. Fuller, De Lancey Nicoll, Lewis Cass Ledyard, and Alton B. Parker. (Tobacco Plan Goes Now Before Court. New York Times, Aug. 25, 1911.) Robert A.C. Smith "Robert A.C. Smith was born at Dover, England, on Feb. 22, 1857, son of Gilbert and Emily Smith. When he was two years old, the family moved to Cadiz, Spain. He attended school there until he was 13 and then went to school in Folkestone and London. In 1874 he came to New York for a visit, and because of his Spanish education and business training he accepted the offer of a position from the firm of Lyles and Gilston, dealers in railway supplies, principally with Cuba and Latin America." He was involved in railway and electrification projects in Cuba and Latin America," and later in Connecticut and Westchester County, N.Y. His shipping company transported Spanish prisoners during the Spanish-American War [as President of the American Mai8l Steamship Co.], and he was Commissioner of Docks in New York City 1913-1918. He was a director of the Metropolitam Street Railway Company when Thomas F. Ryan controlled it; the American Tobacco Company, the White Rod Mineral Springs Co., Ward line of Steamships, Albany & Hudson Railroad, American Surety Company, Chicago Union Traction Company, Internation Banking Company, American Agricultural Chemical Company and many Cuban companies. "Mr. Smith was credited with having much influence with the McKinley administration and especially with Elihu Root," at the time he became involved in Cuba. (R.A.C. Smith Dies At 76 in England. New York Times, Jul. 28, 1933.) In 1884, he represented the Metal Exchange at the N.Y. Cahmber of Commerce, whose issues included the tariffs on tobacco. (Explaining the Treaty. New York Times, Dec. 13, 1884.) Smith was a leading member of the syndicate of William C. Whitney, Skull & Bones 1863, that took over the State Trust Company. (Loans of State Trust Company. New York Times, Jan. 14, 1900.) The State Trust was merged into the Morton Trust. (The State Trust to Be Absorbed. New York Times, Feb. 2, 1900.) Smith had ties to Cuban President Tomas Estrada Palma. (What Mr. Palma Will Do. New York Times, Apr. 17, 1902.) He joined in the birthday celebration of "Dynamite Johnny" O'Brien, "the man who had sneaked more dynamite into South American countries desirous of internal explosions than any other of record," at the Hotel McAlpin. ('Dynamite Johnny' Honored By Cuba. New York Times, Apr. 21, 1917.) His niece, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George A. Williams, married John Fraser Stokes, son of Dr. Charles S. Stokes, former Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy. (Stokes-Williams Wedding. New York Times, Feb. 2, 1917.) He was a director of the Bank of America during the takeover contest. (Battle for Control of Bank of America is Taken Into Court. New York Times, Jan. 19, 1927.) He was a director of the Southern National Bank, of which tobacco merchant Isaac Rosenwald was president and largest individual stock owner. (Many Changes in National Banks. New York Times, Jan. 10, 1894.) His son-in-law, Irvin W. Day, and the Bankers Trust Company were executor and trustee of his will. (R.A.C. Smith Left Estate to Family. New York Times, Aug. 17, 1933.) His net estate was $4,798,417. (Frothingham Left $55,680 in Books. New York Times, Apr. 24, 1937.) Irvin W. Day (Cornell 1916) was Smith's daughter's second cousin. His father. J. Francis Day, was president of the Utica Trust Company. (Miss Smith's Wedding. New York Times, Sep. 9, 1913.) J. Francis Day was secretary of the Utica Trust and Deposit Company when it was organized in 1899 with James H. Sherman, later Vice President of the United States under William H. Taft. (J. Francis Day. New York Times, Jan. 13, 1941.) R.A.C. Smith was a director of the Union Tobacco Company in 1898-99, and he was a guest at Thomas F. Ryan's tobacco summit dinner in 1916. After the breakup of the American Tobacco Company, its Preferred Stock was deposited at the Central Trust. The Committee was J.N. Wallace, Chairman; Frederick Strauss, Charles D. Norton, Harry Bronner, and Ernest Iselin; F.L. Babcock, Secretary, and Adrian H. Larkin, Counsel. American Tobacco Company Bonds were deposited at the Guaranty Trust. (Display Ad 17. New York Times, Aug. 2, 1911 p. 11.) Charles D. Norton was a Vice President of the First National Bank. As of Dec. 31, 1911, the American Tobacco Company had $26,750,742.63 in cash accounts, including $6,737,506.69 at the Guaranty Trust Co., $4,349,521.51 at the Farmers Loan & Trust Co., $3,326,049.64 at the Central Trust Co., $2,500,000.00 at J.P. Morgan & Co., and $2,303,628.00 at the National City Bank, and amounts between one and two million dollars at the Chase National Bank, the National Shawmut Bank, the National Bank of Commerce, and the Fourth Street National Bank; and lesser amounts at other banks. (Fiscal Statements, The American Tobacco Co., Dec. 31, 1911.) ATC Fiscal Statements, Dec. 31, 1911 / tobacco document Breakup of American Tobacco, 1912 James B. Duke resigned as president of the American Tobacco Company, and became head of the British-American Tobacco Co. He was replaced by Percival S. Hill, former president of the American Cigar Company and Vice President of American. The new directors of American Tobacco were M.W. Reed, T.J. Walker, J.M.W. Hicks, J. Fletcher, P.J. Hanlon, J.T. Wilcox, M.C. Patterosn, E.S. Edwards, George W. Hill, and W.H. O'Brien. Edwards, Hanlon, George W. Hill, Patterson, and T.B. Yuille were elected Vice Presidents, and Junius W. Parker succeeded Williamson W. Fuller as general counsel. Of the original 27-member board, seven resigned to go with P. Lorillard and Liggett & Myers. C.C. Dula, R.B. Dula, R.D. Lewis, and W.R. Irby became directors of L&M, and T.J. Maloney, Herbert D. Kingsbury, and R.K. Smith joined the board of Lorillard. Dula became President of L&M, and Maloney the President of Lorillard. (Duke Goes Out As American Tobacco Head. New York Times, Feb. 15, 1912.) In 1922, these three firms were accused of conspiring with numerous jobbers' associations to keep tobacco prices high, while R.J. Reynolds was exonerated (Tobacco Price Plot Laid to Three Big Firms. New York Times, Jan. 19, 1922.) American Tobacco Company, 1917 Major stockholders in the American Tobacco Company in 1917: Estate of A.N. Brady [misspelled "Brandy"], p.8; J.B. Duke, p.32; Estate of Mrs. W.L. Elkins, p.35; L.C. Ledyard & P. Whitney, p.73; Moore & Schley, p. 88; Northern Finance Corp., p. 95; O.H. Payne, p. 99; T.F. Ryan, p.112; A.L. Sylvester, p. 128; Western Reserve University, p. 142; H.P. Whitney, p. 148. Directors: James C. Brady, John C. Engelhard, Daniel Hall, Percival S. Hill, George W. Hill, Charles S. Keene, Julius H. Mahler, Walter B. O'Brien, Charles A. Penn, Morton W. Reed, Allis L. Sylvester, and Josiah T. Wilcox, pp. 154-6. ATC Directors' Minutes #18, Mar. 14, 1917 / tobacco document Charles A. Penn Charles Ashby Penn, born 1868 in Patrick County, Va., was the son of the founder of the F.R. Penn Tobacco Company, where he was employed until it was taken over by the American Tobacco Company in 1912. He was involved in the creation of Lucky Strike cigarettes in 1916. (C.A. Penn Is Dead; Expert on Tobacco. New York Times, Oct. 23, 1931.) According to American Tobacco's tributes, F.R. Penn Tobacco was acquired in 1903. Charles A. Penn was its active head, and he became a director of American Tobacco in 1914 and vice president in 1916, and continued in these offices until his death. (Charles Penn Is Lauded in Resolutions. Danville, Va. Bee, Oct. 30, 1931.) In 1918, Ryan, Brady, and Widener were among the 30 richest Americans. (The First Rich List. B.C. Forbes, Sep. 27, 2002.) Thomas F. Ryan / Forbes 2002 Brady & Widener / Forbes 2002 American Tobacco Company, 1919 Directors of the American Tobacco Company elected for a one-year term on March 12, 1919: James C. Brady, Frederic W. da Costa, Daniel Hall, Percival S. Hill, George W. Hill, Charles S. Keene, James E. Lipscomb, Julius H. Mahler, Charles F. Neiley, Walter H. O'Brien, Charles A. Penn, Morton W. Reed, A. L. Sylvester, Josiah T. Wilcox. (The American Tobacco Company, Series C 1, (B-14) Minute Book #23.) The American Tobacco Company, 1919 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1920 Some large stockholders in March 1920: N.W. Aldrich 2050 pfd; G. Arents Jr. 3200 pfd, 950 com; Annie A. Arents, Farmers Loan & Trust, trustee, 1360 pfd; D. Humphries U W of G. Arents, Farmers Loan & Trust, trustee, 2630 pfd; Estate of A.N. Brady 7401 pfd; P. Brown 2000 pfd 3000 com; Citizens Savings & Trust Co. 1900 pfd; E.W. Clucas 1200 pfd; J.P. Dalton 7925 com; Denny, Pomroy & Co. 2935 pfd; M.H. Duell 1670 com; Estate of Wm. L. Elkins 10000 pfd, 12500 com; Harriman & Co. 7500 com; G.H. Haskell 4600 pfd; J.W.W. Hicks 1200 pfd; P.S. Hill 1412 com; Mrs. A.L. Hill 1400 com; G.W. Hill 2150 com; T. Hitchcock 1500 pfd; J.P. Hoes 1179 pfd; Home Insurance Co. 2000 pfd; M.P. Jacobs 3300 pfd; L.M. Kimball 4402 pfd; L.N. Kramer 1000 pfd; Lakeside Hospital 1190 pfd; Lindenwood Female College 3544 pfd; Maben & Co. 1215 pfd; A. Marburg 1140 pfd; G.G. Mason 2000 pfd; Melville Securities Co. 6300 pfd; Mercantile Trust Co. 1600 pfd; E.C. Moore Jr. 1000 pfd; Wm. P. Morgan 1200 com; Municipal Gas Co. of the City of Albany 1166 pfd; Northern Finance Corp. 20340 pfd; J.W. Ogden 2000 pfd; J.H. Ottley 1000 pfd; U.W. of O.H. Payne for O.C. Paget 1317 pfd; U.W. of O.H. Payne for D.W. Paget 1317 pfd; S.T. Peters 1000 com; C.R.R. Putnam 1000 pfd; Wm. H. Sage 3000 pfd 700 com; St. Louis Children's Hospital of St. Louis, Mo. 1047 pfd; Mrs. H. Schroder 500 pfd 507 com; C. Soby 1434 pfd; A.L. Sylvester 2000 com; M.E.W. Terrell 1000 pfd; O.W. Watts 7000 pfd; Western Reserve University 2366 pfd; L.P. Witte 2802 pfd; J.A. Woolley 1200 pfd. 526,997 preferred shares and 402,242 common had equal voting power. There were 8814 stockholders. Directors were Frederic M. da Costa, George W. Hill, Percival S. Hill, Charles S. Keene, James E. Lipscomb, Julius H. Mahler, Charles F. Nalley, Walter H. O'Brien, Charles A. Penn, Morton W. Reed, A.L. Sylvester, Josiah T. Wilcox, Thomas W. Harris, and Tullis T. Harkrader. (The American Tobacco Company, Series C 1, (B-15) Minute Book #24, pp. 74-144.) The American Tobacco Company, 1920 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1924 Major stockholders in 1924: E.B. Aldrich etc.; A.A. Arents and G.J. Arents, Jr; H.M. Arnold, p.4; Paul Brown, p.9; Estate of A.N. Brady, p.10; William L. Elkins Trust, p.19; Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., p.20; G.H. Haskell, p.26; A.W. Hill; Mrs. Hill, p.28; M.P. Jacobs, p.30; N.S Jonas, p.31; G.G. Mason, p.39; Moore & Schley, p.41; H.E. Mumford, p.42; Northern Finance Corp., p.44; Paine, Webber & Co., p.45; P.B. Reuter, p.49; Safe Deposit & Trust Co. of Baltimore; A.G.C. Sage, p. 53; L.D. Smith & Co., p.55; Mrs. S.V. Watts; H.P. Whitney; the P.A.B. Widener Estate, p.63; L.P. Witte, p.65. Directors: Frederic M. da Costa (Aud), Tullis T. Harkrader, Thomas W. Harris, George W. Hill, Percival S. Hill, Charles S. Keens, James E. Lipscomb, Julius H. Mahler, Arthur C. Mower, Charles F. Neiley, Paul A. Noell, Charles A. Penn, A.L. Sylvester, Jesse R. Taylor (Treas), p.71. ATC Directors' Minutes #30, 1924 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1926 Directors elected April 7, 1926, for one year: John E. Archbell, Donald Geddes, Tullis T. Harkrader, Thomas W. Harris. George W. Hill, Charles S. Keene, James E. Lipscomb, Arthur C. Mower, Charles F. Neiley, Paul A. Noell, Junius Parker, Charles A. Penn, James H. Perkins, A.L. Sylvester, Jesse R. Taylor. (American Tobacco Company Minute Book, Series B1 C-24, pp. 161-163.) Perkins was the President of the Farmers Loan and Trust Company of New York. ATC Directors' Minutes, 1926 / tobacco document Stockholders, ATC Directors' Minutes, 1926 / tobacco document Donald Geddes Donald Grant Geddes joined Clark, Dodge & Co. after it merged with his original firm, Chase & Higgins. He was a general partner of the firm from 1899 to 1939, and a limited partner until his death. He became a member of the New York Stock Exchange in 1899, and was a member of the Exchange's Board of Governors from 1904 to 1922, and an advisory governor from 1934 to 1937, when he gave up his seat; then he held a seat again from 1942 to 1945. He was a director of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, the American Tobacco Company, Consolidated Edison, International Mercantile Marine, Chemical Bank and Trust Company, Western Union Telegraph Company and Celanese Corporation of American. (Donald G. Geddes, Broker 59 Years. New York Times, New York Times, Nov. 19, 1949.) His father-in-law, Eugene Lascelles Maxwell, was a member of the railway machinists' supply firm of Manning, Maxwell & Moore. (The Obituary Record. New York Times, Feb. 11, 1895; A Day's Weddings. New York Times, Nov. 2, 1899.) Donald Geddes joined the board of the St. Paul railroad after Peter Geddes retired. William Rockefeller was a longtime director. (St. Paul Re-Elects Board. New York Times, Sep. 29, 1912.) Donald G. Geddes and the United States Trust Company were trustees of the trusts for William Rockefeller's daughters, Mrs. Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge and Mrs. Emma Rockefeller McAlpin. (Report on Estate of William Rockefeller. Jan. 28, 1939.) His son, Gerald Maxwell Geddes, was with Clark, Dodge & Co. until his retirement, and his son Eugene M. Geddes was board chairman of Clark, Dodge. (Judith Hariss Wed to Broker. New York Tmes, Oct. 3, 1972.) Clark, Dodge & Co. was acquired by Kidder, Peabody in 1974, and E. Maxwell Geddes Jr. became a vice president of Kidder, Peabody. (Sara Geddes Has Wedding. New York Times, May 31, 1987.) American Tobacco Company, 1929 Major stockholders of ATCO in 1929: W.L. Elkins Estate, p.10; Fidelity, Phila. Tr. Co., p.12; Farmers' Loan & Tr. Co., p.11; A.W., G.W., C.M., and J.S. Hill, p.28; A. Iselin & Co., p.32; N.Y. Life Ins. Co. and NY Botanical Garden, p.55; Northern Finance Corp., p.56; C.A. Penn, p. 60; A.L. Sylvester, p.81; P.A.B. Widener Estate, p.93. Directors: John K. Fletcher, Donald Geddes, Thomas W. Harris, Tullis T. Harkrader, Frank W. Harwood, George W. Hill, Charles S. Keens, James E. Lipscomb Jr., Arthur C. Mower, Charles P. Neiley, Junius Parker, Charles A. Penn, James H. Perkins, Vincent Riggio, William D. Stocks, and Thomas R. Taylor, pp.102-4. ATC Directors' Minutes #37, 1929 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1930s Edward Lasker and American Tobacco: "Mr. Lasker attended St. Albans School in Washington, D.C., while his father [Albert D. Lasker] was chairman of the United States Shipping Board. He was graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1933 from Yale University. Following his graduation from Yale he was associated with J. Wix, London, the English branch of the American Tobacco Company, and now is connected with the New York office of Lord & Thomas." (Troth Announced of Caral Gimbel. New York Times, Nov. 29, 1934, pg. 36.) In the Tobacco Documents Online, there is correspondence between ATC and J. Wix in 1932 and after 1935, but none during 1933 and 1934. Edward Lasker became a director of Philip Morris in 1960. Directors of ATC, 1936: Richard J. Boylan (Sec.), James R. Coon (Aud.), John A. Crowe, C. Huntley Gibson, Patrick H. Gorman, Paul M. Hahn (VP), Tullis T. Harkrader, Edmund A. Harvey (Treas.), George W. Hill (Pres.), George W. Hill Jr., James E. Lipscomb Jr., Charles F. Neiley (VP), William H. Ogsbury, Fred B. Reuter, Rowland W. Richards, and Frank V. Riggio (VP). In 1938, Hiram R. Hanmer, and in 1940, Orpheus D. Baxalys joined the board, while Richards left. ATC Fiscal Statement, 1936 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company cash on deposit with banks, Dec. 31, 1937: $6.5 million at the Guaranty Trust Company of New York; $3.9 million at the Chase National Bank; $3.2 million at the National City Bank; $2.4 million at the Bankers Trust Company; $1.9 million at the Central Hanover Bank and Trust; $1.2 million at the Manufacturers Trust Company, and lesser amounts at other institutions. (ATC Fiscal Statement, Dec. 31, 1937.) ATC 1937 Fiscal Statement / tobacco document ATC 1938 Annual Report & Proxy / tobacco document John R. Latham "John R. Latham, former president of American Cigarette and Cigar Co. and creator of American Tobacco's 'Sold American!' radio jingle in the 1930s, died February 21 at his home in White Creek, N.Y. He was 72. Latham began his career at Young & Rubicam advertising agency in the late 1920s. upon graduation from Lehigh University. He became known as the Father of the Radio Jingle after he sold the idea of a tobacco auctioneer's voice in a commercial to American Tobacco's flamboyant chief executive, George Washington Hill. At one point in the 1930s, Lucky Strike was the nation's best-selling cigarette, achieving the honor by outselling R.J. Reynolds' Camel and Liggett & Myers' Chesterfield. Latham became president of American Cigarette and Cigar, an American Tobacco subsidiary, in 1938 and introduced Pall Mall, the first king size cigarette to be marketed nationally. During the Second World War, Latham was a Marine Corps major, assigned to the Office of War Information. After the war, he joined Curtis Publishing Co. as a sales executive and then returned to the tobacco business as advertising manager of Philip Morris. During the 1950s, he created the Philip Morris country music radio show, which toured the South and Middle West. He left the tobacco business for good in 1960, when he became senior vice president of a Warner Lambert Pharmaceutical Co. subsidiary. In later years, he was a securities broker in New York and at the time of his death was affiliated with the financial firm, R..L. Day Co." (Obituaries. Tobacco International, Apr. 4, 1980, p. 79.) His wife, Louise, worked in the creative department of J. Walter Thompson for 21 years. (Latham, Louise Stunkard. New York Times, Jan. 6, 2002.) Tobacco International, Apr. 4, 1980 / tobacco document Latham, Louise Stunkard, Jan. 6, 2002 / New York Times On Aug. 8, 1942, the radio program "Your Hit Parade" did "a command performance at the request of the U.S. Government through the Office of War Information." (Radio Continuity. Lucky Strike, Your Hit Parade, July-Dec. 1942.) Also serving in the OWI were Clifton R. Read, who was the first publicity director for the American Society for the Control of Cancer and later the media and information director of the American Cancer Society; and William B. Lewis, Chief of the OWI Domestic Radio Bureau who became chairman of the ACS. Your Hit Parade, July-Dec. 1942 / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1940s ATC Proxy, 1940 / tobacco document Directors of the American Tobacco Company, 1942: Orpheus D. Baxalys, Richard J. Boylan (Sec), James R. Coon (Aud), John A. Crowe, Preston L. Fowler, C. Huntley Gibson, Patrick H. Gorman, Paul M. Hahn (VP), Hiram R. Hanmer, Tullis T. Harkrader, Edmund A. Harvey (Treas), George W. Hill (Pres.), George W. Hill Jr. (VP), James E. Lipscomb Jr., William H. Ogsbury, Fred B. Reuter (Asst Treas). Transfer Agent: Guaranty Trust Company of New York; Registrar: City Bank Farmers Trust Co. American Tobacco Company, 1942 Annual Report / tobacco document Harry L. Hilyard, a former vice president of the Guaranty Trust Company of New York, was elected a director, replacing Tullis T. Harkrader, who died. (American Tobacco Earns $22,534,201. New York Times, Mar. 1, 1944.) American Tobacco Company 1946 Annual Report & Proxy / tobacco document American Tobacco Company 1947 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document American Tobacco Company 1948 Annual Report & Proxy / tobacco document American Tobacco Company 1949 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1950s ATC 1950 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1951 Proxy & Annual Report (clearer) / tobacco document ATC 1951 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1, Prospectus of American Tobacco Company, 1,075,685 Shares of Common Stock, (par value $25), $50,000,000 Twenty-Five Year __ Percent Debentures, Dated Feb. 1, 1952, Due Feb. 1, 1977. Morgan Stanley was the largest underwriter at 4.00%, with about 15 others over 2%. Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1, ATC / tobacco document ATC 1952 Annual Report & Proxy / tobacco document Prospectus, the American Tobacco Company, 1,075,685 Shares Common Stock (Par Value $25), $50,000,000 Twenty-Five Year % Debentures, by Morgan Stanley, March 5, 1952. Directors, p. 23-24. 1952 Stock Offering / tobacco document Notice of Special Meeting of stockholders to vote on the merger of American Cigarette and Cigar Co. with American Tobacco Co., Oct. 26, 1953. ATC Special Meeting, 1953 / tobacco document Merger of American Cigarette and Cigar Company into American Tobacco Company ATC 1953 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1954 Proxy / tobacco document ATC 1955 Proxy / tobacco document ATC 1956 Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1956 Proxy / tobacco document Six new vice presidents: Virgil D. Hager, vice president of manufacturing; John A. Crowe, senior vicepresident, manufacture and leaf; A. LeRoy Jansen, continuing as controller; Harry L. Hilyard, continuing as treasurer; Robert B. Walker, director of sales; Alfred F. Bowden, former assistant to the president, to be director of public relations. All were directors of the company. (One of 6 New Officers Of American Tobacco. New York Times, Apr. 8, 1957.) ATC 1957 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1958 Proxy & Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1959 Proxy / tobacco document ATC 1959 Annual Report / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1960s ATC 1960 Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1961 Annual Report / tobacco document 1962 Tobacco Industry Research Council Scientific Advisory Board Meeting "1. The Scientific Advisory Board meeting this Friday was attended by Carl Thompson. They made more grants and analized what has been accomplished. "2. Ogden White, Chairman of the Finance Committee of Sloan Kettering and Memorial Hospital reported that the R. J. Reynolds Company had agreed to grant a $100 thousand to Sloan Kettering. It could indicate that Reynolds feels here's a little protection or TIRC hasn't done too much. Reynolds wanted a raw products center for the industry, claiming that TIRC should be interested in agriculture as well as health (They control 35 - 40% of the TIRC funds). American Tobacco vetoed this because they couldn't be connected with any leaf industry. Reynolds then bought a farm and formed their own raw products research center. Sloan Kettering will be the logical one to investigate cancer claims. P. Lorillard has been giving $25,000 for years without any fanfare. They are going to approach other tobacco companies, automotive companies, milk companies, and anyone else with an interest in the cancer controversy. Right now we are committed to the TIRC concept. Reynolds by working with Sloan Kettering might see developments as they come about. They might get a new dimension to their research. Mr. Wynder will be out in April with a paper which says there is something in filters which is selective and safe. The agency was alerted that this paper might come out and asked to think of anything which might be exploitable. The marketing department has been alerted to play on the selectrate trademark of Marlboro. There is talk that the FCC might lift the ban on health claims in ads." (From James Bowling Area, Philip Morris, Mar. 13, 1962.) Ogden White joined the board of directors of Liggett & Myers in 1968. TIRC Meeting, 1962 / tobacco document ATC 1963 Annual Report / tobacco document Summary of ATC Annual Meeting, April 1, 1964 / tobacco document ATC 1964 Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1965 Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1967 Annual Report / tobacco document ATC 1968 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1969 Annual Report / tobacco document American Tobacco Company, 1970s American Brands 1970 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1971 Annual Meeting / tobacco document American Brands 1971 Annual Report / tobacco document American Tobacco Company 1972 Financial Statement. Their largest deposit of cash in banks was at the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, $1,567,209.36. They also had large deposits of cash at the Northern Trust Company, Chicago, the Chase Manhattan Bank, the First National City Bank, and Republic National Bank of Dallas. American Brands Fiscal Statement 1972 / tobacco documents American Brands Fiscal Statement 1972 (proxy statement) / tobacco documents American Brands 1973 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1974 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1975 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1976 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1977 proxy / tobacco document American Brands Proxy and Annual Report, Dec. 31, 1978. Dividends receivable from investments in stocks of other companies, p. 55. American Brands Annual Report, 1978 / tobacco document Fiscal Binder Index, 1978 / tobacco document 1979 merger of American Tobacco and FDS Holding Company, of Springfield, Illinois. FDS was created in 1970 by the Franklin Insurance Company, several Wisconsin residents were large holders of American $6.00 Convertible Preferred Stock: the First Wisconsin Trust Company of Milwaukee, as trustee of various trusts for Clarise F. Turer, 29.14%; Ida Soref of Milwaukee, 24.28%; Ruth S. Coleman of Milwaukee, 24.28%; Ruth S. Gorenstein of Whitefish Bay, 17.32%. Mark Sumner, of Herz, Levin, Teper, Chernof & Sumner, S.C., 9.16%; and Ralph Gorenstein of Whitefish Bay, 8.16%. The Harris Trust & Savings Bank of Chicago and Roberta S. Gorenstein were co-trustees of 10.88%, and Mark Sklar of Phoenix, Ariz. held 11.88%. All directors and officers of American as a group held 0.48% of Common Stock. (Milton Soref was the president of Master Lock Company, a division of American Brands. He died in 1973.) The First National Bank of Chicago was the transfer agent for $2.67 and $2.75 Preferred Stocks only. 1979 American Brands - Franklin Insurance Joint Proxy (ATC directors) / tobacco document 1979 American Brands - Franklin Insurance Joint Proxy (stockholders) / tobacco document Robert K. Heimann, the president since 1969 and CEO since 1973, retired at the end of 1980. Virginius B. Lougee III was elected president and CEO of American Brands, and continued as president and CEO of American Tobacco. Edward W. Whittemore was elected chairman and CEO of American Brands. American Brands 1980 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1981 Annual Report / tobacco document In 1982, the Chubb Corporation owned 7.8% of voting stock. American Brands 1982 Annual Report / tobacco document In 1983, the Chubb Corporation owned 5.4% of voting stock. American Brands 1983 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1984 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1986 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1987 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1988 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1989 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1990 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1991 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1992 Annual Report pp 69-72 / tobacco document American Brands 1992 Annual Report pp 109-115 / tobacco document American Brands 1993 Annual Report / tobacco document American Brands 1994 Annual Report / tobacco document Anthony N. Brady "The Anthony N. Brady here mentioned was a traction magnate, who, beginning as a clerk in Albany, had by means of legislative manipulation giving richly valuable railway and other franchises, accumulated an estate of $90,000,000." (Chapter 36, Governor Sulzer's Impeachment and Tammany's Defeat 1913-1914. In: The History of Tammany Hall, by Gustavus Myers. New York, 1901, with additions, 1917.) Ch. 36, The History of Tammany Hall / Yamaguchy "...Anthony Brady was one of Thomas Edison's business partners, and left at his death one of the largest personal fortunes that had ever been accumulated." (Profiles: Westchester County. New Yorker, Nov. 13, 1978.) Westchester County / Dispatches From the Vanishing World Anthony N. Brady and James N. Wallace, his longtime crony at the Central Trust Company of New York, were among the five voting Trustees elected to control the stock of General Motors for five years. (Voting Trustees for General Motors. New York Times, Oct. 23, 1910.) Brady was elected a director of GM. (General Motors New Board. New York Times, Nov. 16, 1910.) "...A man who for years fulfilled the functions of one of Mr. Brady's financial advisors said that the minimum value of his estate was $75,000,000, and that a maximum estimate would be considerably in excess of $100,000. This amounts to putting Mr. Brady's wealth almost on a par with that of the late J.P. Morgan." His largest holdings were in the American Tobacco Company. After its dismemberment in 1911, he and the other defendants were forbidden to increase their holdings; however, Brady was believed to have not sold any of it, either. Their value was estimated at $31 million. In addition, he held stock in Brooklyn Rapid Transit, power properties in Tennessee and Georgia, and Japanese lighting plants, "especially in Tokio." "The investments so far enumerated, concerning which definite information is available, foot up at least $54,000,000, and they take no accouint of several companies with which Mr. Brady's name was especially connected as a large, and in some cases, almost the sole owner. Among those in which his interest was very large were the Consolidated Gas Company and its subsidiary, the New York Edison Company, and the Commonwealth-Edison Company of Chicago and the People's Gas, Light and Coke Company of that city. In Albany, Troy, and Utica, the gas and electric companies are understood to have been practically owned by him. "As indicating the extent of his holdings in corporations of this class, he was not only a Director but President of the following: New York Edison Company, Electric Illuminating Company of Brooklyn, Kings County Electric Light and Power Company, Memphis Consolidated Gas and Electric Company, Municipal Gas Company of Albany, and Utica Gas and Electric Company. He was Vice President of the People's Gas Company in Chicago and a director in the Indiana Lighting Company, New Amsterdam Gas Company, New York Mutual Gas Light Company, Troy Gas Company, United Electric Light and Power Company of Baltimore, and Westchester Lighting Company. "In the transportation field in and around Brooklyn Mr. Brady was Chairman of the board of each of these: Brooklyn Rapid Transit, Brooklyn Heights Railroad, Brooklyn, Queens County & Suburban, Brooklyn Union Elevated, and Nassau Electric. He was also a Director in the Canarsie Railroad, Coney Island & Gravesend, Sea Beach Railway, and South Brooklyn Railway. Most of these, of course, are subsidiaries of the B.R.T. Mr. Brady was also a Director, however, in the Hudson & Manhattan Company and the Hudson Companies. In the automobile field his interest in the General Motors Company was large enough to entitle him to a Directorship. "Mr. Brady's rubber interests were represented by Directorships in the United States Rubber Company, the General Rubber Company, and the Rubber Goods Manufacturing Company. On the European trip on which he died Mr. Brady was planning to expand his interests to the oil fields of Mexico. "Only two bank Directorships were held by Mr. Brady, one in the Maryland National Bank and the other in the National Commercial Bank of Albany. His miscellaneous investments carried Directorhips in the Atlantic Coast Lumber Company, the British-Columbia Copper Company, Consolidated Car Heating Company, Consolidated Telegraph and Electric Subway Company, Durham Coal and Iron Company, Electric Storage Battery Company, Helderberg Cement Company, National Surety Company, New Niquero Sugar Company, New York Air Brake Company, Transit Development Company, Union Bleaching and Finishing Company, Union Carbide Company, and the United States Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Company." (Brady's Fortune May Be $100,000,000. New York Times, Aug. 6, 1913.) The Anthony Brady Memorial Laboratory at Yale was funded from Brady's estate. It opened in 1917. Medical School Dean George Blumer recruited Milton Winternitz as Anthony N. Brady Professor of Pathology. (1911-1921. Medicine at Yale, 1901-1951.) Medicine at Yale 1911-1921 / Yale University James Cox Brady, Scroll & Key 1904 (1882-1927) Brady inherited 1/6th of Anthony Brady's wealth; he was a director of American Tobacco in 1917 and 1919. He was a Yale graduate (1904), and a member of its Scroll & Key Society. In 1917, he sold 20 of his racehorses for $22,365, and donated the proceeds to the Red Cross. "He was a large benefactor of the Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital, of which he was a Director at the time of his death." He was also a trustee and director of the Central Union Trust Company of New York [~1918-1927], vice president of the Brooklyn Edison Company and a director of several other utility companies, and a director of the Chrysler Corporation. He and other members of his family established the Anthony N. Brady Memorial building at the Yale medical school. Matthew S. Sloan, President of the Brooklyn Edison Company, and G.W. Davison, President of Central Union Trust Company, expressed their regrets. (James Cox Brady, Financier, Dead. New York Times, Nov. 11, 1927.) He left a quarter of his fortune to his widow and third wife, Helen McMahon Brady, and the rest to his four daughters and one son. His brother Nicholas F. Brady, Walter P. Chrysler, and William G. [sic - V.] Griffin were executors of his estate. (James C. Brady Left $55,000,000 To Family. New York Times, Nov. 29, 1927.) Mrs. James C. Brady; her sister, Mrs C.S. Ransom; and his sister, Mrs. E. Palmer Gavit of Albany, were all killed together in the wreck of a speeding train while returning from the funeral of Patrick Garvan. (Daughter and Daughter-in-Law of A.N. Brady Killed. New York Times, Oct. 4, 1912.) He was married again to Lady Victoria Mary Pery of Ireland, who died in 1918; and then to Helen McMahon, the sister of John T. McMahon, Yale 1926. His sister, Marcia, was Mrs. Carll Tucker, Yale 1904, and Luther Tucker [skull & Bones] 1931, was a nephew. (Bulletin of Yale University. Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased During the Year 1927-28, pages 169-171.) His widow later married Charles Suydam Cutting, whose brother, R. Fulton Cutting, was a major benefactor of the American Society for the Control of Cancer. (Mrs. James Brady To Be Bride Today. New York Times, Jul. 2, 1932.) Obituary Record 1927-28 / Yale University Library (pdf, 366 pp) In 1919, James C. Brady took a $7 million check from Edey & Co., brokers, for the sale of American Tobacco Company stocks held in the trusts from the Anthony N. Brady estate. Nicholas F. and James Cox Brady, along with the Central Union Trust Company, were the trustees of the estate, and Mrs. Carll Tucker and Mrs. Francis P. Garvan sought to have them removed. They invested in New Jersey Standard Oil at seven percent, which was reduced by taxes to only 2½ percent. "During 1919, said the witness, the trustees had on deposit with the Central Union Trust Company a daily deposit of $1,332,200. At one time the deposit was $4,500,000. In 1920 the average was $816,800. Interest was at 2 per cent, because some of the money was being put out on call through stock brokers." (Brady Explains $7,000,000 Sale. New York Times, Jan. 10, 1924.) The suit was settled. Cadwallader, Wickersham & Taft, and Guthrie, Jerome, Rand, & [chief counsel Isidor J.] Kresel were attorneys for the contestants; Samuel A. Beardsley signed for the executors and trustees, former Gov. Nathan L. Miller was of counsel for the trustees, while Dean, King & Smith represented Francis P. Garvan. (Heirs Settle Over Brady Estate. New York Times, Feb. 27, 1924.) James C. Brady formed the Brady Security and Realty Corporation in 1923, with William V. Griffin as his business manager. The corporation comprised the financial interests of his widow, his brother, and his children. (Appeal Brady Estate Tax. New York Times, Nov. 24, 1929; State Keeps Up Fight For Brady Estate Tax. New York Times, June 14, 1930.) Griffin was one of the original financiers of Time, Inc., in 1923. Brady was a horse-related buddy of pharmaceutical magnate Charles Pfizer, and purchased 180 acres adjoining Pfizer's estate in 1911. Story of Hamilton Farm. About U.S. Equestrian Team Foundation.) The farm was named for his first wife, Elizabeth Jane Hamilton, who was killed in a railroad wreck in 1912. Guglielmo Marconi and his transmitting station were also neighbors. (Somerset County History. D.T. McBride Website.) Story of Hamilton Farm / USET Marcia Brady (Mrs. Carll Tucker, Yale 1904) Carll Tucker was a son of Luther Henry Tucker [Yale 1855], editor of The Country Gentleman, an agricultural journal, that was founded by his grandfather, Luther Tucker. His two sons were the Rev. Luther Tucker [s&B 1931], pastor of the Indian Hill church, a Presbyterian and general Protestant church near Cincinnati, and Carll Tucker Jr. [s&B 1947], a Mount Kisco newspaper Publisher. The Tuckers lived in Elihu Root's former mansion at 733 Park Avenue. (Carll Tucker, 74, A Clubman Here. New York Times, Jul. 30, 1956.) His brother, Luther H. Tucker, Yale 1891, was managing editor of journal until 1911, then an executive of the Morris Plan Industrial Bank of Albany, and a trustee of the Albany Medical College and Albany Hospital. (Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased during the Year 1950-1951, p18.) Luther H. Tucker 1855 died in Albany in 1897. (Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Academical Year ending in June, 1897, pp. 29-30.) His brother, Gilbert M. Tucker, Williams College 1867, became editor-in-chief from 1897 until 1911, when it was sold to the Curtis Publishing Company of Philadelphia. (Gilbert M. Tucker, Editor, Dies at 85. New York Times, Jan. 14, 1932.) Mrs. Carll Tucker was a patroness of a fundraiser for the New York Cancer Institute (Jewel Fashion Show Aids War on Cancer. New York Times, May 1, 1934), and was a member of the social service committee of the Memorial Hospital when it opened its gift shop. (Tea for Cancer Hospital. New York Times, Nov. 2, 1934.) Carll Tucker was a vice president of the Presbyterian Hospital. (Heads Merged Hospitals. New York Times, Oct. 9, 1945.) Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale, 1950-1951 / Yale University Library (pdf, 160 pp) Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University, 1896-1897 / Yale University Library (pdf, 78 pp) Nicholas Frederic Brady (1878-1930) "In his story of his father's activities and business relationships, Mr. Brady said: 'The President of the Central Trust Company was James M. [sic] Wallace, my father's close personal and business friend, intimately acquainted with my father's business activities. He was my father's confidant and advisor. The preceding President had been Frederick P. Olcott of Albany, who had given my father his first real financial backing. My father had always felt that he had a great deal to do with the building up of the trust company. He had his office there. He kept his securities there for years without so much as a receipt to show for them." (Brady Says Father Trained Him In Job. New York Times, Jan. 18, 1924.) Nicholas Brady graduated from Yale University in 1899, and became associated with his father's interests. His first position was at Edison Electric Illuminating Company, later merged with the New Gas, Electric Light, Heat and Power Company to form the New York Edison Company. He succeeded his father as its president on his death in 1913. At his death he was a director of numerous gas and electric companies, and also the Chrysler Corporation, National City Bank of New York and affiliates, and Farmers Loan - City Bank and Trust Company. He was a member of the national advisory committee of the Yale Human Welfare Group, which created the Institute of Human Relations. He was a founder of the Knights of Malta in the United States in 1918. At his death, he had suffered from arthritis complicated by a heart condition. Mrs. Brady was the sister of Edward J. Garvan, Yale 1894, Francis P. Garvan, Yale 1897 [who financed the Cancer Society's official organ], and John S. Garvan, Yale 1902. (N.F. Brady Dies At 51 After Long Illness. New York Times, May 28, 1930; Bulletin of Yale University. Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased During the Year 1929-30, pages 161-166.) His widow, Genevieve Brady, who later married William J. Babington Macaulay, the Irish Free State Minister to the Vatican, left a bequest of $68,824 to Pope Pius XII, "who was a close friend of Mrs. Macaulay and who was entertained at her home on his visit to this country when he was Cardinal Pacelli, Papal Secretary of State." She left shares valued at $172,061 to Archbishop John G. Murray of St. Paul, Minn., and $137,500 each to the Sisters of Mercy of the Diocese of Hartford, the Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese of New York, the Manhattanville College of the Sacred Heart, the Novitiate of St. Isaac Jogues at Wernersville, Penn., and the Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls. Msgr. Fulton J. Sheen of the Catholic University of Washington, DC, got $68,824. Mr. Macauley got an even $1,000,000. Her sister and James Cox Brady Jr. received $480,000. The greater part of the estate was in securities valued at $5,477,569; with cash of $198,489 including an account of $170,035 in the Central Hanover Bank and Trust Company. ($6,299,000 Net Left By Mrs. Macaulay. New York Times, Jan. 29, 1941.) Obituary Record 1929-30 / Yale University Library (pdf, 398 pp) The Lyndon Larouche website implicates Nicholas Brady and William F. Buckley, Sr. (father of William F. Buckley Jr., Skull & Bones 1950, and grandfather of Christopher Taylor Buckley, S&B 1975) in helping to incite the Cristeros Rebellion in Mexico. (Synarchism, the Spanish Falange, and the Nazis, by William F. Wertz, Jr. Executive Intelligence Review, July 25, 2003.) Wertz, 2003 / Executive Intelligence Review James Cox Brady Jr. (1907-1971) He was the only son of James Cox Brady (~1882-1927). He married Eliot Chace, daughter of Malcolm G. Chace, a director of the Chase National Bank. His sister Jane (Mrs. F.S. Moseley Jr.) was matron of honor; and the ushers included her husband, Reeve Schley, and Paul Mellon of Washington. (Eliot Chace Weds J. Cox Brady Jr. New York Times, Jul. 7, 1929.) Her grandfather was Arnold Buffum Chace, Chancellor of Brown University. (Dr. Arnold B. Chace of Providence Dead. New York Times, Feb. 29, 1932.) Brady was head of the New York Racing Association from 1961 to 1969. "From an uncle, Nicholas F. Brady, he inherited the directorship of 50 companies. And when his father died at the age of 45, he left an estate valued at more than $25-million. It included a company he had founded, Purolator Products, the maker of oil filters." He graduated from Yale in 1929, and served in the South Pacific during World War II. (James Cox Brady Dead At 63. New York Times, May 25, 1971.) He was a member of Scroll & Key. (Sixty Men Tapped For Yale Societies. New York Times, May 18, 1928.) He was an usher at the wedding of Chauncey Keep Hubbard, Scroll & Key 1929, the son of E. Kent Hubbard, to Virginia Drake, daughter of James Frank Drake, president of the Gulf Oil Company. (Drake-Hubbard. New York Times, Aug. 25, 1935; Elaborate Bridal for Miss Drake. New York Times, Dec. 24, 1935.) His daughter, Elizabeth Hamilton Brady, married Reuben Francis Richards, the son of Tobacco and Allied Stocks director Junius A. Richards. (Elizabeth Brady Bride in Peapack. New York Times, Dec. 13, 1953.) He was a director of the Bankers Trust Company from 1951 until approximately 1964. Nicholas Frederick Brady (1930- present) Nicholas Frederick Brady was the son of Nicholas Frederic Brady. He graduated from Yale in 1952. He was chairman of the Board of Dillon, Read & Co., and a director of NCR Corp., the MITRE Corp., and the H.J. Heinz Company. He was in the US Senate (R-NJ) from April to December, 1982, and Secretary of the Treasury from 1988 to 1993. His successor in the US Senate in 1982 was anti-smoker Sen. Frank Lautenberg. Nicholas F. Brady bio / US Treasury Nicholas F. Brady bio / US Congress Nicholas F. Brady was best man for his brother, James Cox Brady (Scroll & Keys 1957), who married Joan Babcock, a great-great-granddaughter of Samuel D. Babcock, the founder of the Guaranty Trust. Allen Wardwell 2d and Reeve Schley 3d were his ushers. (Wedding June 27 For Joan Babcock. New York Times, Jun. 2, 1957; L.I. Nuptials Held for Joan Babcock. New York Times, Jun. 28, 1957.) Nicholas Frederick Brady Jr. married Leigh Topping, the great-granddaughter of tobacco financier Daniel G. Reid. He was a regional vice president in Atlanta of the Purolator Courier Corporation. She graduated from Emory University, and was until recently a financial analyst in the Atlanta office of the Bankers Trust Company. (Leigh Topping Is the Bride Of N. F. Brady Jr. in Atlanta. New York Times, May 31, 1987.) Leigh Topping Is the Bride Of N. F. Brady Jr., 1987 / New York Times In 1993, during the ABC network's hysterical campaign of lies about secondhand smoke and the tobacco industry, Brady was a director of that despicable company. Benjamin N. Duke Benjamin N. Duke and others filed notice of their intention to organize the Bankers Trust Company of New York. The other incorporators were D. Crawford Clark, Bayard Dominick, Albert E. Goodhart, Herman C.E. Hoskier, Francis H. Leggett, Almeric H. Paget, William G. Park, Gilbert M. Plympton, Henry S. Redmond, William Schall, John W. Simpson, Clarence H. Wildes, and John Walter Wood Jr. (The Bankers' Trust Company. New York Times, Aug. 11, 1899; The Bankers' Trust Company. New York Times, Sep. 21, 1899.) Louis V. Bright (Vice Pres.), D. Crawford Clark, George Coppell, Bayard Dominick, John F. Dryden, Benjamin N. Duke, George W. Ely (Pres.), Albert E. Goodhart, Edwin Gould, Edmund T. Halsey, William H. Hollister, Percival Knauth, Francis H. Leggett (Vice Pres.), Almeric H. Paget, William G. Park, Gilbert M. Plympton, William Schall Jr., John W. Simpson, Francis S. Smithers, Ransom H. Thomas, and J. Walter Wood Jr. were directors. (Display Ad. Nov. 1, 1899; Display Ad, Jan. 2, 1900.) Its president, George William Ely, had been a secretary of the New York Stock Exchange for over 25 years. (New position for G.W. Ely. New York Times, Aug. 31, 1899.) The company was absorbed by the Atlantic Trust Co. The Atlantic Trust had lobbied to make it easier to form trust companies. (Trust companies combine. New York Times. Nov. 21, 1900.) Paul M. Hahn Paul M. Hahn (1895-1963) joined the law firm of Stanchfield & Levy in 1918 and became a partner in 1926. He first worked on their American Tobacco account in 1929; he joined the firm as a director and assistant to President George Washington Hill in 1931, and was President of American Tobacco from 1950 to 1963. (Paul M. Hahn, by Neil Loynachan. The Tobacco Leaf, Jan. 5, 1963.) The Tobacco Leaf, 1963 / tobacco document Hahn CV, no date / tobacco document Percival Smith Hill Percival S. Hill (~1862-1925) was the son of George W. Hill and Sarah White. He studied two years at the University of Pennsylvania, and two years at Harvard. He was with the wholesale carpet firm of Boyd, White & Co. for 11 years, until becoming involved in the tobacco industry in the 1890s. He was made sales manager of the Blackwell Bull Durham Tobacco Company in 1892, and President in 1898. He became a vice president of the American Tobacco Company in 1900 and moved to New York City. He was also Chairman of the American Cigar Company, President of the Cuban Tobacco Company, director of the Havana Commercial Company, the Henry Clay & Bock Co., and H. de Cabanas y Carabajal. His wife was the former Cassie Royland Milnes. His son, George W. Hill, was vice president of the American Tobacco Company. One of his two daughters was Mrs. Maurice Boyer, whose husband was vice president of the Bank of Paris. (Percival S. Hill, Tobacco Head, Dies. New York Times, Dec. 8, 1925.) Albert D. Lasker's advertising agency, Lord & Thomas, got the American Tobacco Company's advertising account in 1923. Mrs. Percival S. Hill was an activist for Memorial Hospital, N.Y.C., in 1934. (Tea for Cancer Hospital. New York Times, Nov. 2, 1934.) George Washington Hill George W. Hill (~1885-1946) was the son of Percival S. Hill. He was President of the American Tobacco Company from 1925 until his death. He graduated from the Horace Mann School in 1902 and attended Williams College for two years, and joined the company in 1904. (George W. Hill, 61, Is Dead in Canada. New York Times, Sep. 14, 1946.) He was a member of the American Red Cross Mission to Russia in 1917. He was a director of the Seaboard National Bank in 1923. Elliott Averett, Vice President of United Cigar Stores, was a fellow director. (Display Ad 44. New York Times, Apr. 8, 1923 p. E14.) His daughter, Mary Hill, married Arthur Twining Hadley 2d, son of Morris Hadley [skull & Bones 1916], whose grandfather was the president of Yale from 1899 to 1921. Her brother, George W. Hill Jr. [scroll & Key 1931] was also an officer of the company. (Mary Hill Is Wed to A.T. Hadley 2d. New York Times, Dec. 19, 1948.) George W. Hill Jr.'s Keys classmate, James Gamble Rogers, became the account manager for Lucky Strike cigarettes in 1938. Thomas F. Ryan Thomas Fortune Ryan (1851-1928) was born in Virginia, and worked in a Baltimore dry goods commission firm until his employer and father-in-law, John J. Barry, retired. In 1870, he came to New York and was employed as a clerk in a Wall Street brokerage firm. In 1874, he became a member of the Stock Exchange. "Early in that decade he formed the partnership which was to play so great a part in his life and in the financial history of the next thirty years. He became acquainted with William Collins Whitney, then a power in Wall Street, and the older man early realized the genius of young Ryan, gradually entrusting him with more and more important work, and finally forming an equal partnership which lasted until Whitney's death. Two other figures played a prominent part in the career of Mr. Ryan. They are Elihu Root and Paul D. Cravath, the lawyers who handled the intricte legal affairs which his many transactions involved." In 1885, he gave up his brokerage business and began the reoganization of street railways with Whitney, Anthony N. Brady, and John Dolan. In 1886, this group united with the Philadelphia syndicate of P.A.B. Widener and William L. Elkins. In the early 1890s he formed the Union Tobacco Company, which acquired the Blackwell-Bull Durham Company and later Liggett & Myers. "Gradually the syndicate absorbed other competing concerns, and by 1901 represent 80 percent of the United States trade. In that year Mr. Ryan, who had been the dominant power throughout, formed a syndicate under the New Jersey laws known as the Consolidated Tobacco Company, which controlled practically all the common stock of the American Tobacco Company, the name of the syndicate into which all the earlier companies had merged." In 1902, the group obtained control of a British firm, Ogden's Ltd., and attempted to expand into England. A British firm, the Imperial Tobacco Company, headed by Sir Charles Willis, attempted to expand into the U.S. They negotiated an agreement that gave American an unrestricted field in the U.S. and its possessions, plus Cuba and Canada, and a two-thirds interest in the British-American Company, which handled markets outside the U.S. and British interests.In 1905, he settled the feuding at the Equitable Life Insurance Co. by purchasing the controlling interest from James Hazen Hyde. The transaction took place in the offices of the Morton Trust, which Ryan controlled, with lawyers Elihu Root and Samuel Untermyer participating. The Equitable's stock was placed in the hands of three trustees, who were former President Grover Cleveland, Justice Morgan J. O'Brien, and George Westinghouse; and former Navy Secretary Paul Morton [whose sons-in-law, Charles H. Sabin and William C. Potter, were subsequently presidents of the Guaranty Trust after its merger with the Morton Trust], was made president. (How Ryan Rose In Wall Street. New York Times, Nov. 24, 1928.) Robert Livingston Cutting Jr., an uncle of ASCC benefactor R. Fulton Cutting, was another of Ryan's early business partners. (Copartnership Notices. New-York Times, Apr. 4, 1882 p. 7.) Thomas F. Ryan was a founder of the Société Internationale Forestière et Minière du Congo (International Forestry and Mining Company of the Congo, aka "Forminière"), created to develop the mining fields. Economic writer Isaac F. Marcosson said that the King had made the deal with them because he wanted the process for extracting rubber from the guayule shrub, which was held by the International Rubber Company, a Ryan-Guggenheim-Rockefeller concern. The Crown of Belgium received half the shares of Forminière; the other half was divided between the King and the Société Générale, a semi-governmental bank of Belgium; and Thomas F. Ryan. "Later Mr. Ryan admitted Daniel Guggenheim, Harry Payne Whitney, John Hays Hammond, and Senator [Nelson W.] Aldrich as associates in the enterprise." The directors of the American Congo Company were William H. Page of Page, Crawford & Tuska, attorneys for the Continental Rubber Co.; A. Chester Beatty a of the Guggenheim staff of mining engineers; and J.G. Whitley, Consul General of the Congo Free State to the U.S. The Independence Belge named Thomas F. Ryan, Edward B. Aldrich, the two Guggenheims, Harry Payne Whitney, John D. Rockefeller Jr., and Bernard M. Baruch as chief stockholders. (Details of the Ryan Congo Concesions. New York Times, Dec. 14, 1906; Ryan Was A Partner of King Leopold II. New York Times, Nov. 24, 1928.) The 1916 Tobacco Summit In 1916, Ryan gave a dinner at his Fifth Avenue home: "His guests included United States Senator Oscar W. Underwood [D-Ala.], Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Francis L. Stetson, Henry Clay Frick, Frank S. Witherbee, Charles Schwab, James B. Duke, Morgan J. O'Brien, Alexander J. Hemphill, C.C. Dula, John B. Dennis, Justice Francis K. Pendleton, John D. Archbold, Theodore P. Shonts, John D. Ryan, Daniel Guggenheim. J. Sargeant Cram, R.A.C. Smith, Francis L. Hine, Bernard M. Baruch, Charles B. Alexander, Henry Clews, Fairfax Landstreet, W.W. Fuller, Paul D. Cravath, Daniel G. Reid, James S. Alexander, Junius Parker, Percival S. Hill, De Lancey Nicoll, August D. Juilliard, William C. Potter, John D. Prince, Hugo Cunliffe-Owen, and Valentine P. Snyder." (Thomas F. Ryan Is Host. New York Times, Feb. 18, 1916.) Cravath was T.F. Ryan's attorney, Duke and Cunliffe-Owen were executives of British-American Tobacco, and Hill was president of the American Tobacco Company, for which Nicoll was an attorney and Parker was a large stockholder. Frick, Hine, J.D. Ryan, and Reid were associated with the Tobacco Products Corporation, a predecessor of Philip Morris; J.D. Ryan, Reid, Stetson, Hemphill, Guggenheim, Juilliard, Potter and Snyder with the Guaranty Trust, and Dula was President of Liggett & Myers Tobacco and a director of the Guaranty Trust. Butler was the President of Columbia University, where Prince was a professor. In 1909, the school received $2,250,000, from the will of John Stewart Kennedy, and members of Butler's family got bequests as well. (How They'll Spend Kennedy Millions. New York Times, Nov. 7, 1909.) Union Tobacco - Delaware G.J. Whelan and the Schulte cigar store interests incorporated Union Tobacco in Delaware, as a subsidiary of the Union and United Tobacco Company. Whelan and Ryan were the largest stockholders. (Union Tobacco Co. Formed. New York Times, Jul. 16, 1927; T.F. Ryan in Union Tobacco. New York Times, Aug. 2, 1927.) In 1929, the Union Tobacco Company, which had leased the right to manufacture several brands from the American Tobacco Company, voted to surrender the lease and continue as strictly a stock holding company. It held 98 shares of Philip Morris Consolidated Class A, $1,775; 1,895 shares of Philip Morris Consolidated common, $9,742; 32,300 shares of Philip Morris & Co. Ltd., $628,832; 61,100 shares of Tobacco Products Corporation Class A stock, $1,381,341; 372,200 shares of Tobacco Products Corporation common, $7,568,247; 75,000 shares of Union Cigar Co., $382,275; and 300 shares of United Cigar Stores common, $8,338, along with stock in North American Match Co. and Lion Match Co. Jesse R. Taylor was the president. (Union Tobacco Quits Commodity Trade. New York Times, Dec. 29, 1929.) Ryan's first wife, Ida, was a major benefector of Catholic charities and was made a Countess of the Holy Roman Empire in 1907. The $200,000 she left to be divided among her sons was held at the Central Union Trust until their 30th birthdays. (Final Accounting on Ryan Estate. New York Times, Dec. 23, 1920.) His second wife was the sister of DeLancey Nicoll, attorney for the American Tobacco Company in 1910, and her second husband, the late Cornelius C. Cuyler, was T. DeWitt Cuyler's brother. (Thos. Fortune Ryan Weds Mrs. Cuyler. New York Times, Oct. 30, 1917.) Ryan's son, Allan, was indignant that his father had remarried only twelve days after his mother died, and they were still not on speaking terms when his father died. In 1920, Allan A. Ryan obtained a corner on Stutz Motors, was expelled from the Stock Exchange, and went bankrupt. In 1943, an investigation by the O.S.S. determined that the Forminiere mines were the primary source of industrial diamonds which were being smuggled to the Third Reich. The investigator discovered "'that a full year's supply of diamonds had reached Germany from Forminiere through Red Cross parcels.' The shipment of several million carats of diamonds through the parcels that were regularly sent from the Congo to Nazi-occupied Belgium required considerable organization and support in the intervening areas.... With the end of the war in 1945, the OSS was dissolved, and the question of 'dealing with the enemy' was never resolved." (Chapter 9, Diamonds For Hitler. In: The Diamond Invention, by Edward Jay Epstein.) The author blames the De Beers cartel and its "Jewish Connection." Ch. 9, Diamonds for Hitler / Edward Jay Epstein.com Paul D. Cravath Paul Drennan Cravath graduated from Oberlin College in 1882. He was the son of a Congregational minister, Rev. Erastus Milo Cravath, a founder and president 1875-1900 of Fisk University. His brother, Erastus M. Cravath Jr., Yale 1894, was associated with the Trinidad Asphalt Co. and the Bermudez Asphalt Mines, Trinidad. (Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1938-1939, pp. 85-86; and: Cravath, Paul Drennan (14 July 1861-1 July 1940). American National Biography Online.) Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1938-1939 Cravath, Paul Drennan / Economic History Net Allan A. Ryan Jr. Allan Aloysius Ryan, Thomas F. Ryan's grandson, declined election to Scroll & Keys (Yale Tap Day Brings Honors To Juniors. New York Times, May 18, 1923.) Ushers at his wedding included Charles Dewey Hilles Jr., Thomas Frederick David Haines, Clifton Samuel Thompson, and Edwin Foster Blair, all Skull & Bones 1924; James T. Babb, Elihu Club '24; and Charles H. Sabin Jr. (Janet Newbold Weds A.A. Ryan Jr. New York Times, Feb. 6, 1929.) During World War II, Hilles was a vice president of International Telephone & Telegraph, which helped Hitler during the war, as well as a director of the American Cancer Society. In 1952, Hilles was elected a director of the Royal Typewriter Company, of which Allan A. Ryan was chairman. (Executive Changes. New York Times, Jan. 16, 1952.) Allan A. Ryan was the chairman of Forminière when it halted production in Kasai Province in 1962, blaming lack of law and order. "A group of Americans of the Ryan and Guggenheim families own one of the largest share blocks in the $10,000,000 company." Ryan was also chairman of the Royal McBee Corporation, formed from the merger of the McBee Company, a leading producer of punch cards and data processing equipment, with Royal Typewriter. (Forminiere Ceases Production in Congo. New York Times, Jul. 14, 1902.) Ryan's obituary says that he graduated from Princeton University in 1924. He started on Wall Street immediately after graduating, and got a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1930. He was a director of the Royal Typewriter Company from 1932 to 1954 and its chairman, and the chairman of Royal McBee until 1965, when it merged with Litton Industries. (Allan Ryan, Ex-State Senator. By Alfred E. Clark. New York Times, Oct. 16, 1981.) Kingsley Kunhardt, a vice president of the Guaranty Trust, was a director of Royal Typewriter and Royal McBee. Allan A. Ryan Jr. was a member of the Federal Broadcasting Corporation, which acquired the commercial and program presentation rights of New York City radio station WMCA. The group included John T. Adams; Howard G. Cushing; Major Talbot O. Freeman; Walter S. Mack Jr., later the president of Pepsi-Cola; A. Newbold Morris; Paul Nitze; James K. Norris, Clendenin J. Ryan Jr.; Robert Thayer; Bethuel M. Webster, who was later counsel to Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co.; and John Hay Whitney, with former N.Y. Governor Alfred E. Smith as chairman. (Smith Heads Board of New WMCA Group. New York Times, Aug. 28, 1933.) Ryan's first wife, Janet Newbold, divorced him in 1936 and married William Rhinelander Stewart; who died. She then married James S. Bush, Skull & Bones 1922. (Mrs. Stewart's Wedding to Jim Bush of St. Louis. By Mary Van Rensselaer Thayer. Washington Post, Aug. 4, 1948.) Janet Newbold's father, Fleming Newbold, was President of The Evening Star Company in Washington, DC. (Mrs. Stewart Wed To James S. Bush. New York Times, Aug. 15, 1948.) Bush was the brother of Prescott S. Bush, S&B 1917. Allan A. Ryan III, Skull & Bones 1953 Janet Newbold Ryan Stewart Bush was the mother of Allan A. Ryan III, Skull & Bones 1953, who was with the investment banking firm of Smith, Barney & Co. (Miss B.A. Redmond Becomes Fiance. New York Times, Jun. 7, 1957.) Ushers at his wedding included Russell W. Meyer, Thruston Ballard Morton Jr., and Tilghman B. Evans [T. Boyd Evans], all Skull & Bones 1954, and Jonathan J. Bush, Skull & Bones 1953. (Barbara Ann Redmond Is Bride of Allen Ryan 3d, Yale Alumnus. New York Times, Nov. 3, 1957.) Morton was Executive in Residence at the College of Business & Public Administration of the University of Louisville, and a director of the Kroger Company from 1968 to 2001. He was the son of the US Representative (1947-53) and Senator (1957-68) from Kentucky, Thruston Ballard Morton, Yale 1929. Jonathan James Bush is the brother of former President George Herbert Walker Bush. Morton, Thruston Ballard (1907-1982) US Congress Kroger Company 1994 DEF-14A / Securities and Exchange Commission Kroger Company 2001 DEF-14A / Securities and Exchange Commission Jonathan J. Bush / Demopedia - Democratic Underground.com The Bush Crime Family Tree / Project for the Old American Century Fortune P. Ryan Fortune Peter Ryan, Allan A. Ryan's brother, went directly from Yale University to the New York Curb Exchange. He joined Royal Typewriter Company in 1934 in the New York Service Department, and eventually became assistant to the president. He was appointed Vice President in charge of advertising in 1948, and president in 1951. He was elected president of the $100-million a year Royal McBee Corporation in 1960. He was also a trustee of Lenox Hill Hospital. (Royal McBee Corp. Promotes Fortune P. Ryan to Presidency. New York Times, Jun. 25, 1960.) Grant Barney Schley Grant B. Schley (1845-1917) was head of the New York brokerage firm of Moore & Schley. In 1881 he began working as a clerk at Wells, Butterfield & Co. in Syracuse, and after the firm was combined into Adams Express Company, he was sent to the money order department in New York. In 1874, after meeting George F. Baker, a director of American Express who was President of the First National Bank, he became a clerk in the First National. In 1879, he married Baker's sister, Elizabeth. After six years there, he resigned to go into the brokerage business with Ernest Groesbeck, as Groesbeck & Schley. In 1885, he became a partner of John G. Moore, who entered the brokerage business "at the suggestion of a number of capitalists who were associated with him in the Mutual Telegraph Company." Schley was a director of the American Smelting and Refining Company, the Chihuahua Mining Company, the Coal Creek Mining and Manufacturing Company, the Electric Storage Battery Company, the Elliott-Fisher Company, the Northern Pacific Railway, the Pittsburgh Coal Company, and the Republic Iron and Steel Company. (Grant B. Schley, Financier, Dead. New York Times, Nov. 23, 1917.) Grant B. Schley and Oliver H. Payne were directors of the Manhattan Trust Company (Display Ad 15. New York Times, Jan. 21, 1901 p. WF8.) Schley and Payne were also directors of the Chase National Bank (Annual Bank Elections. New York Times, Jan. 13, 1904.) Reeve Schley Reeve Schley was the son of Grant Schley's brother, William T. Schley (1840-1912), an attorney for the New York Central Railroad. Reeve Schley graduated from Yale in 1903 and was a Fellow of the Yale Corporation in 1942. Reeve Schley practiced law with Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett for twelve years, until resigning to become a vice president of the Chase National Bank. He was vice president until 1946 and a director from 1920 to 1933. He was Eastern treasurer of the Republican National Committee from 1918 to 1920, and president of the American-Russian Chamber of Commerce in 1929, of which Allen Wardwell, Yale 1895, was president. He was chairman of the Howe Sound Company, and a director of General Dynamics Corporation, the Atlas Corporation, the United States Guarantee Company, the Chihuahua Mining Company, and Potosi Mining Company. In 1956, he was elected chairman of the Underwood Corporation, and he was chairman and a director of the Somerville Trust Company until his death. (Reeve Schley, 79, Retired Banker. New York Times, Jun. 27, 1960.) Reeve Schley Jr. [Wolf's Head 1931] was an usher at the wedding of John Holbrook [scroll & Key 1931]. Reeve Schley's daughter, Eleanor Prentice Schley, married Webster B. Todd, and they were the parents of anti-smoker New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman. Nicholas Brady was a ribbon bearer at the wedding. (Miss Schley Bride of Webster B. Todd. New York Times, Oct. 11, 1933.) SCHLECHT - SCHUTT / Robert Ronald Hanley Sr. Yale Daily News - Spring Vacation 1942 / Yale University The Schley family developed the Township of Far Hills, which had a deed covenant prohibiting the sale or use of alcoholic beverages on the property. Reeve Schley was mayor from 1924 to 1937. (History of the Borough of Far Hills, by Anne O'Brien.) History of the Borough of Far Hills / Welcome to Far Hills Borough Reeve Schley 3d and Allen Wardwell 2d were ushers for James Cox Brady (Scroll & Keys 1957), who married Joan Babcock, a great-great-granddaughter of Samuel D. Babcock. Nicholas F. Brady was best man for his brother. (Wedding June 27 For Joan Babcock. New York Times, Jun. 2, 1957; L.I. Nuptials Held for Joan Babcock. New York Times, Jun. 28, 1957.) <= Back to The Power Elite Controls Both Sides <= HOME cast 11-21-09

Americans siding with British in Revolutionary War Who was represented at the Taft-Draper wedding party in 1917 with links to the British East India Company, the CIA, the OSS and Military Intelligence? All of these products were staples of Clipper Ship trade between India, Great Britain and the USA except for the Railroads of course. Cotton, Textiles, Shipping, Teas and Spices, Fruit and Sugar, Tobacco and Rum and of course, slaves, hundreds of thousands of slaves to serve the Cotton Pickin', Textile Weavin' and Fabric Makin' Machinery and Mechanisms of the Draper and Preston Families from Massachusetts. 1) Cotton and Textiles from the Drapers, the Prestons and the Memphis, Tennessee Snowden families (Eben S. Draper, Jr., usher Mr. and Mrs. George Snowden, wedding party) 2) Spices and Teas from Perrin family, the original staples of the British East India Compay (Lee J. Perrin usher) 3) Fruit and Sugar from the Prestons and Drapers at Boston Fruit Company and United Fruit including Chiquita Bananas which sponsored coups d'etat or attempts in Guatamala, Cuba and the Dominican Republic (Eben S. Draper, Jr. usher) 4) Tobacco from Angier P. Duke of the Duke and North Carolina RJR Tobacco interests where Draper plied his trade in involuntary sterilization at Bowman Gray Medical School at Wake Forest and the Bowman and Boyden Grays later joined the O.S.S. and the C.I.A. (Angier P. Duke, usher) 5) The Vanderbilt Railroad Empire via the Vanderbilt Webbs and later Robert "Railroad" Ryan grandfather of Clendenin J. Ryan who funded YAF for Bill Buckley, Jr. and funded ISI for Uliuss L. Amoss and Maj. Carleton S. Coon) Ryan, Amoss and Coon were forerunners of Mind Control and Programmed Assassins (James Watson Webb, usher) 6) Clipper Ships from the Higginson family (James Jackson Higginson, usher) 7) More Clipper Ships and of course, drug smuggling, via the Sturgis family from Boston (William J. Sturgis, usher) Here are the known members of the Draper Wedding Party with links to the British East India Trading Company. Many of these families supported the British during the American Revolution including some of the Drapers and Prestons... James Watson Webb, Arthur McKinstrey, Reese D. Alsop, Wm. J. Sturgis, Lee J. Perrin, James Jackson Higginson, Angier P. Duke, Mr. and Mrs. George Snowden.... These New England merchant families founded the Bank of Boston and United Fruit Company (Boston Fruit Company) later owned by Nelson Rockefeller and delMonte. When Jacobo Arbenz in Guatamala tried to nationalize United Fruit in 1954, Allen Dulles, E. Howard Hunt and others executed a coup d'etat and ousted Arbenz. Through the sponsorship of the Barings and also the Rothschilds, a number of leading New England families, some of whom had sided with Great Britain during the American Revolution, were brought into the opium trade as junior partners. These merchant families ran fleets of clipper ships and became in many cases fabulously wealthy as the result of their association with the British East India Company. Among these key New England merchant families were: Cabot, Coolidge, Forbes, Higginson, Sturgis, Lodge, Lowell, Perkins and Russell. These New England merchant families founded the United Fruit Company (started as the Boston Fruit Company of Andrew Preston, Draper's cousin) and the Bank of Boston. The founding families of Skull & Bones included the Russell and Perkins families, Over several generations, however, all these families heavily intermarried and became, in effect, one extended power grouping. (See: Wedding of Helen Draper to Walbridge Taft where James Jackson Higginson and William J. Sturgis, merchant families cited above here were Taft's ushers.) William Huntington Russell incorporated Skull & Bones as the Russell Trust Association. Throughout the 20th century, the Russell Trust Association listed the New York City headquarters of Brown Brothers Harriman as its address. Russell was valedictorian of his class at Yale in 1833. He and his Skull & Bones comrades considered themselves to be a special elite among the merchant banking and Puritan pilgrim elite of Yale. They took the Puritan beliefs of the early New England settlers, that they were "elected by God," and pre-ordained to rule North America. The founding of Yale College in 1701 pre-dates the American Revolution by several generations. Many of the founders of Yale were righteous men of the Puritan heritage who devoutly believed in God and country. Some of these patriotic souls later made up the core of Benjamin Franklin's political coalition which ultimately broke with the mother country, Great Britain. Many graduates of Yale were active in the American Revolution and the founding of the United States. Two critics of the Order, historian Antony Sutton and investigative journalist Ron Rosenbaum (himself a Yale graduate), both concluded that Skull & Bones has degenerated since its founding and has taken on more of the occult and ritualistic trappings of the majority of European freemasonic and Illuminati secret societies. Sutton charges that the Order is secretly known among its initiates as the "Brotherhood of Death" and has become an evil instrument in the hands of America's secret power elite. Rosenbaum claims that the society's Germanic origins are inherently wicked and pre-Nazi. In a long 1977 article in Esquire magazine, Rosenbaum charged that the Skull & Bones building on the Yale campus houses remnants from Hitler's private collection of silver. As members of the Skull and Bones Society, at one time the building on the Yale campus held bounty from the "tomb raiders" of the grave sites of Pancho Villa, Geronimo and several others. These included the actual skulls of such upstarts as Pancho Villa and Geronimo as warnings to those who would oppose the power elite from Yale. While these stories cannot be dismissed out of hand, it must be noted that authors Rosenbaum and Sutton may be biased. As a young Jewish student at Yale, Rosenbaum was almost automatically excluded on religious grounds from the inner sanctum of the campus's secret societies. Sutton, a British-born eccentric historian, proudly admits his strong British biases, frequently citing philosopher John Stuart Mill as the spiritual mentor in his book on the Order. Stephen Higginson (November 28, 1743 – November 28, 1828) was an American merchant and shipmaster from Boston, Massachusetts. He was a delegate for Massachusetts to the Continental Congress in 1783. He took an active part in suppressing Shays' Rebellion, was the author of the Laco letters (1789), and served the United States government as navy agent from May 11 to June 22, 1798. Although he was a privateer during the American Revolutionary War he became a "blue light", extreme-Federalist during the War of 1812 and was one of the most notorious members of the Essex Junto that changed and brought the once honorable party of Alexander Hamilton to a very disgraceful end. and more, much more.. Yet another Clipper Ship Trade British East India Company Wedding.... Thomas B. Yuille "A member of an old Southern family, Mr. Yuille was born in Halifax County, Va. As a young man he became associated with the American Tobacco Company at Durham, N.C. In 1901 he came to the company's office here and in 1912 became a vice president of the company. Mr. Yuille continued as vice president of American Tobacco until 1916, when he resigned. Soon afterward he became president of the Universal Leaf Tobacco Company. In 1923 he was elected president of the Tobacco Products Corporation. Organizations with which he had been affiliated at various times as a director were the United Retail Stores Corporation, American Machine and Foundry Company, United Drug Company, First and Merchants Bank of Richmond, Va., United States Trust Company of Newark, Tobacco Products Export Corporation, Universal Leaf Tobacco Comapny, Inc., and Knollwood Manor, Inc." (Thomas B. Yuille Dead At Age of 64. New York Times, Nov. 23, 1934.) He married Nannie Williams Long in 1894, when he was the American Tobacco Company's representative in Clarksville, Va. (Another Wedding in Henderson. Raleigh News and Observer, Oct. 31, 1894.) In 1907, he was the head of the leaf buying department. (Fierce Tobacco Rivalry. New York Times, Nov. 26, 1907.) Yuille, William P. Gilmour, and and Williamson W. Fuller were executors of the estate of John B. Cobb of Stamford. (Cobb Estate is $4182,708. New York Times, Oct. 18, 1923.) He had a joint brokerage account with C.C. Dula of Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. His daughter, Ellen, married William J. Sturgis of Bronxville, N.Y., the son of Rev. Joseph R. Sturgis of Virginia. Angier B. Duke was best man, and the ushers were Philip O. Mills, A.J. Drexel Biddle Jr., James A. Blair Jr., George B. Glaenzer [s&B 1907], Theodore S. Watson, Walbridge S. Taft [Yale 1907], Theodore P. Dixon [s&B 1907], and his brother, J. Steele Sturgis of Chicago. Guests included J.F. Horan, Jaquelin P. Taylor, and Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Wiggin. (Sturgis-Yuille Wedding. New York Times, Oct. 9, 1915; Miss Ellen Yuille Weds W.J. Sturgis. New York Times, Nov. 18, 1915.) She remarried to Chicago broker Wolcott Blair, son of Watson F. Blair, in 1926. His daughter, [susan] Burks Yuille, married Carroll Carstairs, Yale 1913, of New York and Philadelphia. (Miss Yuille Weds Carroll Carstairs. New York Times, Mar. 21, 1924.) Carroll Chevalier Carstairs was an art dealer in New York City. (Obituary Record of Graduates of Yale University Deceased during the Year 1948-1949, p. 69.) His daughter, Nancy Yuille, married Viscount Adare. (Miss Nancy Yuille Wed in Palm Beach. New York Times, Mar. 8, 1934.) His daughter, Melissa, married William C. Whitney's nephew, Harry Payne Bingham, in 1937. www.ctrl.org/essay1/GBSBNW.html

Rockefeller and United Fruit searched for Douglas-Hamilton Wing Commander Lord Malcolm Avondale Douglas-Hamilton OBE, DFC (12 November 1909 – 21 July 1964) was a Scottish nobleman and politician. The third son of the 13th Duke of Hamilton and 10th Duke of Brandon, he was educated at Eton College and at the RAF College Cranwell. He served with the Royal Air Force from 1929 to 1932, then worked in civil aviation until the outbreak of the Second World War, during which he again served with the RAF. He was Air Training Corps Commandant for Scotland from 1945 to 1946. He was appointed OBE in 1943 and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross in 1944. His elder brother, the Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale, later 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, had also been active in the RAF and ATC. He married twice: firstly in 1931 to the Hon. Pamela Bowes-Lyon (a granddaughter of the 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne) and cousin to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; secondly he wed in 1953 to Natalie Winslow. Following his second marriage, he emigrated to the United States, where he became extremely active in fostering relations between Scotland and Americans of Scottish descent. He considered the United States to be his adopted country. He founded, along with his wife, the American Scottish Foundation, which after the Saint Andrews Society is the oldest American organization devoted to US/Scottish relations in existence. The organization was responsible for establishment of Scotland House, and the Scottish Ball, an annual charitable dinner devoted to raising money to support the American Scottish cause. He continued his love of flying, starting his own charter flying company in the early 1960s, and with his son Niall traversed remote parts of the globe. It was on one such trip through Cameroon in 1964 that Lord Malcolm went missing with his son Niall and a passenger, in the heavy equatorial mountainous jungle of Cameroon. Following an exhaustive manhunt by Lord Malcolm's family, including assistance from the Rockefeller company United Fruit, his remains were located in the jungle. Neither Niall Douglas-Hamilton nor the passenger were ever located. Recently disclosed documents from MI5 show, that, on August 1, 1936, Lord Malcolm flew a de Havilland plane to Spain, that he delivered to pro-Franco nationalists. Another plane was flown the next day by Dick Seaman.[1]. Only two weeks earlier, General Franco was flown in a de Havilland from the Canary Islands to Morocco and onwards to Spain, helped by two other Britons, Hugh Pollard and Cecil Bebb. During the 1930s, Lord Malcolm was supportive of appeasement for some years.

Malcolm's brother.... Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton 1903 – 1973 Place of birth London, England, UK Place of death Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Service/branch RAuxAF 1927-1936, RAF 1939-1945 Years of service 1927-1945 Rank Air Commodore Commands held 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron, Air Training Corps Awards Air Force Cross, Mentioned in Despatches Other work Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, Deputy Governor of the British Linen Bank,Chairman of Norwich Union (Scotland), Director of Scottish Aviation, and Securicor (Scotland) Air Commodore Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton and 11th Duke of Brandon, KT, GCVO, AFC, PC, DL, FRCSE, FRGS, (3 February 1903 – 30 March 1973) was a Scottish nobleman and pioneering aviator. He was the eldest of four brothers who were to make military history by all being at the rank of Squadron Leader or above simultaneously at the outbreak of World War II. Contents [hide] 1 Early life 2 Flight over Everest 3 World War II, the Hess Affair, and after 4 Offices and positions held 4.1 Business positions held 5 Publications 6 Marriage and issue 7 See also 8 References 9 External links [edit]Early life Hamilton was born in Pimlico, London, England. He was the son of Alfred, the 13th Duke of Hamilton and his wife Nina Benita Poore. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he gained a Blue in boxing, this in turn led to his winning of the Scottish Amateur Middleweight title. He also represented the university in rowing. Styled Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale before he succeeded his father as the Duke of Hamilton and Keeper of Holyroodhouse in 1940, he had been a prominent Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for East Renfrewshire from 1930 until he succeeded. In 1935 in order to experience the life of the employees in his family's mines, he joined a Trades Union and worked for a time at the coal face, as plain 'Mr. Hamilton'. [edit]Flight over Everest First flight over Everest 1933, Lord Clydesdale piloting the plane shown, with the summit of Everest in front He became interested in flying at an early age and served in the Royal Auxiliary Air Force (RAuxAF) becoming the youngest Squadron Leader of his day, commanding 602 (City of Glasgow) Squadron from 1927 to 1936. He was involved in one of the most ambitious avionic enterprises of the early twentieth century, the Houston-Mount Everest expedition. Flying higher than any before. Lord Clydesdale, as he was known, was chief pilot on the first flight over Mount Everest in 1933, using an open cockpit bi-plane. The extremity endured by the crews of these aeroplanes was instrumental to the introduction of pressurised cabins in modern aircraft, it also was the first detailed and scientific survey of the Himalaya region, and resulted in the birth of Scottish Aviation Ltd (now part of BAE Systems). In recognition of his role in the expedition, he was decorated with the Air Force Cross in 1935. As a pioneering early aviator he was regarded in much the same heroic way as the astronauts a generation later. Later, at the outbreak of World War II he resumed his commission, at the rank of Air Commodore. He was responsible for air defence in Scotland, and took command of the Air Training Corps. [edit]World War II, the Hess Affair, and after Wreckage of Hess' plane, Bonnyton Moor, Scotland Hamilton had attended the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. A keen sportsman, he had flown his own plane to Germany where he was a member of a multi-party parliamentary group which had been invited to Berlin to observe the games by the German government. In Berlin he attended numerous functions, including a grand dinner for the British contingent hosted by Joachim von Ribbentrop the German ambassador to Britain and later Foreign Minister, where he was introduced to Hitler, and other leading members of the National Socialist government. Hamilton had previously met Ribbentrop in London as the Ambassador to the Court of St. James's. Hamilton was invited by Hermann Göring to inspect the newly reinstated Luftwaffe, for his professional interest in aviation. It has been suggested that Hamilton either through his own initiative or under instruction indulged in some minor espionage during these occasions. He did not however, meet the deputy Führer Rudolf Hess whilst in Germany. Whilst in Germany Hamilton had met the Geopolitician Albrecht Haushofer, son of the distinguished Geopolitical academic Professor Karl Haushofer. The younger Haushofer had studied alongside Hess at Munich University. On Hess' rise to prominence within the Nazi Party, Haushofer became his advisor on foreign affairs. Following the outbreak of war in 1939, memories of the earlier pan-European cameraderie of 1936 quickly faded. In 1940, upon his father's death, Hamilton succeeded to the Dukedom and was exerting all his efforts into the Air war, the aerial defence of his sector of Southern Scotland and Northern England. On May 11, 1941, Hess parachuted into Scotland, the reason for his doing so was ostensibly to meet with the Duke and plot a secret peace treaty that would lead to the supremacy of Germany within Europe and the reinforcement of the British Empire without. Hess' Messerschmitt 110 crashed on Bonnyton Moor near to Hamilton's home at Dungavel House. Hess was captured by a local farmer, David McLean, and assuming the false name "Albert Horn", he asked to be taken to the Duke. Hess however, was taken to hospital for injuries sustained during his descent. Hamilton was informed of the prisoner and visited him whereupon he revealed his true identity. Hamilton immediately contacted Sir Winston Churchill, and informed him of the Deputy Führer's arrival. Hess was imprisoned by the British authorities until the end of the war and the subsequent Nuremberg trials. Hamilton came under pressure from the press to explain his role in the affair, with suspicions being raised that he may have been in prior contact with Hess. Questions were asked in the House of Commons. On the 22 May, Sir Archibald Sinclair, the Secretary of State for Air, gave this statement to the House: "When deputy fuehrer Hess came down with his aeroplane in Scotland on the 10th of May, he gave a false name and asked to see the Duke of Hamilton. The Duke being apprised by the authorities, visited the German prisoner in hospital. Hess then revealed for the first time his true identity, saying that he had seen the Duke when he was at the Olympic games at Berlin in 1936. The Duke did not recognise the Deputy Fuehrer. He had however, visited Germany for the Olympic games in 1936, and during that time had attended more than one large public function, at which German ministers were present. It is, therefore, quite possible that the deputy Fuehrer may have seen him on one such occasion. As soon as the interview was over, Wing Commander the Duke of Hamilton flew to England and gave a full report of what had passed to the Prime Minister, who sent for him. Contrary to reports which have appeared in some newspapers, the Duke has never been in correspondence with the Deputy Fuehrer. None of the Duke's three brothers, who are, like him, serving in the Royal Air Force has either met Hess or has had correspondence with him. It will be seen that the conduct of the Duke of Hamilton has been in every respect honourable and proper." Hansard, 22 May 1941 The Duke was Mentioned in Dispatches. At the end of February 1950 the Duke led the funeral procession, on foot, through Hamilton for his friend Sir Harry Lauder, said to be the largest funeral ever held in the town, and read The Lesson during the service describing Lauder as "a Great Scot". [edit]Offices and positions held He was appointed Privy Counsellor and Lord Steward of the Household, holding the latter office until 1964. He served as Chancellor of the University of St Andrews from 1948 to 1973. He was admitted to the Order of the Thistle in 1951. He was also a member of the Royal Company of Archers, the Sovereign's bodyguard for Scotland. He served as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland four times, in 1953, 1954,1955 and 1958. In 1963 the Duke was made honorary President of the Boys Brigade, he had been the treasurer since 1938. He was the President of the Air League from 1959-1968. [edit]Business positions held Director of Scottish Aviation_Ltd Deputy governor of the British Linen Bank President of Securicor (Scotland) Ltd President of the Building Societies Association Chairman of Nationwide Building Society (Scotland) Chairman of Norwich Union Life and Fire Insurance Society (Scotland) [edit]Publications The Pilots' Book of Everest- with Group Captain MacIntyre. Hodge, London, 1936. [edit]Marriage and issue In 1937, he married the Lady Elizabeth Ivy Percy, the daughter of the Duke of Northumberland. They produced five sons: Angus Douglas-Hamilton, 15th Duke of Hamilton (b. 1938) James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas (b. 1942) Lord Hugh Malcolm Douglas Hamilton (1946–1995) Lord Patrick George Douglas-Hamilton (b. 1950) Lord David Stephen Douglas-Hamilton (b. 1952) [edit]See also George Nigel Douglas-Hamilton, 10th Earl of Selkirk Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton Lord David Douglas-Hamilton [edit]References Who's Who 1973. A. & C. Black, London, 1973. [edit]External links Portrait Douglas, 14th Duke of Hamilton and his three brothers Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded by Alexander MacRobert Member of Parliament for Renfrewshire East 1930–1940 Succeeded by Sir Guy Lloyd Political offices Preceded by The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry Lord Steward 1940–1964 Succeeded by The Duke of Westminster Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley Chancellor of the University of St Andrews 1948–1973 Succeeded by The Lord Ballantrae Peerage of Scotland Preceded by Alfred Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Hamilton 1940 – 1973 Succeeded by Angus Douglas-Hamilton Peerage of Great Britain Preceded by Alfred Douglas-Hamilton Duke of Brandon 1940 – 1973 Succeeded by Angus Douglas-Hamilton Categories: Old Etonians | Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland | Dukes of Hamilton | Dukes of Brandon | House of Douglas and Angus | Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order | Knights of the Thistle | Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom | Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Scottish constituencies | Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford | Chancellors of the University of St Andrews | Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain | Conservative Peers | Scottish Unionist Party MPs | UK MPs 1929-1931 | UK MPs 1931-1935 | UK MPs 1935-1945 | Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) | Royal Air Force officers | Royal Air Force personnel of World War II | Scottish aviators | Scottish explorers | Deputy Lieutenants of Lanarkshire | Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society | 1903 births | 1973 deaths

Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton was the British equivalent of Wickliffe Preston Draper Or was Wickliffe Draper the American equivalent of Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton? International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics (IAAEE) was a prominent group in the promotion of eugenics and segregation, and the first publisher of Mankind Quarterly. [edit]History IAAEE was founded in 1959 and has headquarters in Edinburgh, Scotland. According to Russ Bellant, it was later also incorporated in the United States through the personal agency of Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, a member of the British Cliveden Set which supported appeasement of Adolf Hitler prior to World War II. [1][2] Other historians, including Bruce Minton, give differing evidence. [3] A. James Gregor was a founding director of the IAAEE which was, according to Gregor, established to restore "an intellectual climate in the U.S., and throughout the Western World, which would permit a free and open discussion of racial ... problems."[4] Gregor would later assert that his association with the organization was based on his concerns about congenital birth defects and the reproduction of the mentally retarded, as opposed to racial matters. Other members included Senator Jesse Helms and the oil billionaires H. L. Hunt, Herbert and Nelson Bunker Hunt. The IAAEE's main benefactor was Colonel Wickliffe Draper, a segregationist who opposed the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and sought to fund research that would provide scientific justification for segregation and revive the concept of racial hygiene which had been discredited as a result of the Nazis. In the 1970s Gregor was criticised for accepting grants from the Pioneer Fund which had been established by Draper to advance his views. IAAEE received $82,000 in grants from the Pioneer Fund between 1971 and 1996. In the 1960s, Stanley Porteus served on the Executive Committee of the IAAEE.[5] Henry E. Garrett, professor emeritus of psychology from Columbia University, was president of the IAAEE and one of the editors of Mankind Quarterly. Other key figures included Robert E. Kuttner and Donald A. Swan. The five founders of IAAEE represent a cross-section of representatives from The International Fascista as described by Charles A. Willoughby (born Adolph C. Tscheppe-Weidenbach). R. Ruggles Gates - England - (1882-1962) Nicholas Lahovary - Hungary - (1883-1963) Heinrich Quiring - Germany - (1885-1964) Charles C. Tansill - USA - (1890-1964) Corrado Gini - Italy - (1884-1965) Professor Charles C. Tansill was formerly associated with American University in Washington, D.C. but was forced to leave in 1936-37 due to controversial pro-Nazi statements.40 He also was on boards or committees on each of these organizations or publications also according to Wes McCuen from Group Research: The John Birch Society, Mankind Quarterly, American Mercury, Citizens Foreign Aid Committee, Federation of Conservatives, Human Events Magazine (funded by Wickliffe Draper), and the Defenders of State Sovereignty and Individual Liberty. The Executive Committee of IAAEE consisted of the following representatives in the mid-1960's: 1) Professor Garret Daams, Kent State who Was actually present during the Kent State riots and murders during 1968 and was involved with writing extensive justifications for this horrible tragedy. 2) Professor Henry E. Garrett, Columbia University, Draper Committees, Pioneer Fund, White Citizens' Councils Professor Garrett used to brag to colleagues that he was related to the "Garrett's Farm" owner where John Wilkes Booth was discovered hiding after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. 3) Professor Robert Gayre, University of Saugor, India the predecessor of Roger Pearson at The Institute for the Study of Man (ISM) and Mankind Quarterly. The close relationship between Gayre and Wickliffe Draper began when Draper was involved as a forward observer during World War II as a Colonel with Army Intelligence in India. Roger Pearson was later head of the World Anti-Communist League during its most pro-Fascist and violent periods of anti-Communist military activity in Latin America. 4) Professor Luigi Gedda, member of P-2 the secret fascist organization in Rome, Italy 5) Professor Wesley C. George, University of North Carolina, Pioneer Fund funding recipient and frequent contributor to White Citizens's Councils publications and Right Magazine of Willis Carto and Wickliffe Draper. 6) Professor William C. Hoy, University of South Carolina Pioneer Fund funding recipient 7) Professor Robert Kuttner, Creighton University on the Liberty Lobby Board of Policy and an Editor for The American Mercury. His son, Robert B. Kuttner is a nationally syndicated columnist whose right wing predilections are foisted on the unsuspecting public without any knowledge of his father's background. 8) Professor Frank C. J. McGurk, Alabama State recipient of funding from the Pioneer Fund 9) Professor Clarence P. Oliver, University of Texas who is the brother of Dr. Revilo P. Oliver who was a Warren Commission voluntary interviewee and on the board of the pro-fascist Church of the Creator. 10) Professor Robert Osborne, University of Georgia, most likely related to Fairfield Osborne an incorporator of The Pioneer Fund who co-authored books with Nathaniel Weyl, a proto-Fascist eugenicist and a staunch believer in white supremacy causes who tried to frame Alger T. Hiss for alleged communist affiliations. Alger Hiss attributed his persecution to members of the British Cliveden Set run by Lord Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton whose brother was the host for Rudolph Hess when he parachuted into England on an isolationist mission in support of Hitler's war aims. 11) Professor K. Otto Reche, University of Vienna "...an anthropologist who later became a leading figure in planning for the 'removal' of 'inferior' populations in eastern Germany." [stefan Kühl. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994] Reche was a member of The German Society for Racial Hygiene and the Chairman of The Vienna Society for Racial Care. K. Otto Reche is the most direct linkage from IAAEE into Hitler's Master Race policies and The Nuremberg Laws. Draper himself created the controversial Supreme Court case called Buck vs. Bell (1924) heard by Oliver Wendell Holmes, which became the justification for his "involuntary sterilization" campaigns from 1924-1972 resulting in the sterilization of 75,000 individuals in dozens of states. See: "Against Their Will" a revealing series of articles by Kevin Begos in the Winston-Salem Times. 12) Helmut Reuning, NIPR, South Africa, supported apartheid policies of South African government 13) Professor Ernest van den Haag, New York University on the American Committee for Aid to the Katanga Freedom Fighters, The Charles Edison Dinner Committee (son of Thomas Alva Edison and a founder of William F. Buckley's YAF group), the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, a frequent contributor to William F. Buckley's National Review. van den Haag opposed the 1954 Supreme Court Desegregation decision on the basis that it was based on "inaccurate psychological conclusions." 14) Professor Armando Vivante, Bueno Aires, Argentina Not much is currently known about Vivante, but he was reported to have been involved with contacting and harboring escaped Nazi War Criminals in South America 15) Professor J. D. L. Hofmeyr, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Someone whose name appears often on the masthead of the racist reich in America and a rapid supporter of "apartheid policies." 16) Professor C. D. Darlington, Oxford University The IAAEE, according to the 8-page organizational description printed by Wes McCuen of Group Research, Inc. in 1969, is also closely associated with both the "Noontide Press" of Willis A. Carto and the Eagle Forum of Major Gen. Edwin A. Walker, who was identified by Jack Ruby in his Warren Commission testimony as being directly behind the murder of John F. Kennedy. "IAAEE members have written for two Noontide Press publications, Western Destiny and American Mercury, while the sole distributor for Mankind Quarterly (of Roger A. Pearson), semi-official organ for IAAEE, is Noontide. " [citation to be provided] The officers of IAAEE in 1969, included the following persons with affiliations to either The Pioneer Fund, the Liberty Lobby or related right wing extremeist organizations violently opposed to John F. Kennedy: Robert E. Kuttner - Member Board of Policy Liberty Lobby, contributing editor American Mercury. Donald A. Swan -Pioneer Fund grant recipient and Assistant Editor Mankind Quarterly Professor. Professor Swan once had his house raided and the amount of Nazi memorabilia and paraphernalia that was discovered was astounding, according to one of the arresting officers. Listed as an "Associate" of IAAEE by Wes McCuen of Group Watch, in Washington, D.C. is Attorney Sam Crutchfield, Jr. who was part of the nefarious and sinister Jesse Helms organization. He has provided legal advice to the Jesse Helms camp for years and was formerly chairman of the Virginia State Advisory Board of "Young Americans for Freedom" started by William F. Buckley, Jr., Marvin Liebman and Douglas Caddy in Connecticut. Funding for YAF came from multi-millionaires Charles Edison according to Douglas Caddy, the Georgetown roommate of Clendenin J. Ryan, Jr., and from Clendenin J. Ryan, Sr. as well. Crutchfield was also the attorney of record for the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission during the period when Wickliffe P. Draper provided secretive funding to the MSC using his J. P. Morgan trust fund account as documented by recent Pulitzer Prize winning author, Doug Blackmon in a Wall Street Journal article published on June 11, 1999. Three of the four major funds transfers from Draper to the MSC occurred either right after the assassination of Medgar Evers, Jr., in Mississippi in June 1963, just before the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, in Mobile, Alabama, in September of 1963, killing several choir girls, or just before the murders of the Freedom Riders: Chaney, Schwerner and Goodman in Philadelphia, Mississippi in June of 1964. Draper was linked to the Medgar Evers, Jr. murder via Senator James Eastland, from Mississippi, who headed up the Draper Genetics Committee for the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Evers' killer was Byron DeLa Beckwith, Senator James Eastland's nephew. [edit]Publications The group published a series of monographs that were cited in many papers on race and intelligence. In the controversial book The Bell Curve, authors Charles Murray and Richard J. Herrnstein recommend two books on race and intelligence by three Pioneer Fund recipients: Audrey Shuey, Frank C. J. McGurk, and R. Travis Osborne. McGurk is the main authority they cite in support of the idea that IQ tests are not racially biased. In 1959 McGurk and Shuey became leading members of the IAAEE.[6] [edit]References ^ Bellant, Russ (1991). Old Nazis, the New Right, and the Republican Party: Domestic fascist networks and their effect on U.S. cold war politics. South End Press, ISBN 978-0896084186 ^ Staff report (April 03, 1939). Stop Hitler. Time ^ Minton, Bruce. Washington's Cliveden set. Reprinted from New masses, Feb. 24, 1942. ^ Tucker, William H. (2002). Our Source of Funds: The Campaign against Civil Rights. in The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0-252-02762-0 ^ Stannard, David (December 12, 1997). Why Porteus Hall must be renamed. Honolulu Star Bulletin ^ Winston A. Science in the service of the far right: Henry E. Garrett, the IAAEE, and the Liberty Lobby - International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology - Experts in the Service of Social Reform: SPSSI, Psychology, and Society, 1936-1996. Journal of Social Issues, Spring, 1998.

CNP, Pioneer Fund, IAAEE and ManCand Source: http://www.seekgod.ca Introduction to The Council for National Policy (CNP) -What It Is Jun 27, 2001 July 5/2001 Jul 5, 2001 Updated Feb 7, 2006 Revised & Updated Mar 14, 2008 Stephen Harper's Speech at the CNP's June 1997 Montreal Meeting Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy Update > October 15, 2004 Oct 15, 2004 CNP's Gary North ~ On the CNP Apr 11, 2002 Selected CNP Members Biographies : Name Index Jun 1, 2001 Council for National Policy 1982-1983 Members Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy 1984-1985 Members Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy 1988 Members Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy 1996 Members revised/updated Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy 1998 Members updated Mar 14, 2008 Council for National Policy 1998 - Tyson's Corner Meeting Mar 14, 2008 CNP Executives Mar 14, 2008 Selected CNP Joint Organization/Media/Projects Index Jun 1, 2001 A - D Jun 1, 2001 E - J K - Z Jun 1, 2001 Jack Abramoff Updated Feb 8, 2006 Jack Abramoff and Tom DeLay CNP Connections Feb 14, 2006 Thomas D. DeLay Feb 14, 2006 CNP Name List By Alphabetical Listing (By Page-click Letter) Jun 1, 2001 A --Ambassador S. L. Abbott , Larry Abraham, Jack Abramoff , M. Douglas Adkins, Howard Ahmanson, Jr., Dr. Frank Aker, Honorable Barbara Alby , John Alderson, Gary Aldrich, Richard V. Allen, Daniel B. Allison II, Thomas R. Anderson, Senator John K. Andrews, Jr., Dr. John F. Ankerberg, Philip F. Anschutz, , Hon. Richard K. Armey, Ben Armstrong, Thomas K. Armstrong, Sen. William L. Armstrong, Dr. Larry P. Arnn, John M. Ashbrook, Edward G. Atsinger III FootnotesA Jun 1, 2001 B -- Dr. Theodore Baehr, Cy Bahakel, Sr, Carole Baker , Dick Baker, Terry C. Balderson, Howard A. Ball, William H. Ball Jr., Dr. David Balsiger, A. Clifford Barker, Herbert Barness, Tommy Barnett, David H. Barron, Rep. William G. Batchelder III, Hon. Gary Bauer FootnotesB Jun 1, 2001 Be --Patricia Beck, John D. Beckett, Melvin Behnke, Jeffrey Bell, Carlos Benitez, Mark A. Benson, Ray Berryman, Paul Bigham, Dr. Robert J Billings, William Billings, Morton Blackwell, Neal B. Blair, James K. Blinn, Thomas A. Bolan, John R. Bolton, Pat Boone, T. J. Bosgra , Richard Bott, Rich Bott, Dr. James C. Bowers, Lynn Francis Bouchey, L. Brent Bozell, III FootnotesBe Br Dr. David W. Breese, Dr. William "Bill" R. Bright, Floyd Brown, Robert K. Brown, Samuel A. Brunelli, Charles H. Brunie, Anita Bryant, Allen Burkett , Larry Burkett, Honorable Dan Burton, Sandra Butler FootnotesBr C -- Hon. Howard "Bo" Callaway, Jameson Campaigne, Jr., Ken Campbell, Jim Carden, Charles S. Carriker, Margo Carlisle, Alan Carlson, John W. Chalfant, ,Margaret "Peggy" Cies Michael S. Coffman, Ph.D John Commuta Guy M. Condon Robert L. Cone Peter C. Cook Holland (Holly) Coors Jeffrey Coors Joseph Coors Mrs. Judy M. Cresanta T. Kenneth Cribb Jr. Mary C. Crowley Les Csorba James C. Czirr FootnotesC Jun 1, 2001 D -- Beverly Danielson Sen. William Dannemeyer Rt. Rev. Dr. C. Truman Davis Cullen Davis Karen Davis Arnaud de Borchgrave Don DeFore Thomas D. DeLay Rich DeVos Richard M. DeVos Jr. James E. DeYoung, Jr. Richard B. Dingham Dr. James Dobson John Dodd John Doggett John T. (Terry) Dolan Elaine Donnelly Ann Drexel Arthur M. Dula Robert P. Dugan Pierre S. du Pont Richard Dunham W. Clark Durant III Alan P. Dye FootnotesD Jun 1, 2001 E -- John P. East Jack Eckerd Thomas F. Ellis Stuart Epperson Michael Etchison M. Stanton Evans FootnotesE F -- Dr. Jerry Falwell, Joseph F. Farah Michael P. Farris Dr. Edwin J. Feulner, Jr William A. Fields Father Charles Fiore Robert Fischer Peter T. Flaherty Donald Lambert Folkers Richard A. Ford Clarke D. Forsythe Peter C. Foy Ann Frazier Tracy Freeny Foster S. Friess Corinne S. Fuller FootnotesF Jun 1, 2001 G -- Willard Garvey Peter B. Gemma Jr. Kevin Gentry George F. Gilder Dr. Duane Gish Thomas Glessner Ronald P. Godwin Stephen Goodrick Alan Gottlieb Robbie Gowdey FootnotesG Jun 1, 2001 Gr -- J. Peter Grace Lt. General Daniel O. Graham Anthony Grampsas Robert Grant Jim Groen Dr. Haldeman 'Hal" W. Guffey Darryl E. Gustafson FootnotesGr H -- Rev. Ben Haden Billy Hale Colin A. Hanna Samuel A. Hardage Sara Divito Hardman Benjamin Hart Anthony Harrigan Kevin J. "Seamus" Hasson H. Preston Hawkins Richard Headrick Donna Hearne Charles C. Heath Randall Hekman Jesse Helms Harry V. Helton Carl Herbster Thomas D. Hess Rev. E.V. Hill James "Jimmy" Martin Hill Jr. Joseph K. Hilyard Roland Hinz FootnotesH Jun 1, 2001 Ho -- Hon. Donald Paul Hodel Rev. Melvin Hodges William J. "Bill" Hofer Douglas F. Hofmeister Gary Hofmeister Neal Hogan Lou Holbrook Robert P. Holding III George Holland John Holt Donald R. Howard Dr. John A. Howard Ernest B. Hueter Joan Hueter Max Hugel Robbie Hughes Herbert William Hunt Mary Reilly Hunt Nelson Bunker Hunt FootnotesHo I-J-K -- Reed Irvine Hon. Ernest J. Istook, Jr. Lorena Jaeb E. Peb Jackson Kay Cole James Gary Jarmin Terry J. Jeffers Dr. Mildred Faye Jefferson James M. Jenkins Rep. Louis (Woody) Jenkins Margaret Jenkins Willa A. Johnson Bob Jones III Rep. Hal Jones W. Daniel Jordan Michael Joyce James F. Justiss Howard Kaloogian William Kanaga Dr. C. L. "Casey" Kay Barbara Keating -Edh David Keene Rep. Jack Kemp FootnotesIJK Jun 1, 2001 Ken -- Dr. D. James Kennedy William R. Kennedy Alan Keyes William A. Keyes Paul A. Kienel Cliff Kincaid Jerry Kirk Larry Klayman Brig. General Albion W. Knight Dr. Robert H. Krieble FootnotesKen L -- Beverly LaHaye Lee LaHaye Dr. Timothy LaHaye Reed Larson Jerome M. Ledzinski Dr. Ernest W. Lefever Lewis E. "Lew" Lehrman John Lenczowski Andrew W. Lester Mark R. Levin Dr. Earl Little John Lofton Hon. Trent Lott Edward Lozick FootnotesL Jun 1, 2001 M~Mca -- Mark R. Maddoux Marlin Maddoux Marion (Mac) Magruder Carolyn Malenick Peter Marshall, Jr. Connaught (Connie) Marshner James L. Martin Christopher "Kit" Mason Richard Mason James Mather Pat Matrisciana Paul Maurer Donald S. McAlvany Ed McAteer FootnotesM Jun 1, 2001 Mc -- Thomas E. McCabe Bryan McCanless Richard F. McCarthy, Jr Norman P. McClelland James A. McClure Timothy McConville James D. McCotter Tidal W. McCoy Larry P. McDonald Roy McKasson Emanuel McLittle Hon. Edwin Meese III Major F. Andy Messing, Jr. Eugene Meyer Rev. Austin Miles James C. Miller III Tom Minnery Charles W. Missler FootnotesMc Mo -- Terry E. Moffitt Barbara Monteith Dr. Stanley Monteith Charles Moore Dr. Raymond Moore Sam Moore Thomas Slick Moorman Dr. Henry M. Morris Rev. Duane R. Motley William D. Mounger FootnotesMo N~Pa -- Senator Don Nickles David A. Noebel Grover Norquist Dr. Gary North Lt. Col. Oliver North George D. O'Neill, Jr. J. Stanley Oakes Jr. Phillip Olsen William J. Olson Ted Pantaleo J. A. "Jay" Parker Thomas G. Parker Colleen G. Parro G.N. Parrot Carmen Pate Dr. Paige Patterson Maj. General George S. Patton III FootnotesN-Pa Jun 1, 2001 Pe~Q -- Tony Perkins Robert J. Perry Howard Phillips Thomas L. Phillips Burton Yale Pines Robert M. Pittenger Theda Oates Plimpton Larry W. Poland William M. Polk Robert Poole Jim Powers Lawrence D. "Larry" Pratt Judge Paul Pressler Paul Pressler IV James S. Price Edgar Prince Elsa Prince Coy C. Privette Penny Pullen FootnotesPe-Q R -- Raymond V. Raehn Ralph E. Reed, Jr. Gerald P. Regier Thomas L. Rhodes Dr. Charles E. Rice H.L. "Bill" Richardson Richard A. Riddle Elizabeth Ridenour Lawson Ridgeway Stephen D. Ridley Isom J. Rigell Dr. Paul Craig Roberts Dr. "M.G." Pat Robertson Ronald E. Robinson James Robison George C. Roche III Thomas A. Roe Kathleen Teague [Rothschild] Howard J. Ruff Rev. R. J. Rushdoony William A. Rusher FootnotesR Jun 1, 2001 S -- Guy Sanders, Jr. William E. Saracino Richard M. Scaife Terence Scanlon Rich Scarborough Frederic (Rich) Schatz Blaine Scheideman Phyllis Schlafly Otto Scott John Scribante Lynda H. Scribante Alan Sears Ronald L. Seeley Harry G. A. Seggerman Jay A. Sekulow Duncan Sellars Hans F. Sennholz Beurt SerVaas FootnotesS Jun 1, 2001 Sh -- Frank Shakespeare Dal Shealy Richard Shoff Terry Siemans William E. Simon Major General John K. Singlaub "Father" Rev. Robert Sirico Dr. W. Cleon Skousen Mark Skousen Baker Armstrong Smith E. Roy Smith Henry J. "Bud" Smith Jim R. Smith Dr. Lowell Smith Malcolm E. Smith Jr. Victor P. Smith FootnotesSh Sn -- Geraldine (Gerry) Snyder Thomas R. Spencer, Jr. LaNeil Wright Spivy Ted Squires Scott Stanley, Jr. Darla St. Martin Mathew D. Staver, Esq. Allen Stevens Donald R. Stewart Steve Stockman Robert Stoddard John Stoos John A. Stormer W. Robert Stover Jay Strack George W. Strake, Jr Kathleen Sullivan Lt. General Gordon Sumner Jr. John H. Sununu Gaylord K. Swim FootnotesSn T~V -- John G. Talcott Jr. Dr. Lewis Tambs Hon. Helen Marie Taylor James "Jim" B. Taylor Stacy Taylor Dr. Edward Teller Robert L. Thoburn Bill Tierney Robert G. Tilton Herbert W. Titus Steven A.F. Trevino Patrick A. Trueman Timothy E. Twardowski Sherman E. Unkefer III Rev. Nathaniel A. Urshan Jon Basil Utley Harry Valentine Mike Valerio Guy Vander Jagt Balint Vazsonyi Richard Viguerie Christine Vollmer Barbara Vucanovich FootnotesT-v Jun 1, 2001 W -- Gray Wakefield Peter E. Waldron Robert Walker Henry L. Walther James G. Watt Anthony Wauterlek Winston O. Weaver Robert T. Weiner P. Craig Welch Jr. Judi Westberg -Warren Diana Weyrich Paul Weyrich Dr. Jack Wheeler James Whelan Somers H. White John W. Whitehead Faith Ryan Whittlesey Footnotes W Jun 1, 2001 Wi-Z -- Rev. Donald Wildmon Tim Wildmon Alvin Williams Dr. John Wilke James M. Wilson Thomas S. Winter Richard B. Wirthlin George Witwer Robert Wolgemuth Robert Wood Rev. Jim Woodall Carter Wrenn Carl Young Charles B. Young David Zanotti Billy Zeoli FootnotesWi-Z Conspiracies and Plots The 2005 National Religious Broadcasters (NRB) Convention With Focus On Mel Gibson's The Passion Recut Mar 6, 2005 The 2005 National Religious Broadcasters (NRB) Convention With Focus On Michael Rood Mar 6, 2005 Copyright . All articles are the sole property of SeekGod.ca and Vicky Dillen

Thomas F. Ellis - CNP President 1982-83, Executive Committee 1984-85; 1988, member 1996, 1998. Succeeded Tim LaHaye in 1982 as president of the CNP. Ellis was chairman of the National Congressional Club; principal stock-holder and a board member of the tax-exempt, non-profit Educational Support Foundation that in turn owns Jefferson Marketing. He appointed the officers and directors of Jefferson Marketing; was a "founder" of Fairness in Media, and chairman of the Coalition for Freedom, a tax-exempt foundation whose goal is to finance conservative-oriented television programs. Jefferson Marketing has absorbed most of the staff from the National Congressional Club and it has taken over such key activities as direct mail, staffed phone banks, automated telemarketing and the production and placement of commercials. 4. Former Director of Pioneer Fund. The Pioneer Fund served as a small part of "a multimillion dollar political empire of corporations, foundations, political action committees and ad hoc groups" active in 1980s (Washington Post, March 31, 1985, p. 1; A16) developed by Tom Ellis, Harry Weyher, Marion Parrott, Carter Wrenn and Jesse Helms. The Fund has served as a nexus between academic theory and practical political ideology. It's leadership, especially, Harry Weyher, Thomas F. Ellis and Marion A. Parrott are part of an interlocking set of directorates and associates linking the Pioneer Fund to Jesse Helms' high-tech political machine. Ellis, for example, simultaneously served as Chairman of the National Congressional Club and the Coalition for Freedom, co-founder of Fairness in Media, a board member of the Educational Support Foundation and Director of the Pioneer Fund. Harry Weyher, president of the Pioneer Fund served as lead counsel for Fairness in Media. 5 Recipients of Pioneer grants have included most of the leading Anglo-American academic race-scientists of the last several decades have been funded by the Pioneer, including William Shockley, Hans J. Eysenck, Arthur Jensen, Roger Pearson, Richard Lynn, J. Philippe Rushton, R. Travis Osborne, Linda Gottfredson, Robert A. Gordon, Daniel R. Vining, Jr., Michael Levin, and Seymour Itzkoff - all cited in The Bell Curve. (1)" 6 Founder of the Pioneer Fund, "Colonel Draper, as he was often called by his friends and admirers was a man searching for a way to restore an older order. Draper believed geneticists could scientifically prove the inferiority of Negros.... Under his direction, the Pioneer Fund's original charter outlined a commitment to "improve the character of the American people" by encouraging the procreation of descendants of the original white colonial stock." Draper turned more and more to academic irredentists still dedicated to white supremacy and eugenics. Most prominent among these early recruits was Henry Garrett, Chair of Psychology at Columbia University from 1941-1955. A Virginia born segregationist, Garrett was a key witness in defending segregation...Garrett helped to distribute grants for Draper and was one of the founders of the International Association for the Advancement of Eugenics and Ethnology (IAAEE) in 1959. The IAAEE brought together academic defenders of segregation in the U.S. and apartheid in South Africa. The Pioneer Fund supported the IAAEE and other institutions working to legitimising race science, including the IAAEE's journal, Mankind Quarterly..." 7 The Pioneer Fund has changed little since its inception. An article in the New York Times on December 11, 1977 characterized it as having "supported highly controversial research by a dozen scientists who believe that blacks are genetically less intelligent than whites." In the 1960s Nobel Laureate William Shockley (1910-1989), a physicist at Stanford University best known for his "voluntary sterilization bonus plan" received an estimated $188,710 from the Pioneer Fund between 1971 and 1978. Arthur Jensen, an educational psychologist, garnered more than a million dollars in Pioneer grants over the past three decades. Three years after being recruited by Shockely, Jensen published his now famous attack on Head Start in the prestigious Harvard Education Review. Jensen claimed the problem with black children was that they had an average IQ of only 85 and that no amount of social engineering would improve their performance. Jensen urged "eugenic foresight" as the only solution. (7)" 8 Roger Pearson, whose Institute for the Study of Man has been one of the top Pioneer beneficiaries over the past twenty years ($870,000 from 1981-1996) is the clearest example of the extremist ideology of the Fund's leadership...Taking account of all groups linked to Pearson, Pioneer support between 1975-1996 exceeds one million dollars - nearly ten percent of the total Pioneer grants for that period. 9 "For an overview on 'race and intelligence,' Murray and Herrnstein recommend two books by three Pioneer Fund recipients: Audrey Shuey, Frank C. J. McGurk, and R. Travis Osborne. McGurk is the main authority they cite to 'prove' that IQ tests are not racially biased. He was one of the 'scientific' mainstays of the segregationist movement in the southern US. In 1959 McGurk and Shuey became leading members of the International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics, first publisher of Mankind Quarterly 10 Other members included Senator Jesse Helms and the oil billionaire Hunt brothers. Arch-racists in the South introduced Shuey's book in court during the 1960s to argue for continuing school segregation and denying the vote to black people. University of Georgia professor Osborne also testified in court against school integration. Osborne was still, in 1992, trying to prove the long-discarded theory that brain size is somehow related to intelligence." 11 Much of The Bell Curve's racist drivel comes from Mankind Quarterly, whose principle is that the "Negroid" race is inferior to all others, and from professors funded by the pro-Nazi Pioneer Fund (PF). Behind this fascist gang stand important members of the US ruling class. Seventeen authors cited in The Bell Curve are Mankind Quarterly (MQ) contributors. Ten are former or present editors or members of its editorial advisory board. MQ's avowed purpose is to counter "Communist" and "egalitarian" influences in anthropology. From its start in 1960, its founders and funders believed that white people were genetically superior. Robert Gayre was the founder of MQ and its editor-in-chief until 1978. As a champion of South African apartheid and a member of the ultra-right Candour League of white-ruled Rhodesia, he testified in court in 1968 that black people as a group are "worthless." Other MQ contributors have included Henry Garrett of Columbia University, who wrote pamphlets for the pro-segregation White Citizens Councils; Corrado Gini, the leader of fascist Italy's eugenics movement; and Ottmar von Verschner, a leading Nazi race-scientist and academic mentor of the concentration camp butcher Joseph Mengele. The key figure in the PF network is Roger Pearson, who is close to Jesse Helms. Sam Crutchfield, a lawyer for Helms, has been the lawyer for Pearson's Institute for the Study of Man. The PF has given Pearson over $787,400, mostly for editing Mankind Quarterly and The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies. The last publishes articles by PF recipients, notably Arthur Jensen, Michael Levin, and Richard Lynn. Thomas Ellis, a PF director, is a long-time friend and campaign manager for Helms. 12 In 1958, Pearson, living in London, led the Northern League. This white-power organization included former Nazi SS officials. Willis Carto, founder of the anti-black and anti-semitic Liberty Lobby, arranged a 1959 U.S. speaking tour for him. Pearson soon moved to the U.S. to edit the neo-Nazi publication Western Destiny. In Eugenics and Race he asserted: "If a nation with a more advanced, more specialized, or in any way superior set of genes mingles with, instead of exterminating, an inferior tribe, then it commits racial suicide. " This track record won Pearson influence in Washington, DC. In 1975 he became editor of the journal of the American Security Council...Pearson also headed the U.S. chapter of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL). In 1977 he became the international chair of this nest of fascist vipers. He organized its 1978 convention, which featured two U.S. Senators as keynote speakers. Then he was exposed as having recruited open neo-Nazis to WACL, and was forced to resign. Four years later,[1982] President Reagan personally thanked Pearson for his "substantial contributions to promoting and upholding those ideals and principles that we value at home and abroad." 13 "Pearson eventually replaced Gayre as editor of The Mankind Quarterly. Pearson, more than most, saw the potential in manipulating genetics for political goals when, in 1959, he wrote Eugenics and Race. He argued that the white race is endangered by inferior genetic stock, but with proper use of modern biological technology "a new super-generation" descended from "only the fittest" of the previous generation can be produced. Whoever adopted such a scientific breeding program "would dominate the rest of the world". Moving to the United States Pearson quickly became involved in far-right politics, first editing Western Destiny and later the short-lived The New Patriot, a magazine designed to conduct "a responsible but penetrating inquiry into every aspect of the Jewish Question". It included articles such as "Zionists and the Plot Against South Africa", "Early Jews and the Rise of Jewish Money Power", and "Swindlers of the Crematoria". Despite his fascist connections, Pearson became increasingly well connected with the Republican Party and the right-wing think-tank, The Heritage Foundation. 14 "Henry Garrett, Chair of Psychology at Columbia University from 1941 to 1955. A Virginia born segregationist, Garrett was a key witness defending segregation in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. During the 1950s and 1960s, Garrett helped to distribute grants for the Pioneer Fund and was one of the founders of the International Association for the Advancement of Eugenics and Ethnology (IAAEE) in 1959. The IAAEE brought together academic defenders of segregation in the USA and apartheid in South Africa. The Pioneer Fund supported the IAAEE and other institutions working to legitimise race-science, including the IAAEE's journal, The Mankind Quarterly." 15 Roger Pearson was a writer and organizer for the Nazi Northern League of northern Europe, who in 1977 joined the editorial board of Policy Review, the monthly Heritage Foundation publication. William Shockley, Arthur Jensen and Roger Pearson, who has written that "inferior races" should be "exterminated" were funded while Tom Ellis was director on the Pioneer board. At that same time, Ellis served on the CNP's thirteen-member executive committee with Holly Coors, Paul Weyrich, and Heritage Foundation president, Edwin Feulner until June 1989. Oliver North and Reed Larson also joined the executive committee. Recall that in order to be a CNP member, a biography/resume must be submitted by a CNP member and the executive must have a unanimous vote in order for an individual to be asked to be a member. CNP's Gary North writes of the formation years of the CNP including himself with Timothy LaHaye, Terry J. Jeffers and Terry Dolan, in the article Gary North on the CNP In the United States, WACL's first chairman was Roger Pearson, a white supremacist, eugenicist and neo-Nazi. Pearson was the editor of Willis Carto's anti-Semitic rag, Western Destiny, the forerunner of the Liberty Lobby's Spotlight tabloid. By the mid 1970s, Pearson served on the editorial boards of both the Heritage Foundation 15a and the American Security Council. Pearson, who has described himself as a "mainstream conservative," boasted to an associate about his alleged role in hiding Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, the "Angel of Death" who directed Nazi "medical experiments" at the Auschwitz extermination camp. With degrees in anthropology and economics, Pearson is the author several books on eugenics. His most "popular" are Eugenics and Race and Race and Civilization. He credits Professor Hans F. K. Gunther, a Nazi racial theoretician, as the inspiration behind the latter volume. Under Pearson's tutelage, WACL added Western European chapters that were drawn from the ranks of Nazi war criminals, Third Reich collaborators, neo-Nazis and right-wing terrorists. Western European affiliates included the racist British League of Rights and Italy's Italian Social Movement (MSI). Pino Rauti, the founder of the outlawed group, Ordine Nuovo was a key WACL Western European contact.... Rauti and countless other Italian fascists including the war criminal, June Valerio "Black Prince" Borghese, and key members of the Italian general staff, were "rehabilitated" Nazi collaborators recruited by the CIA into NATO's "stay behind" anti-communist terror network, also known as "Gladio."... 15b The National Congressional Club was Jesse Helms' PAC based in Raleigh and directed by Helms' senior advisor, attorney Tom Ellis. National Congressional Club, raised $9.8 million in the 1982 election cycle. In the 1984 cycle, the club raised $5.7 million while Helms campaign committee raised $13.99 million, 16 The Club dissolved in the 1990's, with many staffers absorbed into other campaigns. The Congressional Club began after the 1972 Senate campaign, when Ellis retained Richard Viguerie (CNP) to help pay off the Helms campaign debt. Ellis and Viguerie built the Congressional Club mailing list to more than 300,000 regular contributors -- a constituency for Helms and a major financial resource within the conservative movement... Besides Viguerie, Phillips [Howard Phillips], and Dolan [ John T. (Terry) Dolan] connections, Helms is actively represented in Weyrich's [Paul Weyrich] coordinating groups. 17. Footnotes 4-17

This takes a long time to download but well worth the wait... From 1994. How did I miss this one? Mind Control, Eugenics, MK/ULTRA, Nazis and CIA Assassination Programs http://www.wlym.com/~oakland/brutish/EIRBritPsychology.pdf It is ALL RIGHT HERE FOR ANYONE TO CONNECT THE DOTS..................................................................... Start connecting................

From Eugenics to Assassination Anton Chaitkin From owner-imap@chumbly.math.missouri.edu Wed Jul 31 13:30:07 2002 Date: Tue, 30 Jul 2002 10:46:04 -0500 (CDT) From: ulrich stuart <smilicoyoti@yahoo.com> Subject: [psy-op] British psychiatry: from eugenics to assassination Article: 142974 To: undisclosed-recipients:; copied from http://www.heliophobe.com/mkultra.htm Subject: British Psychiatry & Eugenics/Assassination From: dsale@users.southeast.net (Dan Sale) Date: 1996/12/28 Message-Id: <5a3cug$acq@ns2.southeast.net> Organization: Uknown Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy,alt.illuminati British psychiatry: from eugenics to assassination By Anton Chaitkin, Executive Intelligence Review, V21 #40, [30 July 2002] A behavior control research project was begun in the 1950s, coordinated by the British psychological warfare unit called the Tavistock Institute, with the Scottish Rite Masons, the Central Intelligence Agency, and other British, U.S., Canadian, and United Nations agencies. The project became famous in the 1970s under a CIA code name, “MK-Ultra.” Its notoriety for brainwashing by drugs, hypnosis, electroshock, and other tortures caused many books to be written about the project, and the U.S. Senate conducted hearings which exposed many of its abusive features. President Gerald Ford appointed a commission headed by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, to correct the CIA's misconduct. There was a widespread anti-establishment view at the time, that here was the fox appointed to guard the hen house. The intelligence agencies offered a public rationale for the project: the need to counteract and compete with the mind-control capabilities of the communists. This was largely based on the fact that U.S. personnel held prisoner by the enemy in the Korean War had signed false confessions of crimes, and some had defected to North Korea, the apparent result of brainwashing. {The Manchurian Candidate,} a 1959 book which was made into a popular movie in 1962, reflected this rationale. It told the story of a communist plot to use a U.S. soldier brainwashed in Manchuria as a zombie-assassin, to kill the leading U.S. presidential candidate. A central theme of MK-Ultra was to attempt to control the human mind in a similar way. Threatened and accomplished assassination of political leaders has become increasingly frequent in public life since the 1960s. Just since the 1992 election campaign, for example, President Bill Clinton has been the target of at least 15 assassination threats. Many of these would-be killers, and many of the assassins of past years, had been in destructive psychiatric programs, or were members of psychiatrically manipulated cults. The present threats are the more meaningful, in the context of the British-led Whitewater scandal directed against the presidency. It is long past time for a thorough public inquiry into the assassination epidemic, whereby its relationship to the official project to {create assassins} would be fully explored. A great obstacle to clear thinking in this area has been the assumption that the U.S. government would not sponsor programs for the murder of American leaders. This logical assumption misses the point, that the overall project, including “MK-Ultra,” has been foreign-sponsored and anti-American in its purposes. We shall outline here the British background of this deeply criminal enterprise, with its roots in the political and psychiatric movement called eugenics. - 1909-13: the buildup to World War I - John D. Rockefeller created the family-run {{Rockefeller Foundation,}} in parallel with the birth of the British-inspired Federal Reserve, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1909-13 and subsequent years, Rockefeller transferred blocs of the family-owned Standard Oil Co. worth more than $300 million to the account of the foundation under its trustees who were family members, and their employees. Thus was established a global instrument for radical social change, using American money and British strategy. John D. Rockefeller had begun his oil business in the 1860s with British capital. The family's relationship to the British Empire a half-century later was centered in the person of John D. ‘s brother {{William Rockefeller,}} the president of Standard Oil of New York (later Mobil) and the founder of National City Bank (later Citibank). In 1911, brother William employed, in a private capacity through his elite social club, a high-ranking British secret intelligence service officer named Claude Dansey. As the United States prepared to ally itself in World War I with its old enemy Britain, Dansey personally reorganized the U.S. Army intelligence service into an adjunct of the British secret service. Dansey's loyal U.S. follower, {{Gen. Marlborough Churchill}} (a distant relative of Britain's Winston Churchill) soon became director of U.S. military intelligence. After World War I, General Churchill headed up the “Black Chamber,” a New York-based espionage group serving the State Department, the U.S. Army, and private New York financiers loyal to Great Britain. This same General Churchill would soon launch a medical research organization, the Macy Foundation, for the Rockefellers and British intelligence. - 1920s: the pre-Hitler era in Germany - The Rockefeller Foundation poured money into the occupied German republic for a medical specialty known as {psychiatric genetics.} This field applied to psychiatry the concepts of eugenics (otherwise known as race purification, race hygiene, or race betterment) developed in London's Galton Laboratory and its offshoot Eugenics Societies in England and America. The Rockefeller Foundation created, and foundation executives thenceforth continuously directed, the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Psychiatry in Munich (before Rockefeller sponsorship it was known as the Kraepelin Institute), and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Eugenics, and Human Heredity. The Rockefellers' chief in both these institutions was the fascist Swiss psychiatrist {{Ernst Ru@audin,}} assisted by his prote@aage@aas, Rockefeller functionaries {{Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer}} and {{Franz J. Kallmann.}} A British medical historian friendly to the Rockefellers recently explained how the family was introduced into this field in Germany@s1: The foundation's “German centers combined the search for organic signs of mental illness with eugenic projects…. The [Kraepelin] institute had initially been endowed with 11 million marks, contributed by Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach [head of the Krupp steel and arms family] and James Loeb [Paul Warburg's brother-in-law], an expatriate American of the Kuhn- Loeb banking family. Loeb mobilized his American-Jewish friends to support the institute,” and they invited the foundation to reorganize and expand the Munich enterprise. Loeb also continued financing the institute. Loeb's relatives, the Warburgs, owners of Kuhn Loeb bank, were the intimate banking partners of William Rockefeller. Together with him they had set up the Harriman family in big business, using capital supplied by the British royal family's personal banker, Sir Ernst Cassell. The three families, Rockefeller, Warburg, and Harriman, together with British Crown agencies, jointly sponsored much of the social engineering enterprise w e shall describe here. The Rockefeller Foundation made an initial grant of $2.5 million in 1925 to the Psychiatric Institute in Munich, gave it $325,000 for a new building in 1928, and continuously sponsored the institute and its Nazi chief Ru@audin through the Hitler era. The foundation paid for a 1930-35 anthropological survey of the “eugenically worthwhile population” by Nazi eugenicists Ru@audin, Verschuer, Eugen Fischer, and others. - 1930: a New Age in psychiatry - Rockefeller family psychologists and race purification experts created a medical research financing conduit, the {{ Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation,}} directed by former Black Chamber and military intelligence chief Gen. Marlborough Churchill. The Macy group would manage London's most advanced experiments in mind-control and social engineering. - 1932: Ru@audin heads Eugenics Federation - The British-led eugenics movement met at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and designated the Rockefellers' Dr. Ernst Ru@audin as the president of the worldwide Eugenics Federation. The eugenics movement at the time called for the killing or sterilization of people whose heredity made them a public burden or a national scapegoat. - Mid-1930s: Nazi eugenics in practice - Adolf Hitler was given Germany's chancellorship in 1933, and was soon absolute dictator. {{Montagu Norman,}} the occultist governor of the Bank of England, propped up Hitler's credit, arranged the armament of Nazi Germany, and guided the strategies of Hitler's powerful supporters—the Rockefellers, Warburgs, and Harrimans. Only a few months after the meeting at the American Museum of Natural History, the Rockefeller-Ru@audin apparatus became a section of the Nazi state. The regime appointed Ru@audin head of the Racial Hygiene Society. Ru@audin and his staff, as part of the Task Force of Heredity Experts chaired by SS chief Heinrich Himmler, drew up the sterilization law. Described as an American model law, it was adopted in July 1933 and proudly printed in the September 1933 {Eugenical News} (U.S.A.), with Hitler's signature. The Rockefeller group drew up other race laws, based, as was the sterilization law, on existing statutes from the Commonwealth of Virginia. Otmar Verschuer and his assistant Dr. Josef Mengele together wrote reports for special courts which enforced Ru@audin's racial purity law against the illegal cohabitation of Aryans and non-Aryans. The “T4” unit of the Hitler Chancery, based on psychiatrists led by Ru@audin and his staff, cooperated in creating propaganda films to sell mercy-killing (euthanasia) to German citizens. The public reacted antagonistically: Hitler had to withdraw a tear-jerker right-to-die film from the movie theaters. The proper groundwork had not yet been laid. - 1934: The Freemasons study madness - The {{Scottish Rite of Freemasonry}} joined the Rockefellers in sponsoring psychiatric genetics beginning in 1934, under the rubric of research into dementia praecox (schizophrenia). The highest level of U.S. masonry, the Scottish Rite was the instrument through which the British Crown had reestablished the loyalty of American masons after the American Revolution. The northern section of the Rite had rallied the Copperheads against Abraham Lincoln's Civil War efforts, aiding the Rite's southern chief Albert Pike in secession and in other British white supremacy projects, such as the Ku Klux Klan. For eugenics, the British royal family itself was the Rite's point of reference. The {{Duke of Connaught,}} son of Queen Victoria and brother of King Edward VII, had been grand master of the United Grand Lodge of England since 1901. American masonic leaders referred to the duke as “grand master of the Mother Grand Lodge of Masons of the World.” The son of a German father (Victoria's husband, the Coburg Prince Albert), the Duke of Connaught was deeply involved in German affairs and was a patron of Britain's “New Dark Ages” ultra-racialist elite group based in South Africa. Late in 1932, negotiations for Hitler's takeover of Germany took place at the home of Joachim von Ribbentrop, who, as a traveling teenager, had been adopted into the household of the Duke of Connaught. Ribbentrop then became the head of Hitler's foreign intelligence service. As Hitler's ambassador to England, Ribbentrop worked in tandem with the leadership of the clique which employed Hitler as a British surrogate to smash up Europe: the masonic grand master duke and his nephew, the openly Nazi Edward VIII; Bank of England Governor Montagu Norman; and Lord Halifax, Neville Chamberlain's foreign minister. - 1936-38: Columbia University's chamber of horrors - In 1936, the Scottish Rite's Field Representative of Research on Dementia Praecox, Dr. Nolan D.C. Lewis, director of the {{New York State Psychiatric Institute,}} reported to the Scottish Rite Northern Supreme Council “on the progress of the fourteen research projects being financed by the Supreme Council.” Scottish Rite strategist {{Winfred Overholser,}} the superintendent of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, a federal mental hospital in Washington D.C., provided overall leadership for the Rite's psychiatric research. Though these projects are shrouded in mystery, one of them with particularly gruesome results has come to light. The study of hereditary degeneracy was proceeding in the Rockefeller Foundation's German enclaves when it hit a snag. Psychiatrist Franz J. Kallmann, prote@aage@aa of Nazi race science chief Ernst Ru@audin, was forced to leave his job— Kallmann was “half-Jewish.” This was a big blow for Kallmann, who had proved his Nazi credentials at the International Congress for Population Science in Berlin in 1935. At that British-led meeting hosted by Hitler's Interior Ministry, Kallmann had argued for the sterilization of {even the apparently healthy relatives} of schizophrenics, along with the schizophrenics themselves, to securely eliminate all the defective germ plasm. Without missing a step, Kallmann emigrated to America and became director of research in the New York State Psychiatric Institute, attached to Columbia University in Manhattan. The Scottish Rite's Dr. Lewis was the director of the institute. Kallmann simply continued in New York the Nazi propaganda work he had been doing for Rockefeller in Germany. The Scottish Rite of Freemasonry paid Kallmann to conduct a study of over 1, 000 cases of schizophrenia, in order to assert the claim that the mental disorder was inherited. Kallmann's study was published simultaneously in the United States and Nazi Germany in 1938. In the preface, Kallmann thanked the Scottish Rite and his mentor Ru@audin. He called schizophrenics a “source of maladjust ed crooks … and the lowest types of criminal offenders. Even the faithful believer in liberty … would be happier without those.” He declared sarcastically, “I am reluctant to admit the necessity of different eugenic programs for democratic and fascistic communities…. There are neither biological nor sociological differences between a democratic and a totalitarian schizophrenic.” Kallmann's scholarly American study was used by the Nazi government's T4 unit as a part of its pretext to begin in 1939 the murder of mental patients and various other “defective” people, many or most of them children. Lethal gas and lethal injections were used to kill 200-250,000 under this program, in which the staffs for a broader program of mass murder were desensitized and trained. - 1939-40: the deal for Auschwitz - The German chemical company IG Farben and Rockefeller's Standard Oil of New Jersey were effectively a single firm, merged in hundreds of cartel arrangements. IG Farben was led, up until 1937 by the Warburg family, Rockefeller's partners in banking and in the design of Nazi German eugenics. Following the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939, Britain and Germany declared war on each other and World War II began. But later that month, Standard Oil executives flew to the Netherlands on a British Royal Air Force bomber and met with IG Farben executives. Standard Oil pledged to keep the merger with IG Farben going even if the United States entered the war. This was exposed in 1942 by Sen. Harry Truman's investigating committee, and President Franklin Roosevelt took hundreds of legal measures during the war to counter the Standard Oil-IG Farben cartel's supply operation for the enemy war machine. In 1940-41, IG Farben built a gigantic factory at Auschwitz in Poland, to utilize the Standard Oil-IG Farben patents with concentration camp slave labor to make gasoline from coal. The SS guarded the Jewish and other inmates and selected for killing those who were unfit for IG Farben slave labor. Standard-Germany President Emil Helfferich testified after the war that Standard Oil funds helped pay for the SS guards at Auschwitz. On March 26, 1940, six months after the Standard Oil-IG Farben meeting, European Rockefeller Foundation official Daniel O’Brian wrote to the foundation's chief medical officer Alan Gregg that “it would be unfortunate if it was chosen to stop research which has no relation to war issues.” The “non-war- related” research continued. {The Rockefeller Foundation defends its record by claiming that its funding of Nazi German programs during World War II was limited to psychiatric research.} - 1943: research in Nazi-occupied Poland - In 1943, Otmar Verschuer's assistant Josef Mengele was made medical commandant of Auschwitz. As wartime director of Rockefeller's Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Eugenics, and Human Heredity in Berlin, Verschuer secured funds for Mengele's experiments at Auschwitz from the German Research council. Verschuer wrote a progress report to the Council: “My co-researcher in this research is my assistant, the anthropologist and physician Mengele. He is serving as Hauptstu@aurmfu@auhrer and camp doctor in the concentration camp Auschwitz…. With the permission of the Reichsfu@auhrer SS Himmler, anthropological research is being undertaken on the various racial groups in the concentration camps and blood samples will be sent to my laboratory for investigation.” Mengele prowled the railroad cars coming into Auschwitz, looking for twin children—a favorite research subject of Frankenstein-type psychiatric geneticists. On arrival at Mengele's experimental station, twins filled out “a detailed questionnaire from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute.” There were daily drawings of blood for Verschuer's “specific protein” research. Needles were injected into eyes for work on eye color. There were experimental blood transfusions and experimental infections. Organs and limbs were removed, sometimes without anesthetics. Sex changes were attempted. Females were sterilized, males were castrated. Thousands were murdered, and their organs, eyeballs, heads, and limbs were sent to Verschuer and the Rockefeller group at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. After the war, Mengele was a famous target of Nazi-hunters pursuing him to South America. But his boss, Verschuer, was regarded in a different light: He was a high-level Rockefeller operative. In 1946, Verschuer wrote to the Bureau of Human Heredity in London, asking for help in continuing his “scientific research. “ In 1947, the Bureau of Human Heredity moved from London to Copenhagen, and Verschuer moved to Denmark to join the British group there. The new Danish building for this group was erected with Rockefeller money. The first International Congress in Human Genetics following World War II was held at this Danish institute in 1956. Dr. Kallmann helped save Verschuer by testifying at his denazification proceedings. Kallmann, a director of the American Eugenics Society, became an icon at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, which remains to this day a nest of the Eugenics Society. With Verschuer and other Nazi notables, Dr. Kallmann also created the American Society of Human Genetics, which organized the “Human Genome Project”—a current $3 billion physical multiculturalism effort. - 1943: research in North America - With the war on, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Canadian military joined their psychiatric forces. Canadian Army medical director Dr. George Brock Chisholm had been trained as a psychiatrist at the {{Tavistock Psychiatric Clinic}} in London, and Tavistock—the British Crown's central mind-bending agency— was a major Rockefeller Foundation beneficiary. In 1943, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Allen Memorial Institute at McGill University in Montreal. Eugenics- oriented psychiatrist {{Donald Ewen Cameron,}} a Scottish immigrant to the United States, was placed in charge of the institute's psychiatry. Experiments in coercive interrogation and brainwashing would be conducted at Allen Institute under the auspices of the Canadian military, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. Dr. Cameron's “terminal” use of electric shock as a brain-burning torture, psychosurgery, and brainwashing with drugs and hypnosis would make the Canadian program the most famous apsect of the CIA's MK- Ultra. Meanwhile, in Washington, D.C., a new odor, that of marijuana, could be detected inside St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C. (St. Elizabeth's is the mental hospital where presidential assailants or other federal cases are kept.) The superintendent, Scottish Rite chief psychiatrist Winfred Overholser, was in 1943 the chairman of the misnamed “truth drug” committee for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The criminal underworld was systematically being brought into official but secret joint activities with the government, under the pretext of fighting fascism. Overholser's crew administered the hallucinogen mescaline to various test subjects. Then in the spring of 1943, they perfected the right mix of marijuana and tobacco to produce a “state of irresponsibility” in the subject. The official OSS story is that New York mafia hitman August Del Gracio began smoking Overholser's “joints” on May 27, 1943, in order to loosen his tongue. Federal agents were thus supposedly to learn the inside secrets of drug trafficking—but not to stop it. This was part of an ongoing federal program, which organized crime czar Meyer Lansky boasts (in his authorized biography) that he personally arranged. Mafia thugs were brought in to work in Naval Intelligence offices, and jointly with U.S. agents in U.S. ports and shipping, to more effectively intimidate our national enemies. Former CIA staff member John Marks writes in {The Search for the Manchurian Candidate} that Overholser's working group included counterintelligence agents inside the Manhattan Project atomic bomb project, and the FBI, which was under the direction of Dr. Overholser's Scottish Rite comrade, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. The Overholser group gave marijuana to U.S. soldiers at Army bases throughout the country, supposedly to aid in the search for subversives. Later, during the 1950s and 1960s, the strategists of the MK- Ultra project would utilize the same channels of influence with U.S. security agencies to let them transform a generation of youth into dope users. 1944-48: after Nazism, the International Congress on Mental Health In 1944, with the concentration camps in full swing and Europe burning, Montagu Norman resigned from the Bank of England. He immediately began a new project, ironically related to his own repeated mental breakdowns and hospitalizations. Norman organized the British {{National Association for Mental Health.}} In its formative stages the group was based at Thorpe Lodge, Norman's London home, where he had met with Nazi Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht to plan the Hitler regime's 1930s budgets. Montagu Norman's Bank of England assistant Otto Niemeyer was made treasurer of the National Association of Mental Health. Niemeyer's niece, Mary Appleby, became general secretary of the association. She previously worked in the German Section of the British Foreign Office. The president of Norman's association was to be Richard Austen (“RAB”) Butler. He had been deputy foreign minister to Lord Halifax and the spokesman in the British Parliament for the pro-Nazi policy. The chairman of the association was to be be Lord Halifax's son-in-law, the Earl of Feversham. The vice chairman was Lord Montagu Norman's wife, eugenics activist Priscilla Reyntiens Worsthorne Norman. Norman's British group would soon expand and to take over management of the world psychiatric profession. When the war ended, the exposure and punishment of those responsible for the Nazi barbarities was a rather delicate matter. Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron interrupted his Canadian brain butchery to go help the British Crown's Tavistock psychological warfare unit evaluate the sanity of Nazi official Rudolph Hess. Cameron's unique insights into the Nazi mentality had made him a valued part of a secret wartime psychiatric committee in Washington to assess the trends in the Nazi leadership's thinking. Cameron now testified as an expert at the Nuremberg war crimes trials. His old OSS colleague {{Allen Dulles,}} later the CIA director, was reportedly pleased by Cameron's suggestion that each surviving German over the age of 12 should be given electroshock treatment to burn out remaining vestiges of Nazism. That part of the Nuremberg Code dealing with scientific research was drafted by Boston psychiatrist Leo Alexander; he soon afterward joined with Auschwitz experimental mastermind Otmar Verschuer in Franz Kallmann's American Society of Human Genetics. In 1948, Montagu Norman's National Association for Mental Health gathered the world psychiatric and psychological leaders together at an {{International Congress on Mental Health}} at the United Kingdom's Ministry of Health in London. At this congress, a {{World Federation for Mental Health}} was formed, to run the planet's psychological services. Lady Norman, the hostess of the congress, was named to the executive board. Norman picked as president of the World Federation the chief of the British military's psychological warfare department, Tavistock Institute chief {{Brig. Gen. Dr. John Rawlings Rees.}} In connection with the founding of the World Federation for Mental Health, a New York agent of Montagu Norman named Clarence G. Michalis was made chairman of the board of the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. That foundation, in turn, would pay for much of what the World Federation and Tavistock were to do to the United States—supplying dope and otherwise subverting western ideals. The Macy Foundation's chief medical officer, Dr. Frank Fremont- Smith, would be the permanent co-director of the World Federation with J.R. Rees. The technical coordinator of the U.S. delegation to the 1948 congress, Nina Ridenour, later wrote in {Mental Health in the United States: A Fifty Year History,} that “the World Federation for Mental Health … had been created upon the recommendation of the United Nations' {{World Health Organization}} and {{Unesco}}, because they needed a non-governmental [i.e., not accountable to any check of law or constitution—ed.] mental health organization with which they could cooperate.” Ridenour alluded to the fact that the British psychological warfare executive had itself created the heart of the U.N. apparatus: “Having official consultive status with the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies, the World Federation for Mental Health is in a position to influence some of the U.N.'s decisions and some aspects of its program. The two U.N. agencies with which the World Federation works most closely are the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organzation (Unesco). “The first director of WHO, and indeed quite literally its ‘creator,’ was a prominent Canadian psychiatrist, Brock Chisholm, M.D., formerly director general of the Canadian Army Medical Services. Since its inception, WHO has made significant contributions to world mental health through the reports of its various Expert Committees; through some of its other special reports, such as the notable monograph {Mental Health and Maternal Care} by [Tavistock's] John Bowlby, M.D.; and through the widespread activities of its Mental Health Division, of which the British psychiatrist Ronald C. Hargreaves was the first director.” Unesco's partnership with Rees was guided by Unesco's founding secretary general, eugenics strategist {{Sir Julian Huxley,}} and by Unesco social sciences chief Dr. Otto Klineberg, a Tavistock-affiliated psychologist specializing in the supposedly racial characteristics of the American Negro. The congress, which in effect founded the modern “mental health” profession, brought together one of the most exotic collection of enemies of humanity in recent centuries. Its vice presidents included: {{Prof. Cyril Burt:}} Tavistock psychiatrist, eugenics activist, a leader of the “psychical research” movement (seances, ESP, ghosts), who was notorious for fraudulent “twins” research; {{Dr. Hugh Chrichton-Miller:}} founder of the Tavistock Clinic; vice president of the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich; vice president, National Association for Mental Health; {{Dame Evelyn Fox:}} a longtime leader of the British eugenics movement (Lady Norman was a disciple of Dame Evelyn); {{Sir David Hen derson:}} psychiatrist in London, Munich, and New York; author of {Psychiatry and Race Betterment}; {{Lord Thomas Jeeves Horder:}} president of the Eugenics Society of Great Britain; president of the Family Planning Association; president of the Anglo-Soviet Public Relations Association; former physician to King Edward VIII; {{Carl G. Jung:}} occultist; psychiatrist to Montagu Norman, Paul Mellon, and the Dulles family; representative of German psychiatry under the Nazis, co-editor of the Nazis' {Journal for Psychotherapy}; {{Dr. Winfred Overholser:}} representative of the Scottish Rite Masons; chairman of the American delegation to the International Congress on Mental Health; {{Alan Ker Stout:}} University of Sydney, Australia, philosophy professor, president of the New South Wales Film Society, officer of Unesco for films; {{Dr. Alfred Frank Tredgold:}} member of Britain's Ministry of Health Committee on Sterilization and a leading expert on mental defectives. The congress was run by the host British “National Association,” whose patron was the Duchess of Kent, widow of the Grand Master of Masons (1939-42) and mother of the Grand Master of Masons (1967 to the present), and whose vice presidents were eugenics and masonic officials. The general conference at the congress was on the subject of {guilt,} including the crucial plenary session on alleged German collective guilt for the crimes of Nazism. The first speaker was {{Margaret Mead,}} anthropologist, occultist, who would be president of the World Federation for Mental Health in 1956 and 1957, during the MK-Ultra crimes. The “Chairman for Discussion” of this plenary was Scottish Rite strategist Winfred Overholser. In his opening remarks, Overholser said: “I understand that a vocal minority in the press does not agree with the wisdom of having such a meeting, but we feel there is great hope for the future if the principles of mental hygiene can be translated into terms of international action.” NOTES 1 “The Rockefeller Foundation and German Biomedical Sciences, 1920-1940: Educational Philanthropy to International Science Policy” by Paul Weindling in the book {Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honour of Margaret Gowing,} London, Macmillan Press, 1988. 1950s: MK-Ultra The outrages perpetrated by Ewen Cameron became the most notorious aspect of the postwar Anglo-American mind-control program. Cameron had trained at the Royal Mental Hospital in Glasgow, under eugenicist Sir David Henderson, and founded the Canadian branch of his friend John R. Rees's World Federation for Mental Health. In the various member countries and subdivisions, these channels of British intelligence operations are known as the national, provincial, or state {{Mental Health Associations.} } Cameron was also elected president of the Canadian, American, and world psychiatric associations. He became famous after the CIA was sued by some survivors of his work—because the CIA had financed the tortures. Cameron would drug his victims to sleep for weeks on end, waking them daily only to administer violent electric shocks to the brain. He used the British Page-Russell electroconvulsive method, an initial one-second shock, then five to nine additional shocks, administered while the patient was in seizure. But he increased the normal voltage and the number of sequences from one to two or three times per day. Patients lost all or part of their memories, and some lost the ability to control their bodily functions and to speak. At least one patient was reduced almost to a vegetable; then Cameron had the coginitve centers of her brain surgically cut apart, while keeping her alive. Some subjects were deposited permanently in institutions for the hopelessly insane. For the CIA, Cameron tested the South American poison called curare, which kills a victim while simulating natural heart failure. But Cameron claims to have used it only in non-lethal doses to further immobilize his subjects while they were kept in sensory deprivation tortures for as long as 65 days. Then they would be given lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) for “programmable” hallucinations. When the subject was sufficiently devastated, Cameron and his assistant, a veteran of the British Royal Signals Corps, would begin “Psychic Driving”: Through a loudsp eaker hidden under the pillow, or through unremovable earphones, they would play a tape over and over again to burn certain phrases into what was left of the victim's memory. The CIA was found to have financed these horrors, as well as ghastly experiments in other locations, using a front called the Society for the Study of Human Ecology. (The society gave a grant for a study of the effects of circumcision on young Turkish boys, the grantees to be in Istanbul, studying five to seven year olds and their problems with their genitals. It is claimed that this was intended to give a cover to the CIA front as a real academic organization.) - The question of sponsorship - But the authorship of this enterprise cannot reasonably be assigned to the CIA, per se. Even before we review other agencies' direct involvement, we must understand that the CIA chief during MK-Ultra, Allen Dulles, was thoroughly attached to British Empire geopolitical aims. Introduced to British spies by his uncle Robert Lansing, Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state, Dulles had had a strong personal identification since childhood with the British Secret Intelligence Service. The Dulles family's upper class-status in America began when ancestor William Dulles arrived in South Carolina from India. With a fortune made in India by providing financial and security services for the British East India Company army, he bought a slave plantation which the family held through the American Civil War. The family's mental life was always that of the British Empire and its American colonial subordinates. Allen Dulles's main corporate activity was as a director of the J. Henry Schroder banking company in London, a prime instrument in Montagu Norman's nazification of Germany. As partners in the Sullivan and Cromwell firm, Allen Dulles and his brother John Foster Dulles represented the Rockefeller-Harriman- Warburg combination, I.G. Farben, and virtully every other Nazi corporate organization that danced on London's marionette strings. It was disclosed that for MK-Ultra, particularly for the experimental use and distribution of LSD, the CIA operated through another front, the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. But the geometry of the “front” really worked the other way around. The Macy Foundation represented the British psychological warfare executive, as extended into U.S. and related institutions. In the midst of launching MK-Ultra, during 1954-55, the Macy Foundation's medical director Frank Fremont-Smith was president of British General Rees's World Federation of Mental Health. Under Rees as the director, the two together “made a journey to a number of countries in Asia and Africa to establish contacts and seek ways in which th e organziation may extend its activities in those regions.” Through official military and intelligence conferences over which it presided, and through various informal and secret operations, the Macy Foundation directed the spread of LSD by U. S. agencies during the 1950s. The Macy Foundation's chief LSD executive, {{Harold Abramson, }} was a psychiatric researcher at Columbia University and at the eugenics center in Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. It was Abramson who first “turned on” Frank Fremont-Smith. Abramson also gave LSD for the first time to British anthropologist Gregory Bateson, sometime husband of Margaret Mead. Then in 1959, Bateson gave LSD to Beat poet Alan Ginsburg at Stanford University, under controlled experimental conditions. Following this, Dr. Leo Hollister at Stanford gave LSD to mental patient turned author Ken Kesey and others, and thus it was said to have spread “out of the CIA's realm.” - Masonic ‘charity’ - Other parts of the U.S. government participated in the project exposed as MK-Ultra. The Army Chemical Center paid for LSD and related drug brainwashing experiments by {{Dr. Paul Hoch.}} Along with Nazi eugenics leader Franz Kallmann, Hoch co-directed the research at Columbia University's New York State Psychiatric Institute. Dr. Hoch was a member of the American Eugenics Society, in Kallmann's eugenics cell at the institute. Hoch was simultaneously appointed State Mental Hygiene Commissioner by New York Gov. Averell Harriman, and was reappointed by the next governor, Nelson Rockefeller. Dr. Hoch's forced injections of a mescaline derivative brought about the 1953 death of New York tennis player Harold Blauer. Hoch's colleague Dr. James Cattell later told investigators, “We didn’t know whether it was dog piss or what it was we were giving him.” When Hoch died, British brain butcher Ewen Cameron directed his funeral. Dr. Hoch, a Scottish Rite masonic strategist, worked with Dr. Kallman under the direction of Scottish Rite Freemasonry's Field Representative of Research on Dementia Praecox, Dr. Nolan D.C. Lewis, the superintendent of the New York State Psychiatric Institute. As the Ku Klux Klan has been the defining project for the Scottish Rite's Southern Jurisdiction, the Rite's Northern Jurisdiction left its official mark on the world through MK- Ultra—its most important “charity.” Much of the psychiatric dirty work, though, has been done inside the Rite's KKK-spawning Southern Jurisdiction, which includes all southern states and everything west of the Mississippi River. {{Robert Hanna Felix,}} 33rd degree mason, was a director of the Scottish Rite's psychiatric research. He ran a spectacularly lawless brainwashing establishment. The exposure of the MK-Ultra scandal revealed that the CIA had funded one Dr. Harris Isbell to carry out barbarous experiments using slave subjects, nearly all of them black drug addicts, at the {{Addiction Research Center}} in Lexington, Kentucky. Isbell was the director of the cen ter from the 1940s until 1963. His boss was masonic master psychiatrist Felix, who founded the {{National Institute of Mental Health}} and was NIMH director from 1949 to 1964. The Lexington facility had been Dr. Felix's personal project since he had been its clinical director in the 1930s, and he put it under the jurisdiction of the NIMH. The Felix-Isbell slave experiments involved LSD and a wide variety of other hallucinogens and exotic poisons. In one case, seven prisoners were kept hallucinating on LSD for 77 consecutive days. The torture at Lexington followed the pattern developed by Cameron in Montreal: Drug-induced sleep was interrupted by electroconvulsive shock. Cooperative subjects were rewarded with shots of heroin or any other drug of their choice. And for mental health, the masonic administration encouraged the prisoners to participate in synthetic religious and political cults. Felix's program was not simply to make humans into controllable beasts, but to decentralize the zombie- manufacturing. A 1993 report to the Scottish Rite Supreme Council by its current psychiatric research director, Steven Matthysse, explains: “Thirty years ago, a massive program began, which has continued unabated to this day: the deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill…. My predecessor as research director of the Schizophrenia Research Program, Dr. Robert H. Felix, 33 Degree, Gourgas medalist and the founding director of the National Institute of Mental Health, was one of the chief architects of this program. ‘We are entering a new era,’ he wrote, ‘of community-centered, comprehensive psychiatric care.’… Dr. Felix predicted that, in 25 years, ‘State mental hospitals as we know them would no longer exist.’ He was right…. During the years from 1955 to 1992, the state mental hospital census went down by 82%.” The strategists of MK-Ultra succeeded in moving the mentally ill out of costly mental hospitals, onto the streets, where they now consitute a large proportion of America's homeless. We shall now see what kind o f “community-centered psychiatric care” these strategists did in fact implement, as Britain's MK-Ultra poured drugs into the country and worked to fabricate the drug- sex youth culture. {{Seymour Solomon Kety}} was both an executive of the Scottish Rite's psychiatry experiments, and a Scottish Rite- funded clinical experimenter. He was chief of NIMH clinical sciences from 1957 through 1967, and continued as the NIMH “senior scientist” into the 1990s. A close associate of the Kallmann Nazi-eugenics cell at Columbia, Kety was a national director of the American Eugenics Society, under its 1980s name, the Society for the Study of Social Biology. Kety helped lead the masons' U.S. agency, the NIMH, beyond the Kentucky experiments, to the brink of Hell. - Manchuria in California? - As Carol Greene has demonstrated in her 1992 book {Mo@aurder aus der Retorte: Der Fall Charles Manson,} ({Test-Tube Murder: The Case of Charles Manson}) {{Charles Manson,}} before he committed mass murder, was himself an NIMH “research subject.” Manson was released from a California prison in March 1967. He was required by law to report regularly to a parole officer named Roger Smith, who was based at the Haight-Ashbury Medical Clinic in San Francisco. This was an NIMH project designed to observe and in effect supervise the first large-scale drug addiction of white teenagers, thousands of whom were the clinic's clients. Clinic director David E. Smith was also the publisher of the {Journal of Psychedelic Drugs,} and a leading national advocate for the legalized use of narcotics. Within the clinic arrangement, Charles Manson's parole officer was officially commissioned to scientifically investigate the effects that various kinds drugs had on addicts served by the NIMH clinic. David Smith also collaborated with another NIMH project: a behavioral study of children in communes. He was an expert on the breeding of violent anti-social characters in the mind-crushing environment of the hippie or cult commune. Parole officer Roger Smith remained on Manson's case after he was no longer his parole officer, as an adviser and observer of the increasingly insane man. Charles Manson took up with a British-origin satanic killer cult called {{The Process—Church of the Final Judgment,}} a spin-off from Scientology. When he started with The Process is not clear, but there are some reports that it was in that summer of 1967. Its British founders had put the U.S. headquarters of the cult into the Haight-Ashbury section, two blocks from where Manson was living, and they recruited from among the “flower children” for the jobs of drug-running, assassination, and race riots. {{David Berkowitz,}} convicted in the New York “Son of Sam” serial murders, was an initiate of The Process. Manson is most widely known for his communal Family, which carried out the satanic Tate-LaBianca murders. But here we note that Lynette “Squeaky” Fromme, who became the head of the Family after Manson was arrested in October 1969, was herself imprisoned for the 1975 attempted assassination of U.S. President Gerald Ford. Another associate of the Manson Family, Sarah Jane Moore, was also imprisoned for a failed assassination attempt on President Ford. Had either been successful, Nelson Rockefeller would have become President. There is a certain psychiatric agency, the {{American Family Foundation,}} which exists officially to guard the public from injurious cults. AFF is the mother organization for the so-called {{Cult Awareness Network}} (CAN). {{Dr. Louis Jolyon West}} is a director of AFF. An expert in brainwashing for the Air Force and the CIA, West first achieved fame from his MK-Ultra feat—he injected LSD-25 into an elephant and killed it. West researched “the psychology of dissociated states” for the CIA, using LSD and hypnosis. His friend {{Aldous Huxley}} suggested to Dr. West during an MK-Ultra experiment that West hypnotize his subjects prior to administering LSD, in order to give them “post-hypnotic suggestions aimed at orienting the drug-induced experience in some desired direction.” Dr. West was called upon by the government to examine Jack Ruby, who had killed Lee Harvey Oswald before Oswald could stand trial for his alleged role in the assassination of President John Kennedy. West declared Ruby to be in a “paranoid state manifested by delusions, visual and auditory hallucinations, and suicidal impulses.” Ruby was convicted in 1964, but conveniently died in 1967 while awaiting what could have been a revealing re- trial. Dr. West lived in Haight-Ashbury during the summer of 1967, to study the hippies. In the 1970s, West became famous again for his plans to create a Center for the Study and Reduction of Violence. Its staff was to investigate the genetics and biochemistry of their prisoners, including “hyperkinetic children,” whose every m otion would be electronically monitored by Orwellian guards. Though backed by Gov. Ronald Reagan, the plan was defeated. {{Rabbi Maurice Davis}} is another “expert” guarding America from cults as a director of the American Family Foundation. Davis worked at the NIMH Lexington Addiction Research Center as a chaplain, serving the slave victims of the MK-Ultra drug experiments as they were brought into cult participation. Rabbi Davis then moved to Indianapolis and sponsored the career of {{Rev. Jim Jones,}} whose followers were murdered with poisoned Kool-Aid in Guyana. The bulk of the start-up financing for the American Family Foundation was channelled through a New York law firm running two funding satellites of the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. The same law firm was the legal representative of The Process—Church of the Final Judgment. The Process Church employs neo-Nazi themes, as do other British-origin movements such as the Satanists associated with California's Anton Lavey and Col. Michael Aquino. Charles Manson's swastika tatoo attests to this. Many of the psychotic potential presidential assassins have been “neo-Nazis.” These include Ronald Reagan's deeply brainwashed assailant John Hinckley, and some of those who have threatened President Clinton. To help turn up the possible source for this curious zombie pattern, we review the case of NIMH leader Seymour Kety—as of recent report the chairman of the Professional Advisory Section of the Scottish Rite Masons' Schizophrenia Research program. This is the Dr. Kety who, with his NIMH predecessor Dr. Felix, helped shape the programs that made Charles Manson a satanic beast. A Scottish Rite brochure reports on the meetings of the Rite's Grand Commander and Supreme Council with their psychiatrists to plan for the future. The brochure explains that Dr. Kety “can trace his interest in the genetics of schizophrenia to a report by Dr. Franz Kallmann at one of these meetings years ago. Dr. Kety's own genetic studies have become landmarks in the field, as the firs t convincing demonstration of an inherited factor.” Not the first, perhaps, because Kallmann provided Adolf Hitler with “convincing” pretexts to exterminate mental patients. - The official assassination program - The ambiguous rationale for the MK-Ultra program was the search for the Manchurian Candidate: to study, emulate, and counterbalance communist programs which brainwash people who could be dangerous to our national security. These programs were secret, and masses of MK-Ultra records were destroyed. But some aspects of the program's direct testing have been divulged. CIA executive Morse Allen worked at creating killers under hypnosis on and around Feb. 19, 1954. The CIA planned early in 1954 to hypnotize a man they considered disposable, to get him to make an assassination attempt, be arrested for attempted murder, and be “thereby disposed of.” A CIA hypnosis study was done by Alden Sears at the University of Minnesota and was moved by Sears to the University of Denver, Colorado. Sears worked to answer the question, “Could a hypnotist induce a totally separate personality? CIA counterintelligence chief {{James Jesus Angleton,}} a leader of the British intelligence faction in the American intelligence community, established three goals for the hypnosis program: 1) to induce hypnosis very rapidly in unwitting subjects; 2) to create durable amnesia; and 3) to implant durable and operationally useful post-hypnotic suggestion. A test of rapid hypnosis took place in July 1963. The counterintelligence staff in Washington, D.C. asked the CIA station in Mexico City to find a suitable candidate for a rapid induction experiment. The station proposed a low-level agent, whom the Soviets had apparently doubled. A counterintelligence man flew in from Washington and a hypnotic consultant arrived from California. The experiment was said to have misfired. According to CIA hypnosis expert Milton Klein, creating a hypnotized “patsy” is easier than making a totally controlled Manchurian Candidate. The patsy can be induced by hypnosis to do things which later show up as circumstantial evidence that will get him falsely blamed for a crime. Klein has claimed he can create a patsy in three months; a full-scale Manchurian Candidate tak es six months. - Strange deaths: Frank Olson and Philip Graham - An important part of the MK-Ultra story was the violent death of Dr. Frank Olson. In November 1953, the project's CIA personnel gave LSD to Olson, an executive of the Army Chemical Corps' Special Operations Division, without warning him. Olson became psychotic and paranoid, so the agency took Olson to New York to see Harold Abramson, the British Crown's LSD pusher, who had “top secret” CIA clearance. When Abramson was no help, Olson agreed to enter { {Chestnut Lodge,}} a Rockville, Maryland sanitarium whose psychiatrists were in Abramson's category for the security of the MK-Ultra project—“top secret” cleared. But the night before he was to enter Chestnut Lodge, Olson allegedly jumped to his death from a hotel window. Olson's death eventually became a scandal which helped break open of the entire MK-Ultra scandal. A decade later, President John F. Kennedy was pressing ahead with the Apollo space program, which he promised would put a man on the Moon within a decade. Philip Graham, the owner/publisher of the {Washington Post} and {Newsweek,} met as an adviser and friend every week with the President and his brother, Attorney General Bobby Kennedy. Graham was an ardent champion and strategist of the space program, and of the President's policy of achieving peace by developing overwhelming technological superiority. Graham wrote a {Newsweek} column defending French President Charles de Gaulle and attacking Britain and elements in the U.S. government who took the British line. Graham's wife Katharine and her Anglophile family despised and mocked Kennedy's emphasis on progress, and demanded U.S. disarmament. Graham separated from his wife and sued for divorce. In January 1963, Graham delivered a speech to a national publishers' meeting in Arizona, attacking the news media as toadies and sycophants. Leslie Farber, a New Age psychiatrist from MK-Ultra's Chestnut Lodge, flew out on a military jet. Graham was wrestled to the ground, drugged into a stupor, and flown back to Maryland, where his wife had obtained a cou rt order for his commitment to Chestnut Lodge. He was apparently released after 10 days or so. In June 1963, Graham was somehow put back into Chestnut Lodge. On Aug. 3, he was released into the custody of his estranged wife. That afternoon, he was found shot to death. His will was declared void on the grounds of insanity, and his widow, Katharine Graham, gained control of the {Washington Post} and {Newsweek.} Three months later, President Kennedy was assassinated. The { Washington Post,} the main newspaper in the national capital, did not pursue the question of who had murdered the U.S. President, but left it to the Warren Commission to decide. - The assassins' goals - Back in 1961, at the height of MK-Ultra, the NIMH, led by masonic high priest Robert Felix, had created an elite group of biologists, behavioral psychologists, chemists, pharmacologists, neuropsychologists, and psychiatrists. This 150-member {{American College of Neuropsychopharmacology}} comprised many of most important MK-Ultra participants. An inner group of the college, the Study Group for the Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on Normal Humans, held a conference in 1967 to outline the desired course for the United States to the year 2000. This conference was reported on by two MK-Ultra leaders: {{ Dr. Wayne O. Evans,}} director of the U.S. Army Military Stress Laboratory in Natick, Massachusetts; and {{Nathan Kline,}} a eugenics fanatic and research psychiatrist for Columbia University, who had set up voodoo-oriented psychological clinics in Haiti in conjunction with “Papa Doc” Duvalier. The preface to the Evans-Kline report said the group “concluded that the present breadth of drug use may be almost trivial when we compare it to the possible numbers of chemical substances that will be available for the control of selective aspects of man's life in the year 2000…. “The American culture … [is] moving toward a ‘sensate society.’… A greater emphasis is being placed on sensory experience and less upon rational or work-oriented philosophies. Such a philosophical view, coupled with the means to separate sexual behavior from reproduction or disease, will undoubtedly enhance sexual freedom…. “It seems … obvious that the youth of today are no longer afraid of either drugs or sex. Again, the philosophers and spokesmen for the avant-garde advocate the personal sensory experience as the {raison d’e@aftre} of the coming generation. Finally, we are moving into an age in which meaningful work will be possible only for a minority: In such an age, chemical aphrodisiacs may be accepted as a commonplace means to occupy one's time. It will be interesting to see if the public morality of the next 30 years will change as much as it has in the last 30. “If we accept the position that human mood, motivation, and emotion are reflections of a neurochemical state of the brain, then drugs can provide a simple, rapid, expedient means to produce any desired neurochemical state that we wish. “The sooner that we cease to confuse scientific and moral statements about drug use, the sooner we can rationally consider the types of neurochemical states that we wish to be able to provide for people.” This is the historical thinking of the British strategists who want to destroy the U.S. presidency and the American republic. And this is the criminal apparatus with which they have equipped themselves to do it. For further reading Samuel Harrison Baynard, Jr., {History of the Supreme Council, 33 Degree, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America,} Vol. II, Boston, 1938, published by the Supreme Council. {The Campaigner,} April 1974: L. Marcus, “The Real CIA—The Rockefellers' Fascist Establishment,” and M. Minnicino, “Low Intensity Operations: The Reesian Theory of War.” May 1974: Peter Cuskie, “The Shaping of the Anglo-American SS by War,” and Richard Freeman, “Rockefeller's Fascist Labor Policies.” Photocopies available from Ben Franklin Booksellers, Inc., 1-800- 453-4108. Anton Chaitkin, “Franklin Witnesses Implicate FBI and U.S. Elites in Torture and Murder of Children,” {The New Federalist,} Dec. 13, 1993. Anton Chaitkin, “Cairo Population Conference Repeats 1932 Nazi Planning Meeting,” {EIR,} April 29, 1994. Franz J. Kallmann, {The Genetics of Schizophrenia: A Study of Heredity and Reproduction in the Families of 1087 Schizophrenics, } New York: 1938. Stefan Kuhl, {The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism,} New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. and Anton Chaitkin, {Bring Down the Pike Statue Now: Why the KKK National Monument Must Fall,} 1993, published by {The New Federalist,} P.O. Box 889, Leesburg, Va. 22075. Bernhard Schreiber, {The Men Behind Hitler: A German Warning to the World,} France: La Hay-Mureaux, ca. 1975), English edition supplied by H. and P. Tadeusz, 369 Edgewere Road, London W2. A copy of this book is held by Union College Library, Syracuse, N. Y. Jeffrey Steinberg, “30 Years of Menticide,” {EIR,} Oct. 6, Oct. 20, and Nov. 3, 1989. Webster Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin, {George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography,} Washington, D.C.: EIR, 1992, consult expecially chapters 1-4. Carol White and Brian Lantz, “Satan's Helpers: Nazi Doctors in America,” {EIR,} Oct. 6, 1989.

Books.Google.com Harry Anslinger ManCand The search for the "Manchurian candidate": the CIA and mind control‎ - Page 89 John D. Marks - Political Science - 1979 - 242 pages Always careful to observe bureaucratic protocol, Gottlieb first approached Harry Anslinger, the longtime head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, ... Snippet view - About this book - Add to my library - More editions The protectors: Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930 ...‎ - Page 216 John C. McWilliams - History - 1990 - 251 pages Although Anslinger was not as actively involved in MK ULTRA as White, ... see Marks, Search For the Manchurian Candidate, 26-33; and Martin A. Lee and Bruce ... Snippet view - About this book - Add to my library - More editions Mind Programming: From Persuasion and Brainwashing, to Self-Help and ...‎ Eldon Taylor - Body, Mind & Spirit - 2009 - 360 pages ... DC, along with a research team composed of Harry J. Anslinger, ... The Manchurian Candidate This early history in psychological warfare is fertile ... Limited preview - About this book - Add to my library Altered states of America: outlaws and icons, hitmakers and hitmen‎ - Page 116 Richard Stratton - True Crime - 2005 - 373 pages ... John Marks, who wrote The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and ... drug agent with the Federal Bureau of Narcotics under Harry Anslinger. ... Limited preview - About this book - Add to my library Global crime connections: dynamics and control‎ - Page 29 Frank Pearce, Michael Woodiwiss - Social Science - 1993 - 269 pages DC Kinder, 'Bureaucratic Cold Warrior: Harry J. Anslinger and Illicit Narcotics ... J. Marks, The Search for the 'Manchurian Candidate': The CIA and Mind ... Snippet view - About this book - Add to my library - More editions Chilling out: the cultural politics of substance consumption, youth and drug ...‎ Shane J. Blackman - Social Science - 2004 - 227 pages ... while Harry Anslinger agreed to lend a number of senior officers to the CIA ... John Marks (1979), in his study The Search for the Manchurian Candidate, ... Limited preview - About this book - Add to my library - More editions Conspiranoia!: the mother of all conspiracy theories‎ - Page 158 Devon Jackson - Political Science - 1999 - 353 pages Inspired by the 1962 film The Manchurian Candidate, based on Richard Condon's ... AMORC X Harry Anslinger Aka the King of Codeine and the Marquis of ... Snippet view - About this book - Add to my library Webs of smoke: smugglers, warlords, spies, and the history of international ...‎ - Page 294 Kathryn Meyer, Terry M. Parssinen - Business & Economics - 2002 - 304 pages "Bureaucratic Cold Warrior: Harry J. Anslinger and Illicit Narcotics Traffic. ... The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control New ... Limited preview - About this book - Add to my library

The Search for the Manchurian Candidate - by John Marks Chapter 6. Them Unwitting: The Safehouses Frank Olson's death could have been a major setback for the Agency's LSD testing, but the program, like Sid Gottlieb's career, emerged essentially unscathed. High CIA officials did call a temporary halt to all experiments while they investigated the Olson case and re-examined the general policy. They cabled the two field stations that had supplies of the drug (Manila and Atsugi, Japan) not to use it for the time being, and they even took away Sid Gottlieb's own private supply and had it locked up in his boss' safe, to which no one else had the combination. In the end, however, Allen Dulles accepted the view Richard Helms put forth that the only "operationally realistic" way to test drugs was to try them on unwitting people. Helms noted that experiments which gave advance warning would be "pro forma at best and result in a false sense of accomplishment and readiness." For Allen Dulles and his top aides, the possible importance of LSD clearly outweighed the risks and ethical problem of slipping the drug to involuntary subjects. They gave Gottlieb back his LSD. Once the CIA's top echelon had made its decision to continue unwitting testing, there remained, in Richard Helms' words, "only then the question of how best to do it." The Agency's role in the Olson affair had come too perilously close to leaking out for the comfort of the security-minded, so TSS officials simply had to work out a testing system with better cover. That meant finding subjects who could not be so easily traced back to the Agency. Well before Olson's death, Gottlieb and the MKULTRA crew had started pondering how best to do unwitting testing. They considered using an American police force to test drugs on prisoners, informants, and suspects, but they knew that some local politicians would inevitably find out. In the Agency view, such people could not be trusted to keep sensitive secrets. TSS officials thought about trying Federal prisons or hospitals, but, when sounded out, the Bureau of Prisons refused to go along with true unwitting testing (as opposed to the voluntary, if coercive, form practiced on drug addicts in Kentucky). They contemplated moving the program overseas, where they and the ARTICHOKE teams were already performing operational experiments, but they decided if they tested on the scale they thought was necessary, so many foreigners would have to know that it would pose an unacceptable security risk. Sid Gottlieb is remembered as the brainstorming genius of the MKULTRA group—and the one with a real talent for showing others, without hurting their feelings, why their schemes would not work. States an ex-colleague who admires him greatly, "In the final analysis, Sid was like a good soldier—if the job had to be done, he did it. Once the decision was made, he found the most effective way." In this case, Gottlieb came up with the solution after reading through old OSS files on Stanley Lovell's search for a truth drug. Gottlieb noted that Lovell had used George White, a prewar employee of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, to test concentrated marijuana. Besides trying the drug out on Manhattan Project volunteers and unknowing suspected Communists, White had slipped some to August Del Gracio, the Lucky Luciano lieutenant. White had called the experiment a great success. If it had not been—if Del Gracio had somehow caught on to the drugging—Gottlieb realized that the gangster would never have gone to the police or the press. His survival as a criminal required he remain quiet about even the worst indignities heaped upon him by government agents. To Gottlieb, underworld types looked like ideal test subjects. Nevertheless, according to one TSS source, "We were not about to fool around with the Mafia." Instead, this source says they chose "the borderline underworld"—prostitutes, drug addicts, and other small-timers who would be powerless to seek any sort of revenge if they ever found out what the CIA had done to them. In addition to their being unlikely whistle-blowers, such people lived in a world where an unwitting dose of some drug—usually knockout drops—was an occupational hazard anyway. They would therefore be better equipped to deal with—and recover from—a surprise LSD trip than the population as a whole. Or so TSS officials rationalized. "They could at least say to themselves, 'Here I go again. I've been slipped a mickey,"' says a TSS veteran. Furthermore, this veteran remembers, his former colleagues reasoned that if they had to violate the civil rights of anyone, they might as well choose a group of marginal people. George White himself had left OSS after the war and returned to the Narcotics Bureau. In 1952 he was working in the New York office. As a high-ranking narcotics agent, White had a perfect excuse to be around drugs and people who used them. He had proved during the war that he had a talent for clandestine work, and he certainly had no qualms when it came to unwitting testing. With his job, he had access to all the possible subjects the Agency would need, and if he could use LSD or any other drug to find out more about drug trafficking, so much the better. From a security viewpoint, CIA officials could easily deny any connection to anything White did, and he clearly was not the crybaby type. For Sid Gottlieb, George White was clearly the one. The MKULTRA chief decided to contact White directly to see if he might be interested in picking up with the CIA where he had left off with OSS. Always careful to observe bureaucratic protocol, Gottlieb first approached Harry Anslinger, the longtime head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, and got permission to use White on a part-time basis. Then Gottlieb traveled to New York and made his pitch to the narcotics agent, who stood 5'7", weighed over 200 pounds, shaved his head, and looked something like an extremely menacing bowling ball. After an early-morning meeting, White scrawled in his sweat-stained, leather-bound diary for that day, June 9, 1952: "Gottlieb proposed I be a CIA consultant—I agree." By writing down such a thing and using Gottlieb's true name,[1] White had broken CIA security regulations even before he started work. But then, White was never known as a man who followed rules. Despite the high priority that TSS put on drug testing, White's security approval did not come through until almost a year later. "It was only last month that I got cleared," the outspoken narcotics agent wrote to a friend in 1953. "I then learned that a couple of crew-cut, pipe-smoking punks had either known me—or heard of me—during OSS days and had decided I was 'too rough' for their league and promptly blackballed me. It was only when my sponsors discovered the root of the trouble they were able to bypass the blockade. After all, fellas, I didn't go to Princeton." People either loved or hated George White, and he had made some powerful enemies, including New York Governor Thomas Dewey and J. Edgar Hoover. Dewey would later help block White from becoming the head of the Narcotics Bureau in New York City, a job White sorely wanted. For some forgotten reason, Hoover had managed to stop White from being hired by the CIA in the Agency's early days, at a time when he would have preferred to leave narcotics work altogether. These were two of the biggest disappointments of his life. White's previous exclusion from the CIA may explain why he jumped so eagerly at Gottlieb's offer and why at the same time he privately heaped contempt on those who worked for the Agency. A remarkably heavy drinker, who would sometimes finish off a bottle of gin in one sitting, White often mocked the CIA crowd over cocktails. "He thought they were a joke," recalls one longtime crony. "They were too complicated, and they had other people do their heavy stuff." Unlike his CIA counterparts, White loved the glare of publicity. A man who gloried in talking about himself and cultivating a hard-nosed image, White knew how to milk a drug bust for all it was worth—a skill that grew out of early years spent as a newspaper reporter in San Francisco and Los Angeles. In search of a more financially secure profession, he had joined the Narcotics Bureau in 1934, but he continued to pal around with journalists, particularly those who wrote favorably about him. Not only did he come across in the press as a cop hero, but he helped to shape the picture of future Kojaks by serving as a consultant to one of the early-television detective series. To start a raid, he would dramatically tip his hat to signal his agents—and to let the photographers know that the time had come to snap his picture. "He was sort of vainglorious," says another good friend, "the kind of guy who if he did something, didn't mind having the world know about it."[2] The scientists from TSS, with their Ph.D.s and lack of street experience, could not help admiring White for his swashbuckling image. Unlike the men from MKULTRA, who, for all their pretensions, had never worked as real-live spies, White had put his life on the line for OSS overseas and had supposedly killed a Japanese agent with his bare hands. The face of one ex-TSS man lit up, like a little boy's on Christmas morning, as he told of racing around New York in George White's car and parking illegally with no fear of the law. "We were Ivy League, white, middle-class," notes another former TSSer. "We were naive, totally naive about this, and he felt pretty expert. He knew the whores, the pimps, the people who brought in the drugs. He'd purportedly been in a number of shootouts where he'd captured millions of dollars worth of heroin.... He was a pretty wild man. I know I was afraid of him. You couldn't control this guy . . . I had a little trouble telling who was controlling who in those days." White lived with extreme personal contradictions. As could be expected of a narcotics agent, he violently opposed drugs. Yet he died largely because his beloved alcohol had destroyed his liver. He had tried everything else, from marijuana to LSD, and wrote an acquaintance, "I did feel at times I was having a 'mind-expanding' experience but this vanished like a dream immediately after the session." He was a law-enforcement official who regularly violated the law. Indeed, the CIA turned to him because of his willingness to use the power of his office to ride roughshod over the rights of others—in the name of "national security," when he tested LSD for the Agency, in the name of stamping out drug abuse, for the Narcotics Bureau. As yet another close associate summed up White's attitude toward his job, "He really believed the ends justified the means." George White's "pragmatic" approach meshed perfectly with Sid Gottlieb's needs for drug testing. In May 1953 the two men, who wound up going folk dancing together several times, formally joined forces. In CIA jargon, White became MKULTRA subproject #3. Under this arrangement, White rented two adjacent Greenwich Village apartments, posing as the sometime artist and seaman "Morgan Hall." White agreed to lure guinea pigs to the "safehouse"—as the Agency men called the apartments—slip them drugs, and report the results to Gottlieb and the others in TSS. For its part, the CIA let the Narcotics Bureau use the place for undercover activities (and often for personal pleasure) whenever no Agency work was scheduled, and the CIA paid all the bills, including the cost of keeping a well-stocked liquor cabinet—a substantial bonus for White. Gottlieb personally handed over the first $4,000 in cash, to cover the initial costs of furnishing the safehouse in the lavish style that White felt befitted him. Gottlieb did not limit his interest to drugs. He and other TSS officials wanted to try out surveillance equipment. CIA technicians quickly installed see-through mirrors and microphones through which eavesdroppers could film, photograph, and record the action. "Things go wrong with listening devices and two-way mirrors, so you build these things to find out what works and what doesn't," says a TSS source. "If you are going to entrap, you've got to give the guy pictures [flagrante delicto] and voice recordings. Once you learn how to do it so that the whole thing looks comfortable, cozy, and safe, then you can transport the technology overseas and use it." This TSS man notes that the Agency put to work in the bedrooms of Europe some of the techniques developed in the George White safehouse operation. In the safehouse's first months, White tested LSD, several kinds of knockout drops, and that old OSS standby, essence of marijuana. He served up the drugs in food, drink, and cigarettes and then tried to worm information—usually on narcotics matters—from his "guests." Sometimes MKULTRA men came up from Washington to watch the action. A September 1953 entry in White's diary noted: "Lashbrook at 81 Bedford Street—Owen Winkle and LSD surprise—can wash." Sid Gottlieb's deputy, Robert Lashbrook, served as "project monitor" for the New York safehouse.[3] White had only been running the safehouse six months when Olson died (in Lashbrook's company), and Agency officials suspended the operation for re-evaluation. They soon allowed him to restart it, and then Gottlieb had to order White to slow down again. A New York State commissioner had summoned the narcotics agent to explain his role in the deal that wound up with Governor Dewey pardoning Lucky Luciano after the war. The commissioner was asking questions that touched on White's use of marijuana on Del Gracio, and Gottlieb feared that word of the CIA's current testing might somehow leak out. This storm also soon passed, but then, in early 1955, the Narcotics Bureau transferred White to San Francisco to become chief agent there. Happy with White's performance, Gottlieb decided to let him take the entire safehouse operation with him to the Coast. White closed up the Greenwich Village apartments, leaving behind unreceipted "tips" for the landlord "to clear up any difficulties about the alterations and damages," as a CIA document put it.[4] White soon rented a suitable "pad" (as he always called it) on Telegraph Hill, with a stunning view of San Francisco Bay, the Golden Gate Bridge, and Alcatraz. To supplement the furniture he brought from the New York safehouse, he went out and bought items that gave the place the air of the brothel it was to become: Toulouse-Lautrec posters, a picture of a French cancan dancer, and photos of manacled women in black stockings. "It was supposed to look rich," recalls a narcotics agent who regularly visited, "but it was furnished like crap." White hired a friend's company to install bugging equipment, and William Hawkins, a 25-year-old electronics whiz then studying at Berkley put in four DD-4 microphones disguised as electrical wall outlets and hooked them up to two F-301 tape recorders, which agents monitored in an adjacent "listening post." Hawkins remembers that White "kept a pitcher of martinis in the refrigerator, and he'd watch me for a while as I installed a microphone and then slip off." For his own personal "observation post," White had a portable toilet set up behind a two-way mirror, where he could watch the proceedings, usually with drink in hand. The San Francisco safehouse specialized in prostitutes. "But this was before The Hite Report and before any hooker had written a book," recalls a TSS man, "so first we had to go out and learn about their world. In the beginning, we didn't know what a john was or what a pimp did." Sid Gottlieb decided to send his top staff psychologist, John Gittinger, to San Francisco to probe the demimonde. George White supplied the prostitutes for the study, although White, in turn, delegated much of the pimping function to one of his assistants, Ira "Ike" Feldman. A muscular but very short man, whom even the 5'7" White towered over, Feldman tried even harder than his boss to act tough. Dressed in suede shoes, a suit with flared trousers, a hat with a turned-up brim, and a huge zircon ring that was supposed to look like a diamond, Feldman first came to San Francisco on an undercover assignment posing as an East Coast mobster looking to make a big heroin buy. Using a drug-addicted prostitute name Janet Jones, whose common-law husband states that Feldman paid her off with heroin, the undercover man lured a number of suspected drug dealers to the "pad" and helped White make arrests. As the chief Federal narcotics agent in San Francisco, White was in a position to reward or punish a prostitute. He set up a system whereby he and Feldman provided Gittinger with all the hookers the psychologist wanted. White paid off the women with a fixed number of "chits." For each chit, White owed one favor. "So the next time the girl was arrested with a john," says an MKULTRA veteran, "she would give the cop George White's phone number. The police all knew White and cooperated with him without asking questions. They would release the girl if he said so. White would keep good records of how many chits each person had and how many she used. No money was exchanged, but five chits were worth $500 to $1,000." Prostitutes were not the only beneficiaries of White's largess. The narcotics agent worked out a similar system to forgive the transgressions of small time drug pushers when the MKULTRA men wanted to talk to them about "the rules of their game," according to the source. TSS officials wanted to find out everything they could about how to apply sex to spying, and the prostitute project became a general learning and then training ground for CIA carnal operations. After all, states one TSS official, "We did quite a study of prostitutes and their behavior.... At first nobody really knew how to use them. How do you train them? How do you work them? How do you take a woman who is willing to use her body to get money out of a guy to get things which are much more important, like state secrets. I don't care how beautiful she is—educating the ordinary prostitute up to that level is not a simple task." The TSS men continually tried to refine their knowledge. They realized that prostitutes often wheedled extra money out of a customer by suggesting some additional service as male orgasm neared. They wondered if this might not also be a good time to seek sensitive information. "But no," says the source, "we found the guy was focused solely on hormonal needs. He was not thinking of his career or anything else at that point." The TSS experts discovered that the postsexual, light-up-a-cigarette period was much better suited to their ulterior motives. Says the source: Most men who go to prostitutes are prepared for the fact that [after the act] she's beginning to work to get herself out of there, so she can get back on the street to make some more money. . . . To find a prostitute who is willing to stay is a hell of a shock to anyone used to prostitutes. It has a tremendous effect on the guy. It's a boost to his ego if she's telling him he was really neat, and she wants to stay for a few more hours.... Most of the time, he gets pretty vulnerable. What the hell's he going to talk about? Not the sex, so he starts talking about his business. It's at this time she can lead him gently. But you have to train prostitutes to do that. Their natural inclination is to do exactly the opposite. The men from MKULTRA learned a great deal about varying sexual preferences. One of them says: We didn't know in those days about hidden sadism and all that sort of stuff. We learned a lot about human nature in the bedroom. We began to understand that when people wanted sex, it wasn't just what we had thought of—you know, the missionary position.... We started to pick up knowledge that could be used in operations, but with a lot of it we never figured out any way to use it operationally. We just learned.... All these ideas did not come to us at once. But evolving over three or four years in which these studies were going on, things emerged which we tried. Our knowledge of prostitutes' behavior became pretty damn good. . . . This comes across now that somehow we were just playing around and we just found all these exotic ways to waste the taxpayers' money on satisfying our hidden urges. I'm not saying that watching prostitutes was not exciting or something like that. But what I am saying was there was a purpose to the whole business.[5] In the best tradition of Mata Hari, the CIA did use sex as a clandestine weapon, although apparently not so frequently as the Russians. While many in the Agency believed that it simply did not work very well, others like CIA operators in Berlin during the mid-1960s felt prostitutes could be a prime source of intelligence. Agency men in that city used a network of hookers to good advantage—or so they told visitors from headquarters. Yet, with its high proportion of Catholics and Mormons—not to mention the Protestant ethic of many of its top leaders—the Agency definitely had limits beyond which prudery took over. For instance, a TSS veteran says that a good number of case officers wanted no part of homosexual entrapment operations. And to go a step further, he recalls one senior KGB man who told too many sexual jokes about young boys. "It didn't take too long to recognize that he was more than a little fascinated by youths," says the source. "I took the trouble to point out he was probably too good, too well-trained, to be either entrapped or to give away secrets. But he would have been tempted toward a compromising position by a preteen. I mentioned this, and they said, 'As a psychological observer, you're probably quite right. But what the hell are we going to do about it? Where are we going to get a twelve-year-old boy?' " The source believes that if the Russian had had a taste for older men, U.S. intelligence might have mounted an operation, "but the idea of a twelve-year-old boy was just more than anybody could stomach." As the TSS men learned more about the San Francisco hustlers, they ventured outside the safehouse to try out various clandestine-delivery gimmicks in public places like restaurants, bars, and beaches. They practiced ways to slip LSD to citizens of the demimonde while buying them a drink or lighting up a cigarette, and they then tried to observe the effects when the drug took hold. Because the MKULTRA scientists did not move smoothly among the very kinds of people they were testing, they occasionally lost an unwitting victim in a crowd—thereby sending a stranger off alone with a head full of LSD. In a larger sense, all the test victims would become lost. As a matter of policy, Sid Gottlieb ordered that virtually no records be kept of the testing. In 1973, when Gottlieb retired from the Agency, he and Richard Helms agreed to destroy what they thought were the few existing documents on the program. Neither Gottlieb nor any other MKULTRA man has owned up to having given LSD to an unknowing subject, or even to observing such an experiment—except of course in the case of Frank Olson. Olson's death left behind a paper trail outside of Gottlieb's control and that hence could not be denied. Otherwise, Gottlieb and his colleagues have put all the blame for actual testing on George White, who is not alive to defend himself. One reason the MKULTRA veterans have gone to such lengths to conceal their role is obvious: fear of lawsuits from victims claiming damaged health. At the time of the experiments, the subjects' health did not cause undue concern. At the safehouse, where most of the testing took place, doctors were seldom present. Dr. James Hamilton, a Stanford Medical School psychiatrist and White's OSS colleague, visited the place from time to time, apparently for studies connected to unwitting drug experiments and deviant sexual practices. Yet neither Hamilton nor any other doctor provided much medical supervision. From his perch atop the toilet seat, George White could do no more than make surface observations of his drugged victims. Even an experienced doctor would have had difficulty handling White's role. In addition to LSD, which they knew could cause serious, if not fatal problems, TSS officials gave White even more exotic experimental drugs to test, drugs that other Agency contractors may or may not have already used on human subjects. "If we were scared enough of a drug not to try it out on ourselves, we sent it to San Francisco," recalls a TSS source. According to a 1963 report by CIA Inspector General John Earman, "In a number of instances, however, the test subject has become ill for hours or days, including hospitalization in at least one case, and [White] could only follow up by guarded inquiry after the test subject's return to normal life. Possible sickness and attendant economic loss are inherent contingent effects of the testing." The Inspector General noted that the whole program could be compromised if an outside doctor made a "correct diagnosis of an illness." Thus, the MKULTRA team not only made some people sick but had a vested interest in keeping doctors from finding out what was really wrong. If that bothered the Inspector General, he did not report his qualms, but he did say he feared "serious damage to the Agency" in the event of public exposure. The Inspector General was only somewhat reassured by the fact that George White "maintain[ed] close working relations with local police authorities which could be utilized to protect the activity in critical situations." If TSS officials had been willing to stick with their original target group of marginal underworld types, they would have had little to fear from the police. After all, George White was the police. But increasingly they used the safehouse to test drugs, in the Inspector General's words, "on individuals of all social levels, high and low, native American and foreign." After all, they were looking for an operational payoff, and they knew people reacted differently to LSD according to everything from health and mood to personality structure. If TSS officials wanted to slip LSD to foreign leaders, as they contemplated doing to Fidel Castro, they would try to spring an unwitting dose on somebody as similar as possible. They used the safehouse for "dry runs" in the intermediate stage between the laboratory and actual operations. For these dress rehearsals, George White and his staff procurer, Ike Feldman, enticed men to the apartment with prostitutes. An unsuspecting john would think he had bought a night of pleasure, go back to a strange apartment, and wind up zonked. A CIA document that survived Sid Gottlieb's shredding recorded this process. Its author, Gottlieb himself, could not break a lifelong habit of using nondescriptive language. For the MKULTRA chief, the whores were "certain individuals who covertly administer this material to other people in accordance with [White's] instructions." White normally paid the women $100 in Agency funds for their night's work, and Gottlieb's prose reached new bureaucratic heights as he explained why the prostitutes did not sign for the money: "Due to the highly unorthodox nature of these activities and the considerable risk incurred by these individuals, it is impossible to require that they provide a receipt for these payments or that they indicate the precise manner in which the funds were spent." The CIA's auditors had to settle for canceled checks which White cashed himself and marked either "Stormy" or, just as appropriately, "Undercover Agent." The program was also referred to as "Operation Midnight Climax." TSS officials found the San Francisco safehouse so successful that they opened a branch office, also under George White's auspices, across the Golden Gate on the beach in Marin County.[6] Unlike the downtown apartment, where an MKULTRA man says "you could bring people in for quickies after lunch," the suburban Marin County outlet proved useful for experiments that required relative isolation. There, TSS scientists tested such MKULTRA specialties as stink bombs, itching and sneezing powders, and diarrhea inducers. TSS's Ray Treichler, the Stanford chemist, sent these "harassment substances" out to California for testing by White, along with such delivery systems as a mechanical launcher that could throw a foul-smelling object 100 yards, glass ampules that could be stepped on in a crowd to release any of Treichler's powders, a fine hypodermic needle to inject drugs through the cork in a wine bottle, and a drug-coated swizzle stick. TSS men also planned to use the Marin County safehouse for an ill-fated experiment that began when staff psychologists David Rhodes and Walter Pasternak spent a week circulating in bars, inviting strangers to a party. They wanted to spray LSD from an aerosol can on their guests, but according to Rhodes' Senate testimony, "the weather defeated us." In the heat of the summer, they could not close the doors and windows long enough for the LSD to hang in the air and be inhaled. Sensing a botched operation, their MKULTRA colleague, John Gittinger (who brought the drug out from Washington) shut himself in the bathroom and let go with the spray. Still, Rhodes testified, Gittinger did not get high, and the CIA men apparently scrubbed the party.[7] The MKULTRA crew continued unwitting testing until the summer of 1963 when the Agency's Inspector General stumbled across the safehouses during a regular inspection of TSS activities. This happened not long after Director John McCone had appointed John Earman to the Inspector General position.[8] Much to the displeasure of Sid Gottlieb and Richard Helms, Earman questioned the propriety of the safehouses, and he insisted that Director McCone be given a full briefing. Although President Kennedy had put McCone in charge of the Agency the year before, Helms—the professional's professional—had not bothered to tell his outsider boss about some of the CIA's most sensitive activities, including the safehouses and the CIA-Mafia assassination plots.[9] Faced with Earman's demands, Helms—surely one of history's most clever bureaucrats—volunteered to tell McCone himself about the safehouses (rather than have Earman present a negative view of the program). Sure enough, Helms told Earman afterward, McCone raised no objections to unwitting testing (as Helms described it). A determined man and a rather brave one, Earman countered with a full written report to McCone recommending that the safehouses be closed. The Inspector General cited the risks of exposure and pointed out that many people both inside and outside the Agency found "the concepts involved in manipulating human behavior . . . to be distasteful and unethical." McCone reacted by putting off a final decision but suspending unwitting testing in the meantime. Over the next year, Helms, who then headed the Clandestine Services, wrote at least three memos urging resumption. He cited "indications . . . of an apparent Soviet aggressiveness in the field of covertly administered chemicals which are, to say the least, inexplicable and disturbing," and he claimed the CIA's "positive operational capacity to use drugs is diminishing owing to a lack of realistic testing."[10] To Richard Helms, the importance of the program exceeded the risks and the ethical questions, although he did admit, "We have no answer to the moral issue." McCone simply did nothing for two years. The director's indecision had the effect of killing the program, nevertheless. TSS officials closed the San Francisco safehouse in 1965 and the New York one in 1966. Years later in a personal letter to Sid Gottlieb, George White wrote an epitaph for his role with the CIA: "I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steak rape, and pillage with the sanction and blessing of the All-Highest?" After 10 years of unwitting testing, the men from MKULTRA apparently scored no major breakthroughs with LSD or other drugs. They found no effective truth drug, recruitment pill, or aphrodisiac. LSD had not opened up the mind to CIA control. "We had thought at first that this was the secret that was going to unlock the universe," says a TSS veteran. "We found that human beings had resources far greater than imagined." Yet despite the lack of precision and uncertainty, the CIA still made field use of LSD and other drugs that had worked their way through the MKULTRA testing progression. A 1957 report showed that TSS had already moved 6 drugs out of the experimental stage and into active use. Up to that time, CIA operators had utilized LSD and other psychochemicals against 33 targets in 6 different operations. Agency officials hoped in these cases either to discredit the subject by making him seem insane or to "create within the individual a mental and emotional situation which will release him from the restraint of self-control and induce him to reveal information willingly under adroit manipulation." The Agency has consistently refused to release details of these operations, and TSS sources who talk rather freely about other matters seem to develop amnesia when the subject of field use comes up. Nevertheless, it can be said that the CIA did establish a relationship with an unnamed foreign secret service to interrogate prisoners with LSD-like drugs. CIA operators participated directly in these interrogations, which continued at least until 1966. Often the Agency showed more concern for the safety of its operational targets abroad than it did for its unwitting victims in San Francisco, since some of the foreign subjects were given medical examinations before being slipped the drug.[11] In these operations, CIA men sometimes brought in local doctors for reasons that had nothing to do with the welfare of the patient. Instead, the doctor's role was to certify the apparent insanity of a victim who had been unwittingly dosed with LSD or an even more durable psychochemical like BZ (which causes trips lasting a week or more and which tends to induce violent behavior). If a doctor were to prescribe hospitalization or other severe treatment, the effect on the subject could be devastating. He would suffer not only the experience itself, including possible confinement in a mental institution, but also social stigma. In most countries, even the suggestion of mental problems severely damages an individual's professional and personal standing (as Thomas Eagleton, the recipient of some shock therapy, can testify). "It's an old technique," says an MKULTRA veteran. "You neutralize someone by having their constituency doubt them." The Church committee confirms that the Agency used this technique at least several times to assassinate a target's character.[12] Still, the Clandestine Services did not frequently call on TSS for LSD or other drugs. Many operators had practical and ethical objections. In part to overcome such objections and also to find better ways to use chemical and biological substances in covert operations, Sid Gottlieb moved up in 1959 to become Assistant for Scientific Matters to the Clandestine Services chief. Gottlieb found that TSS had kept the MKULTRA programs so secret that many field people did not even know what techniques were available. He wrote that tight controls over field use in MKDELTA operations "may have generated a general defeatism among case officers," who feared they would not receive permission or that the procedure was not worth the effort. Gottlieb tried to correct these shortcomings by providing more information on the drug arsenal to senior operators and by streamlining the approval process. He had less luck in overcoming views that drugs do not work or are not reliable, and that their operational use leads to laziness and poor tradecraft. If the MKULTRA program had ever found that LSD or any other drug really did turn a man into a puppet, Sid Gottlieb would have had no trouble surmounting all those biases. Instead, Gottlieb and his fellow searchers came frustratingly close but always fell short of finding a reliable control mechanism. LSD certainly penetrated to the innermost regions of the mind. It could spring loose a whole gamut of feelings, from terror to insight. But in the end, the human psyche proved so complex that even the most skilled manipulator could not anticipate all the variables. He could use LSD and other drugs to chip away at free will. He could score temporary victories, and he could alter moods, perception—sometimes even beliefs. He had the power to cause great harm, but ultimately he could not conquer the human spirit. Notes The CIA's reaction to Frank Olson's death is described in numerous memos released by the Agency to the Olson family, which can be found at pp.1005-1132 of the Kennedy Subcommittee 1975 hearings on Biomedical and Behavioral Research. See particularly at p. 1077, 18 December 1953, Subject: The Suicide of Frank Olson and at p. 1027, 1 December 1953, Subject: Use of LSD. Richard Helms' views on unwitting testing are found in Document #448, 17 December 1963, Subject: Testing of Psychochemicals and Related Materials and in a memorandum to the CIA Director, June 9, 1964, quoted from on page 402 of the Church Committee Report, Book I. George White's diary and letters were donated by his widow to Foothills Junior College, Los Altos, California and are the source of a treasure chest of material on him, including his letter to a friend explaining his almost being "blackballed" from the CIA, the various diary entries cited, including references to folk-dancing with Gottlieb, the interview with Hal Lipset where he explains his philosophy on chasing criminals, and his letter to Sid Gottlieb dated November 21, (probably) 1972. The New York and San Francisco safehouses run by George White are the subjects of MKULTRA subprojects 3,14,16,42, and 149. White's tips to the landlord are described in 42-156, his liquor bills in 42-157, "dry-runs" in 42-91. The New York safehouse run by Charles Siragusa is subproject 132. The "intermediate" tests are described in document 132-59. Paul Avery, a San Francisco freelance writer associated with the Center for Investigative Reporting in Oakland, California interviewed William Hawkins and provided assistance on the details of the San Francisco safehouse and George White's background. Additional information on White came from interviews with his widow, several former colleagues in the Narcotics Bureau, and other knowledgeable sources in various San Francisco law-enforcement agencies. An ex-Narcotics Bureau official told of Dr. James Hamilton's study of unusual sexual practices and the description of his unwitting drug testing comes from MKULTRA subproject 2, which is his subproject. Ray Treichler discussed some of his work with harassment substances in testimony before the Kennedy subcommittee on September 20, 1977, pp. 105-8. He delivered his testimony under the pseudonym "Philip Goldman." "The Gang that Couldn't Spray Straight" article appeared in the September 20, 1977 Washington Post. Richard Helms' decision not to tell John McCone about the CIA's connection to the Mafia in assassination attempts against Castro is described in the Church Committee's Assassination report, pp. 102-3. The 1957 Inspector General's Report on TSS, Document #417 and the 1963 inspection of MKULTRA, 14 August 1963, Document #59 provided considerable detail throughout the entire chapter. The Church Committee Report on MKULTRA in Book I, pp. 385-422 also provided considerable information. Sid Gottlieb's job as Assistant to the Clandestine Services chief for Scientific Matters is described in Document #74 (operational series) 20 October 1959, Subject: Application of Imaginative Research on the Behavioral and Physical Sciences to [deleted] Problems" and in the 1963 Inspector General's report. Interviews with ex-CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick, another former Inspector General's staff employee, and several ex-TSS staffers contributed significantly to this chapter. Helms' letter to the Warren Commission on "Soviet Brainwashing Techniques," dated 19 June 1964, was obtained from the National Archives. The material on the CIA's operational use of LSD came from the Church Committee Report, Book I, pp. 399-403 and from an affidavit filed in the Federal Court case of John D. Marks v. Central Intelligence Agency, et. al., Civil Action No. 76-2073 by Eloise R. Page, Chief, Policy and Coordination Staff of the CIA's Directorate of Operations. In listing all the reasons why the Agency should not provide the operational documents, Ms. Page gave some information on what was in the documents. The passages on TSS's and the Medical Office's positions on the use of LSD came from a memo written by James Angleton, Chief, Counterintelligence Staff on December 12, 1957 quoted in part at p. 401 of the Church Committee Report, Book I. Footnotes 1. CIA operators and agents all had cover names by which they were supposed to be called—even in classified documents. Gottlieb was "Sherman R. Grifford." George White became "Morgan Hall." (back) 2. One case which put White in every newspaper in the country was his 1949 arrest of blues singer Billie Holliday on an opium charge. To prove she had been set up and was not then using drugs, the singer checked into a California sanitarium that had been recommended by a friend of a friend, Dr. James Hamilton. The jury then acquitted her. Hamilton's involvement is bizarre because he had worked with George White testing truth drugs for OSS, and the two men were good friends. White may have put his own role in perspective when he told a 1970 interviewer he "enjoyed" chasing criminals. "It was a game for me," he said. "I felt quite a bit of compassion for a number of the people that I found it necessary to put in jail, particularly when you'd see the things that would happen to their families. I'd give them a chance to stay out of jail and take care of their families by giving me information, perhaps, and they would stubbornly refuse to do so. They wouldn't be a rat, as they would put it." (back) 3. Despite this indication from White's diary that Lashbrook came to the New York safehouse for an "LSD surprise" and despite his signature on papers authorizing the subproject, Lashbrook flatly denied all firsthand knowledge of George White's testing in 1977 Senate testimony. Subcommittee chairman Edward Kennedy did not press Lashbrook, nor did he refer the matter to the Justice Department for possible perjury charges. (back) 4. This was just one of many expenditures that would drive CIA auditors wild while going over George White's accounts. Others included $44.04 for a telescope, liquor bills over $1,000 "with no record as to the necessity of its use," and $31.75 to make an on-the-spot payment to a neighborhood lady whose car he hit. The reason stated for using government funds for the last expense: "It was important to maintain security and forestall an insurance investigation." (back) 5. In 1984, George Orwell wrote about government-encouraged prostitution: "Mere debauchery did not matter very much, so long as it was furtive and joyless, and only involved the women of a submerged and despised class." (back) 6. In 1961 MKULTRA officials started a third safehouse in New York, also under the Narcotics Bureau's supervision. This one was handled by Charles Siragusa who, like White, was a senior agent and OSS veteran. (back) 7. Rhodes' testimony about this incident, which had been set up in advance with Senator Edward Kennedy's staff, brought on the inevitable "Gang That Couldn't Spray Straight" headline in the Washington Post. This approach turned the public perception of a deadly serious program into a kind of practical joke carried out badly by a bunch of bumblers. (back) 8. Lyman Kirkpatrick, the longtime Inspector General who had then recently left the job to take a higher Agency post, had personally known of the safehouse operation since right after Olson's death and had never raised any noticeable objection. He now states he was "shocked" by the unwitting testing, but that he "didn't have the authority to follow up . . . I was trying to determine what the tolerable limits were of what I could do and still keep my job." (back) 9. Trying to explain why he had specifically decided not to inform the CIA Director about the Agency's relationship with the mob, Helms stated to the Church committee, "Mr. McCone was relatively new to this organization, and I guess I must have thought to myself, well this is going to look peculiar to him . . . This was, you know not a very savory effort." Presumably, Helms had similar reasons for not telling McCone about the unwitting drug-testing in the safehouses. (back) 10. Helms was a master of telling different people different stories to suit his purposes. At the precise time he was raising the Soviet menace to push McCone into letting the unwitting testing continue, he wrote the Warren Commission that not only did Soviet behavioral research lag five years behind the West's but that "there is no present evidence that the Soviets have any singular, new potent, drugs . . . to force a course of action on an individual." (back) 11. TSS officials led by Sid Gottlieb, who were responsible for the operational use of LSD abroad, took the position that there was "no danger medically" in unwitting doses and that neither giving a medical exam or having a doctor present was necessary. The Agency's Medical Office disagreed, saying the drug was "medically dangerous." In 1957 Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick noted it would be "unrealistic" to give the Medical Office what amounted to veto power over covert operations by letting Agency doctors rule on the health hazard to subjects in the field. (back) 12. While I was doing the research for this book, many people approached me claiming to be victims of CIA drugging plots. Although I listened carefully to all and realized that some might be authentic victims, I had no way of distinguishing between someone acting strangely and someone made to act strangely. Perhaps the most insidious aspect of this whole technique is that anyone blaming his aberrant behavior on a drug or on the CIA gets labeled a hopeless paranoid and his case is thrown into the crank file. There is no better cover than operating on the edge of madness. One leftist professor in a Latin American university who had opposed the CIA says that he was working alone in his office one day in 1974 when a strange woman entered and jabbed his wrist with a pin stuck in a small round object. Almost immediately, he become irrational, broke glasses, and threw water in colleagues' faces. He says his students spotted an ambulance waiting for him out front. They spirited him out the back door and took him home, where he tripped (or had psychotic episodes) for more than a week. He calls the experience a mix of "heaven and hell," and he shudders at the thought that he might have spent the time in a hospital "with nurses and straitjackets." Although he eventually returned to his post at the university, he states that it took him several years to recover the credibility he lost the day he "went crazy at the office." If the CIA was involved, it had neutralized a foe. (back) Chapter 7

Doug Valentine on Anslinger Review by Carlo Parcelli “Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape, and pillage with the sanction and the blessing of the All-Highest.” -George White, Federal Bureau of Narcotics & Central Intelligence Agency The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War On Drugs by Douglas Valentine Verso Press, London/NY, 2004. 554pgs. Back in the 1980's, during the era of William Casey’s CIA, there were reports circulating in the alternative press about an international drug smuggling operation involving the mujaheddin in Afghanistan fighting the Soviets, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Pakistani military, including elements of its intelligence service, the Inter Service Intelligence or ISI. At one point the CIA, in an effort to ramp up this smuggling operation, sought to requisition 400 vehicles, including dozens of transport trucks from the Department of Defense. The Pentagon refused, but the CIA appealed to Reagan’s Vice President, career spook George H.W. Bush, through the National Security Council. The CIA got its trucks. At that time there were 17 Drug Enforcement Agents stationed in Islamabad, the largest contingent in the world at the time outside of the United States, according to Alfred W. Mc Coy in his classic history The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. (The number I remember reading at the time was 14 agents, still a formidable number for a single overseas station.) This contingent of DEA agents was “pushing paper” in Islamabad when “n marked contrast ...a single Norwegian detective, [Oyvind Olsen,] broke a heroin case that led directly to the leader of Pakistan, General Zia ul Haq’s private banker.” The CIA’s close relationship to elements in the Zia regime, including the ISI, were well known. Also the agency's ties to heroin and raw opium smuggler and mujaheddin leader, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, were becoming problematic as revelations of U.S. complicity in the drug trade bloomed. Hekmatyar has turned on his American allies and is currently battling the CIA-installed Hamid Karzai regime in Afghanistan. This is not surprising. He was a founder of the Islamic brotherhood and led student demonstrations in Kabul in the 1970's and remains a member of the Jamaat-i Islami (Party of Islam), “a fundamentalist and quasi-fascist Muslim group with many followers inside the Pakistani officer corps.” The U.S. State Department and the mainstream media never fail to mention in their public comments that Hekmatyar is a “narco-terrorist,” as though all those years he worked hand in hand with the CIA he was a choirboy. He was particularly close to another drug dealer, Jesse Helms, former Senator from North Carolina. What was the Reagan administration’s response to this torrent of reports tying the CIA to mujaheddin/ISI drug smuggling? As the Islamabad branch of the DEA began to stir around the reports of convoys of arms going up to Afghanistan and bringing drugs back, the Reagan people reassigned all but two agents, lest they interfere with the CIA drug operation. Pakistan virtually overnight went from a country with a few thousand heroin abusers to 1.3 million addicts. And this is where Doug Valentine’s study of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs, proves itself essential. The FBN was a precursor of the DEA and the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, or BNDD; and as such, repeatedly, both worked with and ran afoul of the CIA and the national security apparatus in its pursuit of national and international drug cartels. Valentine draws much of his narrative from interviews with former FBN agents whose frustration with and anger at interference by the CIA and the national security apparatus interference is palpable. The amount of information Valentine crams into his text is formidable and often takes on the texture of the dense web of law enforcement, felonious behavior, and intrigue he’s illuminating. Some sets of passages reveal corruption so deep and pervasive that it's “thrilling”, to borrow Dirty Lenny’s term. Any one of dozens of cases Valentine touches on could have become one of Mark Lombardi’s elegant and complex graphs of corruption. For example, Valentine quotes from a memo from Ed Lansdale, the head of Operation Mongoose, part of JM/WAVE, which in part plotted to assassinate Castro as well as other Cubans and destroy Cuba’s infrastructure. Lansdale wrote: “Gangster elements might prove the best recruitment potential for actions [murders] against police G-2 (intelligence) officials. CW [Chemical Warfare] agents should be fully considered.” And recent documents have proven that CW were used as well as biological weapons against crops and the hog population of the island nation. Lansdale is ubiquitous in the annals of U.S. foreign policy. He can be found at the Huk rebellion, Vietnam/Laos, as well as Kennedy assassination. There is a hagiography on Lansdale which has its uses if you can read between the lines. But for biting insight into just how cultural chauvinists like Lansdale or Ted Shackley can xxxx things up, read Richard Drinnon’s chapters on the former in his Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire Building. As it turns out, the gangsters in Lansdale’s employ were the very gangsters the FBN was chasing--Carlos Marcello, Santos Trafficante, Meyer Lansky, and Lucky Luciano. On the very next page, we get Bobby Kennedy et al. Not the indefatigably noble Bobby Kennedy of the current Emilio Estevez hagiography, but the historical Bobby Kennedy: While Bobby Kennedy was using Mafia drug smugglers in murder plots against Castro [Robert Kennedy was intimately involved with Operation Mongoose], and thus neutralizing the FBN, the CIA was relocating its Havana station and anti-Castro terror activities to Miami. Known as JM/WAVE, the station was managed by Theodore Shackley, a prot&eacutee;g&eacutee; of Bill Harvey from Germany. It included Lansdale’s Mongoose unit, and some 400 CIA case officers. Already the preferred habitat of America’s mobsters, Miami was soon packed with dozens of CIA front companies. Thousands of CIA informers and assets, and several drug smuggling terror teams financed by wacky privateers like William Pawley, mentioned in Chapter 5 as having engineered the Pawley-Cooke Advisory Mission in Taiwan. Reader’s Digest Press published career spook Ted Shackley’s book The Third Option in 1981. The book is such self-righteous bluster as to be laughable coming from a man who was stung by the Church and Pike committee reports and forced to fake his retirement from the Agency. “Shackley, having met drug lord General Vang Pao in Miami during his cooling off period, was reassigned as station chief to Laos.” He needed to chill in Vientiane because “he’d been caught selling 50 kilograms of morphine base to FBN agent Bowman Taylor.” “How could the United States project power into distant lands, thus restoring some control over events which threaten our very survival?” Shackley asks. His answer: counter-insurgency and para-military operations like JM/WAVE, the Phoenix Program, and Operation Mongoose. Shackley is never clear how events in Nicaragua, the Congo, Bangladesh, Chile, Burkina Faso or Haiti etc. ad nauseum “threaten [the] very survival” of the U.S., a piece of political hyperbole obviously designed to disguise naked imperialism. But the global nature of American hegemony is clear in the statement. So Ted Shackley in Florida! No wonder it was so easy for him to plug into the drugs and illegal arms side of the Iran-Contra affair, along with a bevy of Miami Cubans accused of drugs and arms smuggling, sabotage and murder, including Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch, who blew up a Cuban airliner, killing all aboard. Is that in your Bobby Kennedy legacy, Emilio? It's what you often find among American politicians; relatively benign domestic policy – fodder-friendly -- yet a foreign policy, the tool of empire, that is cruel, vindictive, even sadistic. But wait, it gets better, Golden Triangle fans! “To cover a fraction of the costs of this massive enterprise, former spymaster Paul L. E. Helliwell established and directed a string of drug money laundering banks for the CIA. At the time, Helliwell was general counsel for the Thai consulate in Miami, an active leader in the Republican Party, and a friend of Nixon’s cohort, Bebe Rebozo. Among his drug smuggling credentials, Helliwell had worked with Chiang Kai-Shek’s intelligence chief, General Tai Li, and had set up the CIA’s drug smuggling air force, CAT [Civil Air Transport](later Air America), as well as the Bangkok trading company Sea Supply, which provided cover for CIA officers advising the drug-smuggling Thai border police.” Against this new OSS/CIA backdrop of international criminality disguised as national security, the FBN was assigned the task of keeping America’s streets safe from drugs. As Valentine points out, the long and bitter dissolution of the FBN had begun. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, FBN, which was formed on June 30th, 1930, from the remnants of the Narcotics Division, the corrupt Prohibition Unit of the Internal Revenue Service, and the Treasury Department’s Foreign Control Board, antedates the Office of Strategic Services or OSS, the precursor to the CIA, by over two decades. The CIA’s role in the international drug trade and how it warped, thwarted, and finally made a mockery of U.S. drug policy cannot be stressed enough. Valentine himself begins his introduction with a discussion of how, after finishing work on his excellent study of the ‘Phoenix Program’, he turned to the FBN. The Phoenix Program was turned over to the CIA by the DoD midstream. This put the CIA in an ideal position to protect its Golden Triangle drug smuggling turf and infiltrate and subvert DEA efforts to stem the international drug trade after the end of the U.S. incursion into Vietnam and Southeast Asia (see mujaheddin story above). Not that the FBN, anymore than the BNDD or DEA, was a sainted organization. From its inception in 1930 to just under a decade before its dissolution, it was headed by Harry Jacob Anslinger, who was recommended by then head of the Foreign Relations committee, Stephen G. Porter (R-PA), and that paragon of truth and beauty, yellow journalist, the Rupert Murdoch of his day, William Randolph Hearst. Anslinger was a bureaucratic brown-noser with little interest in real drug enforcement and little idea of how to proceed. His main concern was preserving his power and maneuvering his little fiefdom politically while in the shadow of J. Edgar Hoover’s far more powerful FBI. Lucky Luciano appropriately nicknamed Anslinger, Harry ‘Asslicker.’ Post-World War II American foreign policy is often grotesque, and as Valentine makes clear, the FBN managed to find itself entangled in more than its share of bizarre machinations. Sometimes FBN agents pursuing a case were suddenly told to back off, often without explanation, or removed altogether. Other times they were willing participants eager to take part in the Bureau’s sexy, Ed Wood-like cross-dressing fantasies or to abet felonies like drug dealing and murder. Not that the FBN didn’t have its law enforcement moments. One of its best agents was Charles Siragusa, who nearly became Anslinger’s heir to head the bureau. Siragusa opened the FBN’s first overseas office in Rome and liaisoned there with the CIA. Siragusa drew the line at facilitating drug trafficking, but helped the CIA in other ways. For example he helped black-bag CIA money to Italian politicians for James [Jesus] Angleton, the CIA’s aggressive counter-intelligence chief... Siragusa was especially helpful to the CIA when it came to investigating diversions of Marshall Plan aid. In one case he learned through an informer that the commercial attach&eacutee; at the Romanian Embassy [the U.S.’s secret Communist ally] in Berne was diverting American-made ball-bearings to the Soviet Union, which the Soviets used to build tanks for North Korea. According to Siragusa, the attach&eacutee; traded the ball-bearings for heroin as part of a sinister scheme to steal strategic materials with one hand from the West, while the other poisoned it with smack. As a result of the Berne case, a CIA team was sent to Rome under military cover to stop diversions, and with Siragusa’s help it intercepted all manner of strategic items, including uranium for the Soviet atomic energy program. James Jesus Angleton is loosely portrayed by Mat Damon in Robert DeNiro’s film ‘The Good Shepherd.’ But it's doubtful that Damon communicates the very non-photogenic, spidery creepiness of the alcohol-soaked real thing. One retired CIA officer told me about a dinner party he attended where Angleton was also a guest. Angleton turned to the young spook and began asking him questions about his family background, beliefs, aspirations, etc. As he posed his questions, he pulled a small notebook from his jacket pocket and began keeping notes on the answers. The paranoid Angleton continued taking notes the entire evening. So much for Emily Post meets Skull and Bones. The FBN was involved in other notable cases, for example the famous French Connection and agent Frank Selvaggi’s Valachi investigation. Much of the FBN’s drug enforcement activity, however, was directed at street level dealers and users, especially among America’s blacks and disenfranchised. Much like today, street busts were easier and the numbers could be used to justify funding. And if you didn’t go too high up you wouldn’t run afoul of the powers that be like the CIA and get your ass fired or worse. When in the early 1950's the FBN was closing in on the Pahlavi family and the Shah of Iran through the Shah’s brother, Mahmoud Pahlavi, who along with other members of his family owned huge opium farms, they sat on the information because “the CIA was plotting to overthrow the government in Iran, and reinstall the Shah.” And indeed in 1953 the CIA overthrew the elected government of Mohammed Mossadegh and installed their favorite Persian drug dealers, the Pahlevis. Numerous other drug dealers from the Kuomintang to the Thai royal family and the Contras got a similar free pass flooding the streets of the world’s major cities with drugs. Take a more recent analogy. Reporter Gary Webb, for his reporting on the CIA/Contra drug smuggling connection to the ‘Freeway’ Ricky Ross and the Los Angeles crack epidemic, was roundly vilified by the mainstream media protecting its masters. Webb was also hounded by various agencies of the U.S. government. The Los Angeles Times went so far as to contradict without explanation its own earlier reporting on ‘Freeway’ Ricky and his influence on the L.A. crack epidemic in order to protect the CIA in the name of national security. The whole hypocritical episode is laid out by Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair in Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and The Press. As for Gary Webb: despondent over the outing of such a fine Ivy League crew as the CIA and their noble 'founding father'-like buddies, the Contras, he allegedly committed suicide à la Danny Casolaro in December of 2004. Valentine’s book also expands on the FBN’s role in one of the seediest episodes involving the CIA, the creation of the American counter-culture or MKULTRA. As you might recall, MKULTRA was a program under the supervision of OSS/CIA scientist, Dr. Sidney Gottlieb. Gottlieb approached Harry Anslinger to enlist the services of FBN agent George White, in effect making White both an employee of the FBN and the OSS/CIA. All of this is nicely reprised in John Marks’ The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Control The Story of the Agency’s Secret Efforts to the Control Human Behavior. For the perpetually naive I recommend the Church and Pike congressional committee reports or the books of CIA Inspector General Lyman B. Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick, for example, closed the case, ruling the mysterious death of Frank Olson a suicide. The CIA scientist, who specialized in airborne diseases like anthrax, was surreptitiously slipped LSD at a CIA social gathering. After a bad trip, Olson plunged to his death from a window of the Manhattan Statler Hilton several days later, in the presence of CIA psychiatrist Robert Lashbrook. Police initially called the crime scene a homicide until Kirkpatrick stepped in. The ostensible reason for this CIA ‘research’ which embraced LSD and other hallucinogens was to create a ‘truth serum.’ Added to that project were various attempts to control behavior, in effect creating assassins chemically, the Manchurian Candidate. Better assassins through chemistry. But mostly it was used as a party drug by the Agency and a small group of elites who were creating the nascent vocabulary of mind expansion. The OSS project began under the supervision of Dr. Winfred Overholser of St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, who also oversaw Ezra Pound’s treatment there during the 1950's. Overholser used a dozen unsuspecting guinea pigs from the Manhattan Project, possibly searching for Soviet or German spies. A liquid concentrate of marijuana was used but with no discernible results other than to make the young scientists ill. Whether Overholser was tripping while treating Pound is lost to posterity. When George White came on board, he had bigger plans. White used FBN ‘safe houses’ and apartments around the country, including the birthplace of the counter-culture, San Francisco, for illicit trysts and parties among FBN, CIA, and other law enforcement and intelligence people. The ‘program’ expanded to include unwitting victims, acquaintances, prostitutes, musicians, etc. White would spike the punch with a cocktail of hallucinogens and their variants, often triggering hallucinations & even psychosis in his unsuspecting victims. Many suffered permanent psychological damage. For many more no record exists of what effect this clandestine drugging might have had on them. Years later in a personal letter to Sid Gottlieb, George White wrote an epitaph for his role in the CIA: "I was a very minor missionary, actually a heretic, but I toiled wholeheartedly in the vineyards because it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape, and pillage with the sanction and the blessing of the All-Highest? The breadth of drug-related events in the post-World War II world the FBN had a stake in is extraordinary. Though corruption flourished within the bureau throughout its history, it’s the FBN’s connection with broad historical events from a relatively unique perspective, often in the agents' own words, that makes Valentine’s reprise fresh and informative. Valentine makes clear that three of the forces most prominent in defining the underlying international drug trade are the Mafia, the anti-Castro Cubans, and the CIA, with the CIA shielding the other two entities at every turn. Of the three, the Mafia is the most pervasive. Its underworld figures, like Arnold Rothstein who, besides running drugs, fixed the 1919 World Series, helped establish a need for a law enforcement agency that focused specifically on drugs. The anti-Castro Cubans were often Mafia figures unhappy about the Commies cleaning up their little island whore house. No more could a U.S. Congressman be lured to Havana with promises of unlimited sex with eight-year old boys in exchange for political favors. The CIA’s connection, of course, began with ‘Wild Bill’ Donovan’s old OSS and its recruitment of Lucky Luciano and the Corsican mafiosi to beat and murder Communist union dockworkers in Marseilles and elsewhere along the Mediterranean Coast, and to seize Sicily from the Communists. With CIA blessing, and using drug running as a way of financing activities, the Mafia set up drug supply routes back to the U.S. Many an FBN operation would trace the drugs back to Mafia sources, in turn supplied through Lebanon, Turkey, Afghanistan, and elsewhere in the Middle East, only to be thwarted by the far more powerful CIA stepping in and terminating the investigation on national security grounds. But nowhere has CIA drug smuggling been more pervasive, longstanding, and crucial to the financing of black ops and low intensity conflict than in the Golden Triangle region of Southeast Asia. This raw opium and heroin preserve straddles northern Burma/Myanmar, southern Yunnan province in China, and northern Thailand stretching to Vientiane in southern Laos. The CIA officially took over drug smuggling operations from the French after Dien Bien Phu and along with the Corsicans, and especially the darlings of Washington political establishment, Reader’s Digest, and Claire Chennault, Chiang Kai-Shek’s Kuomintang. The Kuomintang were involved in the drug trade in southern China well before there was an American presence in the region. But corrupt allies like Meo tribal leader Vang Pao who now resides in Orange County, California, were actually enlisted by the Agency. Vang Pao, a persistent critic of the godless and comparatively drugless Vietminh and Pathet Lao, helped organize the recent anti-Vietnam protests, in advance of George Bush’s visit to Hanoi, with the help of the California Republican Party, as the two have done on many occasions. Competition for the drug trade remains fierce in the Golden Triangle to this day. As Valentine points out, the CIA then as now remains in the thick of it, even as the FBN proved ineffectual or too corrupt or bureaucratically incompetent to be effective. Drawing from Alfred McCoy’s earlier classic The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, Valentine reprises a popular story of the CIA’s heroic defense of its opium trade and life-and-death free market competition of the Golden Triangle: As world attention focused ever more closely on America’s conduct in the Vietnam War, the CIA’s need to conceal its major role in the regional drug trade became a top priority. The climactic point came in June 1967, when Burmese War Lord Khun Sa decided to sell 16 tons of opium in Houei Sai. Construing this as a challenge to their precious monopoly over supply, the Kuomintang generals mobilized their forces in Burma and marched across the border into Laos. Apprised of the situation, CIA station chief Ted Shackley in Vientiane informed Pat Landry, chief of the CIA’s major base in Udorn, Thailand. Landry ordered Air Force Major Richard Secord to send a squadron of T-28s to the rescue. Within hours, the battle had ended with both Khun Sa and the Kuomintang in full retreat, and the Laotians in total control. Most readers probably first heard of Richard Secord during Iran-Contra when he and his partner, Albert Hakim, supplied the U.S. proxy army fighting against the Sandinistas and flooding U.S. drug markets with Contra cocaine. Especially hard hit was South Central Los Angeles, which Contra and Agency asset Danilo Blandon and ‘Freeway’ Ricky Ross flooded with Colombian cocaine with the enthusiastic support of the CIA and Reagan administration officials. This is the story Gary Webb broke. And the spread of coke, especially crack, is why you ended up with Crips dealing in Mineola and Duluth and Scranton as well as the AIDS epidemic and the hundreds of millions of dollars made from the mandatory sentencing craze and the penal housing boom it fuels. (The sad saga is also reprised in Cockburn and St. Clair’s White Out, cited above.) CIA agent Ted Shackley, called the Blond Ghost, the consummate ‘spook,’ shows up in the index of practically every book ever written on the illegal drug trade, political assassination, and sabotage from the earliest days of the U.S. takeover from the French in Vietnam to Operation Mongoose and the Phoenix Program, right through Iran-Contra. He famously said: “I fought the communists for twenty-eight years. I did a lot of bad things for my country. But I loved my country and did what I thought best.” Of course, the case is easily made that Shackley also did a lot of bad things TO his country. Jonathan Kwitny, in his book The Crimes of Patriots: A True Tale of Dope, Dirty Money, and the CIA, sums up Shackley’s career thus: “Looking at the list of disasters Shackley has presided over during his career, one might even conclude that on the day the CIA hired Shackley it might have done better hiring a KGB agent; a Soviet mole probably could not have done as much damage to the national security of the United States with all his wiles as Shackley did with the most patriotic of intentions.”(p.291) Valentine points out, and as ‘Freeway’ Ricky Ross and Contra cocaine confirm, [that the FBN as well as the CIA, DEA, FBI, the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post et al.] racism and class warfare play an enormous role in who is the enemy in the so-called ‘war on drugs.’ It was the Danilo Blandon Contra drug connection with ‘Freeway’ Ricky Ross in Los Angeles than led to the pandemic of crack use in the U.S., and the seeming anomaly of finding Crips establishing drug markets all across the heartland. During the 1980's Ted Shackley and his friends Thomas Clines and Felix Rodriguez were part of the drug smuggling operation out of Ilopango Air Base in El Salvador that fueled that pandemic. CIA asset John Hull served the same function forming what was known as the 'Southern Front' from his ranch in Costa Rica along the Nicaraguan border. Apropos of the customary targets of the FBN, and the FBN’s history of cutting law enforcement corners and corruption, agent Jim Attie summarized his experience as an agent as follows: “I’m not proud of what I did. It was dirty job. It was a form of amorality, and to this day I feel tremendous guilt and have unending nightmares as a result of what I did as a narcotic agent.” Attie himself exited the FBN after his fellow agents in the New York office, where he had recently been reassigned, slipped LSD into his coffee. Attie merited the reassignment because he had called his boss Anslinger “a manipulator and a cheapskate” who knew nothing about real narcotics work. The FBN was involved in myriad aspects of the investigation of the infamous French Connection. The French Connection had its origins in French intelligence, the SDECE, operating in French Indo-China. This drug smuggling operation provided essential funding to the French military and enhanced its ability to wage war against insurgencies in that region. This is the operation the CIA would inherit working with the traditional drug lords in the Golden Triangle and the French Corsican mob. Further, “In 1963 Laos would withdraw from the UN’s 1961 Single Convention and, under the guidance of the CIA, start mass-producing narcotics to support the CIA’s own secret army of Laotion hill tribesmen, some 450 more of whom just surrendered to Laotian authorities in December of 2006.” The FBN also made the initial bust on Joe Valachi, laboriously working their way up through his contacts. They also elicited some of his notorious revelations about the mob. A rookie agent in late 1958, Frank Selvaggi, along with his senior partner Art Mendelsohn and veteran NYPD narcotic detective Harold Kunin, arrested Helen Streat, a heroin addict and a prostitute in Harlem. Eventually through a series of busts, payoffs and ‘vigorous’ interrogations, a Selvaggi informant, Robert Wagner, ‘gave’ the FBN Valachi and he was arrested. Facing sentencing in court, Valachi began to set up and talk about members of the Genovese crime family. And because the FBN was mandated to pursue illicit drugs, and because illicit drugs were a core business of the Mafia, the anti-Castro Cuban community, and the CIA, the FBN found itself smack dab in the middle of the Holy Grail of all conspiracies, the assassination of John F. Kennedy. But as Valentine points out, you’d be hard pressed to find relevant FBN activity in any official investigation of Kennedy’s assassination. For example, in 1958 the FBN was aware that Joseph Civello was Carlos Marcello’s “deputy in Dallas” and that Jack Ruby was part of Civello’s organization. FBN agent John Cusack linked Civello with Marcello, Santos Trafficante, and Jimmy Hoffa - the House Select Committee on Assassinations' three prime suspects in the Kennedy assassination. But the FBN was never called to testify, nor were their files requested. Valentine lays out other FBN connections that went unexplored by the Warren Commission and other official investigations, none ‘eerier’ than the connection with the main figures in the aforementioned MKULTRA project which had for one of its main goals the creation of a Manchurian Candidate, a ‘patsy,’ to borrow Lee Harvey Oswald’s term. "The three main suspects in the assassination [of JFK] - Marcello, Trafficante, and Hoffa - were million dollar men” e.g individuals who for services rendered and classified information were privy to were shielded from prosecution by the CIA. “And the CIA prevented the FBN from going after these drug traffickers, or investigating CIA agents like Irving Brown - and perhaps even Michael Mertz - in Angleton’s French connection." There’s Oswald’s claim of being a mere ‘patsy’ in the assassination of Kennedy. Then there’s the connection that FBN files and interviews with former agents reveal between Ruby and the Marcello crime family and a number of other connections that Valentine lays out. In this light, not only Oswald but Ruby himself and Sirhan Sirhan, Robert Kennedy’s assassin, could have been patsies. On 29 November 1963, a week after the president was murdered, Marshall Carter, the deputy director of the CIA, met with Richard Helms, John Earman, James Angleton, Sid Gottlieb, and Lyman Kirkpatrick. What a group! At this meeting the CIA chiefs agreed to continue testing unwitting subjects through MKULTRA using the FBN and its safehouses. To this end they launched MKULTRA Subproject 149 in New York in January 1964, specifically to provide a replacement for [FBN agent] Charlie Siragusa. Siragusa had gotten tangled up in MKULTRA, Operation Mongoose plots to murder Castro, and other CIA intrigues when his boss Bill Anslinger sent Siragusa to solicit the help of Cuba’s new leader Fidel Castro in the apprehension of 50 major drug traffickers that had formerly called Batista’s Cuba their second home. Castro, who was in the Sierra Maestra when Batista was pimping for the mob and the CIA, couldn’t be of much help, and Siragusa began to suspect what was eventually to become the obvious, that Trafficante was protected by the CIA and that a recent murder charge in the Albert Anastasia assassination case was dismissed at the Agency's behest. This review can't do Valentine's book justice. The rich detail of the CIA's effectiveness in blocking FBN efforts to pursue international drug traffickers is worth the price of admission alone.

Timeline of LSD - Anslinger MKULTRA 1938 - Dr. Albert Hofmann synthesizes LSD-25 Spring 1942 - The Office of Strategic Services convenes a committee to oversee the search for a truth drug April 16, 1943 - Hofmann accidentally discovers the hallucinogenic effects of LSD April 19, 1943 - Hofmann undertakes the first self-experiment with LSD September 1945 - OSS disbanded October 1945 - US Navy Technical Mission reports on Nazi mescaline experiments at the Dachau concentration camp 1947 - CIA formed; U.S. Navy initiates mescaline studies under the auspices of Project Chatter 1947 - First report on LSD appears in a Swiss pharmacological journal 1948 - CIA authorized to undertake covert operations 1949 - Dr. Max Rinkel brings LSD to the United States from Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Switzerland and initiates work with LSD in Boston; Nick Bercel commences LSD study in Los Angeles 1950 - CIA launches Project Bluebird May 1950 - First article about LSD appears in the American Psychiatric Journal 1951 - Captain Al Hubbard turns on to LSD August 1951 - The CIA's Inspection & Security Staff initiates the Artichoke Project October 21, 1951 - First documented evidence of CIA experimentation with LSD 1952 - Dr. Humphry Osmond discloses similarity between mescaline and adrenaline molecule; begins experiments with hallucinogenic at a hospital in Saskatchewan December 1952 - George Hunter White, on loan from the Federal Narcotics Bureau, begins administering LSD to unwitting U.S. citizens at a CIA safehouse in Greenwich Village January 1953 - Harold Blauer dies of an overdose of MDA during an Army-sponsored drug experiment April 13, 1953 - The CIA's Technical Services Staff initiates the MK-ULTRA Project 1953 - Dr. Humphry Osmond begins treating alcoholics with LSD May 1953 - Aldous Huxley's first mescaline experience November 1953 - Army biochemist Frank Olsen commits suicide after CIA doses him with LSD 1954 - CIA begins Operation MK-PILOT at Lexingon Narcotics Hospital 1954 - Aldous Huxley's Doors of Perception published mid-1954 - Eli Lilly synthesizes LSD at the CIA's behest 1955 - Aldous Huxley's first LSD trip; the publication of Huxley's Heaven and Hell 1955- Army begins testing LSD at Edgewood arsenal 1956? - Dr. Humphry Osmond coins the word "psychedelic" May 1957 - Life magazine published R. Gordon Wasson's account of his magic mushroom experience 1958 - Army begins BZ experiments 1959 - Josiah Macy Foundation sponsors major scientific congress on LSD 1959 - Allen Ginsberg tries LSD for the first time 1960 - American Indians granted sanctioned use of peyote as a religious matter Summer 1960 - Timothy Leary turns on to magic mushrooms in Mexico 1961 - US Army initiates LSD interrogations under Operation Third Chance in Western Europe 1962 - U.S. Army launches Operation Derby Hat in Asia 1962 - The Gamblers, a California surfing band, release a song "LSD-25"; underground LSD appears on both coasts; FDA makes first LSD bust 1962 - Dr. Alexander Shulgin records the effects of MMDA ("ecstasy") 1962 - The superhallucinogen BZ becomes part of the US Army's standardized chemical warfare arsenal 1962 - The CIA withdraws support for above-ground LSD research studies 1962 - Congress passes new drug safety regulations and the FDA designates LSD an experimental drug and restricts research 1963 - Williams Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg publish The Yage Letters May 1963 - Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert fired from Harvard November 22, 1963 - Aldous Huxley dies shortly after JFK assassination 1964 - Army begins using BZ gas in Vietnam Summer 1964 - Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters' cross-country bus trip Fall 1964 - Berkeley Free Speech Movement February 1965 - First big surge of street acid; the assassination of Malcolm X; US begins sustained bombing of North Vietnam April 1965 - First big SDS march on Washington 1965 - Drug Abuse Control Amendment; LSD research further restricted 1965 - Bob Dylan's Bringing It All Back Home and Highway 61 Revisited October 16, 1965 - First Family Dog acid rock dance in San Francisco 1965 - CIA phases out MK-ULTRA, begins MK-SEARCH January 1966 - The Trips Festival in San Francisco March 1966 - Life magazine publishes "LSD: The Mind Drug That Got Out of Control" April 1966 - Sandoz stops supplying LSD to research scientists April 1966 - G. Gordon Liddy raids the Millbrook estate Spring 1966 - Senate Hearings about LSD 1966 - Black Panther Party formed October 6, 1966 - California bans LSD, Love Pageant Rally in the Haight January 14, 1967 - Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park 1967 - Joint FDA/NIMH Psychotomimetic Advisory Committee formed with strong input from CIA-linked doctors June 1967 - Monterey Pop Festival June 1967 - The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Summer 1967 - "Summer of Love"; STP appears on the blackmarket October 21, 1967 - March on the Pentagon 1967 - Joint CIA-Army drug research program codenamed OFTEN/MK-CHICKWIT January 1, 1968 - Yippie! 1968 - LSD possession declared a misdemeanor, sale a felony; the British Wootton Report declares marijuana to be relatively harmless Spring 1968 - Student unrest at Columbia University March 31, 1968 - LBJ announces he won't seek re-election April 4, 1968 - Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated May 1968 - The Sorbonne uprising in Paris June 5, 1968 - Senator Robert Kennedy assassinated June 1969 - SDS unravels Summer of 1969 - Orange sunshine debuts; Ronald Stark moves in on the illicit acid trade August 1969 - Woodstock rock festival Fall 1969 - Operation Intercept; huge antiwar demonstrations around the country December 1969 - Altamont rock concert; the Manson killings February 1970 - Leary convicted and jailed September 12, 1970 - Leary escapes from prison Spring 1970 - Jackson State and Kent State killings 1970 - LSD becomes a Schedule I drug 1971 - Windowpane acid first appears August 1972 - Operation BEL January 17, 1973 - Leary arrested in Afghanistan November 1973 - Hitchcock turns state evidence to convict Tim Scully and Nick Sand 1973 - MK-SEARCH terminated; OFTEN/MK-CHICKWIT phased out September 18, 1974 - PILL (People Investigating Leary's Lies) conference 1975 - Rockefeller Commission reports on CIA hallucinogenic drug experiments February 1975 - Ronald Stark arrested in Bologna, Italy 1976 - Church Committee reports on CIA and Army drug experiments 1976 - Leary released from jail Spring 1977 - Operation Julie bust in England Fall 1977 - Senate hearings on MK-ULTRA February 1979 - LSD reunion in Los Angeles A Who's Who of Acid Dreams Richard Alpert fired from Harvard in 1963 along with Tim Leary for giving LSD to an undergraduate student, later visited India, met a guru, and changed his name to Baba Ram Dass. Harry Anslinger long-time head of the Federal Narcotics Bureau, campaigned publicly against marijuana as a killer weed, but privately participated in a secret US foreign intelligence project that selected marijuana as a truth serum and described it in playful, sexual terms. Julian Beck and the Living Theater experimental performing troupe that traveled extensively in Europe in the 1960s. "We were willing to experiment with anything that would set the mind free," said Beck. The Black Panthers young African-American activists and socialists based in Oakland, California. Collaborated with white radicals and counterculture advocates in the spirit of Malcolm X. The Brotherhood of Eternal Love a southern California-based LSD commune that supplied the world with "orange sunshine," started out as dope-dealing idealists and ended up as a hippie mafia. William Burroughs mentor of the beat generation and author of Naked Lunch, was looking for the "final fix" when he participated in a yage ritual in South America in the early 1950s. He warned that hallucinogenic drugs could be used to control rather than liberate the vision-starved masses. "Remember," said Burroughs, "anything that can be done chemically can be done in other ways." John Starr Cooke a disciple of Aleister Crowley, was the Eminence gris behind the Psychedelic Rangers and the San Francisco Be-in. Lt. General William Creasy chief officer of the US Army Chemical Corps during the 1950s, preached a new, LSD-influenced military gospel of "war without death." During Congressional testimony, Creasy called for the testing of hallucinogenic gases on subways in major American cities. The Diggers guerrilla theater maestros and acid anarchists, lit up Haight-Ashbury with wild strokes of artistic genius and organized alternative social services for the flower children. Bob Dylan the legendary folk singer, dropped acid and went electric in the mid-1960s, influencing a generation of rolling stones in search of a new America Allen Ginsberg poet laureate of the grassroots acid subculture, charged that news media had exaggerated the dangers of LSD. Dr. Sidney Gottlieb the CIA's chief sorcerer-scientist, ran the Agency's Technical Services Staff and oversaw the super-secret MK-ULTRA program, which sought to develop LSD into a mind control weapon and also experimented with numerous other drugs and behavior control techniques. Grateful Dead led by Jerry Garcia, started out as a local acid rock band in San Francisco, before they claimed a loyal following of Deadheads. Richard Helms CIA director from 1967 to 1973, was a strong advocate of secret behavior control experiments; he described LSD as "dynamite." William Mellon Hitchcock the multimillionaire patron of the LSD commune at Millbrook, New York, later bankrolled a huge blackmarket acid manufacturing operation. Dr. Paul Hoch financed by the US Army and the CIA to study the effects of drugs on human behavior, administered intraspinal injections of LSD to psychiatric patients and performed electroshock and lobotomies on patients while they were under the influence of LSD and other hallucinogens. Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and the Yippies political pranksters par excellence, dropped acid, burned money on Wall Street, and demonstrated against the Democratic Convention in Chicago in August 1968. Dr. Albert Hofmann chemist working at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Switzerland, was the first person to synthesize LSD in 1938 and five years later he accidentally discovered the hallucinogenic effects of the drug. Michael Hollingshead the British prankster and cultural affairs attache, gave Timothy Leary and his Harvard colleagues their first taste of LSD. J. Edgar Hoover longtime FBI chief and closet queer, who oversaw extensive undercover operations designed to disrupt, neutralize, and counter the influence of the New Left, Black power proponents, and the sixties youth culture. Captain Al Hubbard the American superspy and uranium entrepreneur, became the first Johnny Appleseed of LSD, turning on thousands of people, including scientists, politicians, intelligence officials, diplomats, church figures, and housewives. "If you don't think it's amazing," said Hubbard, "just go ahead and try it." Aldous Huxley the eminent British novelist who lived in Hollywood, wrote The Doors of Perception, the seminal psychedelic manifesto. "It was without question the most extraordinary and significant experience this side of the Beautific Vision." Laura Huxley administered LSD to her husband, Aldous, as he lay dying in November 1963. Dr. Harris Isbell ran extensive drug experiments for the CIA at the Lexington Narcotics Hospital in Kentucky, where addicts were supplied with heroin in exchange for their participation in secret CIA LSD tests. Dr. Oscar Janiger a Los Angeles-based psychiatrist, used LSD as a tool to study the creative attributes of the mind and gave the drug to many well-known painters, musicians, actors, comedians, and writers. Janiger was also the first person in the US to synthesize DMT, a short-acting super-hallucinogen. Jack Kerouac the beat novelist, sampled the magic mushroom extract and reported: "It was a definite Satori. Full of psychic clairvoyance (but you must remember that this is not half as good as the peaceful ecstasy of simple Samadhi trance as I described it in Dharma Bums)." Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters were introduced to LSD courtesy of the US Army. They drove a day-glo bus across the United States and hosted the first electric kool-aid acid tests and rock/art extravaganzas in California during the mid-1960s. Arthur Kleps chief Boohoo of the Neo-American Boohoo Church, added epistemological spice to the Millbrook scene with his surrealistic antics. Timothy Leary the pied piper of the acid generation, implored everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out. John Lennon and the Beatles gave the blossoming psychedelic counterculture a stunning musical benediction with their release in June 1967 of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. G. Gordon Liddy Dutchess County prosecutor who tried to bust Timothy Leary, went on to serve as one of President Nixon's Watergate burglars whose arsenal of dirty tricks included LSD and other hallucinogens to neutralize Tricky Dick's political enemies. Charles Manson ex-convict and would-be rock musician, was a habitue of Haight-Ashbury before he formed a satanic LSD commune in Southern California, whose members engaged in depraved acts of violence and murder. The Motherf**kers crazed LSD radicals, took up the cry of "acid armed consciousness" and prefigured the paramilitary fad that engulfed the New Left in the late 1960s. Dr. Humphry Osmond a British research psychiatrist who coined the word "psychedelic," explored the therapeutic potential of LSD for curing alcoholism. Owsley (Augustus Owsley Stanley III) the undisputed king of the illicit LSD trade in the mid-1960s, deluged Haight-Ashbury and points beyond with street acid. Subsidized the Grateful Dead's infamous Wall of Sound. Maria Sabena a Mexican witch doctress, gave the divine mushroom to Harvard Psychologist Timothy Leary in 1960. Ed Sanders and the Fugs turned-on peace activists and folk-rock band, provided musical edification for protesters at the Pentagon in October 1967. Tim Scully young, idealistic genius, served time in prison after manufacturing orange sunshine and other forms of LSD. Dr. Van Sim chief of the Clinical Research Division at Edgewood Arsenal (headquarters of the Army Chemical Corps), received the Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service because he tried all new drugs, including LSD, on himself, before administering them to American soldiers. John Sinclair and the White Panthers, Ann Arbor-based activists who allied themselves with the Yippies and the Black panthers. "Acid was amping everything up, driving everything into greater and greater frenzy," Sinclair recounted. Ronald Stark CIA informant and counterculture con man, produced 50 million doses of LSD before he was busted in Italy in the mid-1970s. R. Gordon Wasson banker for J.P. Morgan, traveled to the Mexican highlands in the mid-1950s and participated in a magic mushroom ritual under the guidance of a local shaman. "For the first time," he wrote in Life magazine, "the word ecstasy took on real meaning. For the first time it did not mean someone else's state of mind." Weather Underground tripped-out, left-wing revolutionaries, helped Timothy Leary escape from prison and bombed symbolic targets in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Dr. Louis Joylon West conducted tests for the CIA at the University of Oklahoma, was called upon to examine Jack Ruby while he was in prison for murdering Lee Harvey Oswald, the alleged assassin of President Kennedy. Concluding that Ruby suffered from delusions of a conspiracy in the JFK killing, West prescribed "happy pills" for Ruby during his incarceration. George Hunter White a high-ranking US narcotics official who tested LSD on unwitting American citizens at the behest of the CIA. "It was fun, fun, fun," said White. "Where else could a red-blooded American lie, kill, cheat, and rape with the sanction of the all-highest?" Key Locations in Acid Dreams Basil, Switzerland Where Dr. Albert Hofmann, working at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, first synthesized and discovered the hallucinogenic effects of LSD Saskatchewan, Canada Where Dr. Humphry Osmond first successfully utilized LSD therapy to cure alcoholism Vancouver, Canada The home base of Captain Alfred Hubbard, who set up an LSD clinic at Hollywood Hospital Los Angeles, California Where LSD was first used as a social drug in the 1950s; a center of LSD research and therapeutic sessions San Francisco Bay Area LSD tests on unwitting Americans at a CIA safehouse during the 1950s and early 1960s; Haight-Ashbury, the most famous psychedelic city-state took shape in the mid-1960s Berkeley, California Home of the Free Speech Movement and focal point of student radicalism in the 1960s Ann Arbor, Michigan Birthplace of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and the White Panther Party Mexican highlands The place of pilgrimage for G. Gordon Wasson, who first wrote about the magic mushrooms for Life magazine London Site of the first clinic specializing in LSD therapy in the earluy 1950s; a swinging psychedelic scene in the 1960s Amsterdam Home of the Provos, the Dutch forerunners of the Yippies Millbrook, New York Where Timothy Leary set up an LSD commune in the mid-1960s Czechoslovakia The Communist government manufactured LSD during the 1950s and 1960s, some of which found its way to acidheads in the West AlgiersTimothy Leary lived briefly in exile with leaders of the Black Panther party before he fled to Switzerland La Honda, Palo Alto Home base of novelist Ken Kesey in the early 1960s when the Merry Pranksters emerged Laguna Beach, Idylwild, California Stomping grounds of the Brotherhood of Eternal Love, major distributors of blackmarket acid in the late 1960s and early 1970s Woodstock, New York The artists' community that provided the name for the legendary three-day music festival in August 1969 Bahamas Where William Mellon Hitchcock stashed some of the illegal proceeds of the underground LSD trade Bologna, Italy Where the mysterious Ronald Stark was arrested and jailed for drug possession before he was fingered as a US intelligence operative by an Italian judge Paris, France The site of a major illegal LSD laboratory run by Ronald Stark Brussels, Belgium The site of one of Ronald Stark's pharmaceutical fronts New York City, New York Army drug tests at the New York State Psychiatric Institute killed at least one human guinea pig; CIA-sponsored LSD research at Columbia University; drug subculture associated with the beat community and later the center of a thriving grassroots acid scene Boston area Site of early CIA-sponsored LSD research; later the home base of Timothy Leary at Harvard CIA sites Washington, DC area CIA headquarters, where several hallucinogenic escapades and covert operations with LSD were plotted Lexington, Kentucky CIA conducted extensive drug testing at the National Institutes of Mental Health Addiction Research Center Read more about drug tests at Lexington, excerpted from the text. Montreal, Canada CIA contracted brainwashing and drug studies involving LSD and PCP at the Allain Memorial Hospital Vacaville, California One of several prisons where the CIA tested drugs and behavior modification techniques Manilla, Philippines Where the CIA stored LSD for covert warfare Atsugi Air Base, Japan Where Lee Harvey Oswald's Marine unit was given LSD West Germany Where the CIA conducted LSD interrogations during the Cold war Army sites New York City, New York Army drug tests at the New York State Psychiatric Institute killed at least one human guinea pig Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland Headquarters of the US Army Chemical Corps, where thousands of soldiers were given LSD, the superhallucinogen BZ, and other mind-altering drugs Read more about BZ at Edgewood, excerpted from the text of Acid Dreams. Ft. Bragg, North Carolina US soldiers were given LSD and told to perform tank drills and other military manuevers in the late 1950s Ft. Benning, Georgia US soldiers perfomed war games under the influence of LSD in the late 1950s Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Where BZ-type weapons were developed for domestic crowd control purposes Pine Bluff, Arkansas Where large quantities of BZ were stored Dugway Proving Ground, Utah Project Dork, a multiphase field test, was conducted with BZ in the early 1960s; a BZ accident later sent several soldiers to the hospital Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas The site of additional Army LSD tests Ft. McLellan, Alabama US Army instructors attempted to teach classes while under the inluence of LSD in the late 1950s Ft. Dietrich, Maryland Headquarters of the US Army's Special Operations Division, which was devoted to biological warfare reasearch in the 1950s Orleans, France Under the auspices of Operation "Third Chance," US officers used LSD to torture an African-American private who was falsely accused of stealing classified documents Far East Army LSD interrogations performed under the auspice of Operation "Derby Hat" Hawaiian Islands Open air BZ tests conducted by the Army in preparation for use in Vietnam combat situations Vietnam BZ gas used to flush out enemy hideouts in South Vietnam during the war.

Harry J. Anslinger - Missing Link into MK/ULTRA Google on Harry Anslinger: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&rls...mp;oq=&aqi= Images of Harry Anslinger: http://images.google.com/images?rlz=1C1GGL...ved=0CCEQsAQwAw There is a DIRECT MENTION of HARRY J. ANSLINGER by Richard Condon in ManCand. Get onto this character, Harry J. Anslinger, and quickly, before he disappears from sight... Harry J. Anslinger From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Harry Jacob Anslinger (May 20, 1892 – November 14, 1975) held office as the Assistant Prohibition Commissioner in the Bureau of Prohibition, before being appointed as the first Commissioner of the Treasury Department's Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) on August 12, 1930. He held office an unprecedented 32 years in his role (rivaled only by J. Edgar Hoover), holding office until 1962. He then held office two years as US Representative to the United Nations Narcotics Commission. The responsibilities once held by Harry J. Anslinger are now largely under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Anslinger died at the age of 83 of heart failure in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. Contents [hide] 1 Early life, marriage 2 Rise to prominence 3 The campaign against marijuana 1930-1937 4 Later years 5 Career timeline, recognition 6 Sources 7 See also 8 External links [edit]Early life, marriage Anslinger's father, Robert J. Anslinger, born in Bern, Switzerland and had worked in that country as a barber. His mother, Rosa Christiana Fladt, was born in Baden, Germany. In 1881, the family emigrated to the United States. Robert Anslinger worked in New York for two years, before settling in Altoona, Pennsylvania. In 1892, the same year his son Harry was born, Anslinger went to work for the Pennsylvania Railroad. Harry Anslinger later claimed that he had witnessed a scene that affected his life. When he was 12, he heard the screams of a morphine addict that were only silenced by a boy returning from a pharmacist to supply the addict with more morphine. He was appalled that the drug was so powerful and that children had ready access to such drugs. However, the experience didn't stop Anslinger, while acting as the Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, he authorized a druggist near the White House to fill a morphine prescription for an addicted Senator Joseph McCarthy. [1] Anslinger enrolled at Altoona Business College at the age of 17. He also went to work for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1913, he was granted a furlough so he could enroll at Pennsylvania State College, where studied in a two-year associate degree program in engineering and business management. He married Martha Kind Denniston (Sept 1886 - Oct 10, 1961) in 1917. That year, at age 38, he was renting an apartment at 16th & R Street in Washington, DC for $90 per month, where he lived with his wife Martha and son Joseph L. Anslinger (May 24, 1911 - Nov 1982), who were 44 and 18, respectively. Martha Denniston was the niece[2] of Andrew W. Mellon, the Secretary of the US Treasury who would appoint Anslinger to his 32 year post as Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. [edit]Rise to prominence Anslinger gained notoriety early in his career. At the age of 23 (1915), while working as an investigator for the Pennsylvania Railroad, he performed a detailed investigation that found the claim of a widower in a railroad accident fraudulent. He saved the company $50,000 and was promoted to captain of railroad police. From 1917 to 1928, Anslinger worked for various military and police organizations. His tour of duty took him all over the world, from Germany to Venezuela to Japan. His focus was on stopping international drug trafficking, and he is widely credited for shaping not only America's domestic and international drug policies, but for having influence on drug polices of other nations, particularly those that had not debated the issues internally. By 1929, Anslinger returned from his international tour to work as an assistant Commissioner in the United States Bureau of Prohibition. Around this time, corruption and scandal gripped Prohibition and Narcotics agencies. The ensuing shake-ups and re-organizations set the stage for Anslinger, perceived as an honest and incorruptible figure, to advance not only in rank but to great political stature. In 1930, Anslinger was appointed to the newly-created FBN (Federal Bureau of Narcotics) as its first Commissioner. The FBN, like the Bureau of Prohibition, was under the auspices of the US Treasury Department. At that time the trade of alcohol and drugs was considered a loss of revenue because as illegal substances they could not be taxed. Anslinger was appointed by Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew W. Mellon and given a budget of $100,000. [edit]The campaign against marijuana 1930-1937 Main article: Legal history of marijuana in the United States Restrictions for marijuana started in District of Columbia 1906 and was followed by state laws in other parts of the country in the 1910s and 1920s. The early laws against the cannabis drugs were passed with little public attention. Concern about marijuana was related primarily to the fear that marijuana use would spread, even among whites, as a substitute for the opiates. It is largely believed that the early prohibitive marijuana laws were a response by the general public to the popularity of the drug among Mexicans. [3] In 1925 United States supported regulation of Indian hemp, Cannabis for use as a drug, in the International Opium Convention[4]. Recommendations from the International Opium Convention inspired the work with The Uniform State Narcotic Act between 1925 and 1932. Harry J. Anslinger become an active person in this process from about 1930.[5][6] Some of his critics allege that Anslinger, DuPont petrochemical interests and William Randolph Hearst together created the highly sensational anti-marijuana campaign to eliminate hemp as an industrial competitor. Indeed, Anslinger did not himself consider marijuana a serious threat to American society until in the fourth year of his tenure (1934), at which point an anti-marijuana campaign, aimed at alarming the public, became his primary focus as part of the government's broader push to outlaw all drugs.[7] Members of the League of Nations had already implemented restrictions for marijuana in the beginning of the 1930s and restrictions started in many states in U.S years before Anslinger was appointed. Both president Franklin D. Roosevelt and his Attorney General publicly supported this development in 1935.[7] An alternative explanation for Anslinger's opinions about hemp is that he believed that a tax on marijuana could be easier to supervise if it included hemp. Around 1931 advertising started for hemp as the new billion dollar crop. Anslinger had reports from experiments with mechanical harvesting of hemp in 1936, reporting that the machines were no success. "they were able to cut only a part of the Tribune Farm crop by machine, two thirds of it they did by hand with a sharp hand cutter...".[8] "The existence of the old 1934-1935 crop of harvested hemp on the fields of southern Minnesota is a menace to society in that it is being used by traffickers in marijuana as a source of supply "[9] By using the mass media as his forum (receiving much support from William Randolph Hearst), Anslinger propelled the anti-marijuana sentiment from the state level to a national movement. Writing for The American Magazine, the best examples were contained in his "Gore File", a collection of quotes from police reports, by later opponents described as police-blotter-type narratives of heinous cases, most with no substantiation, linking graphically depicted offenses with the drug: "An entire family was murdered by a youthful addict in Florida. When officers arrived at the home, they found the youth staggering about in a human slaughterhouse. With an axe he had killed his father, mother, two brothers, and a sister. He seemed to be in a daze… He had no recollection of having committed the multiple crime. The officers knew him ordinarily as a sane, rather quiet young man; now he was pitifully crazed. They sought the reason. The boy said that he had been in the habit of smoking something which youthful friends called “muggles,” a childish name for marijuana."[10] It appeared that Anslinger was also responsible for racist themes in articles against marijuana in the 1930s:[citation needed] "Colored students at the Univ. of Minn. partying with (white) female students, smoking [marijuana] and getting their sympathy with stories of racial persecution. Result: pregnancy"[11][12] "Two Negros took a girl fourteen years old and kept her for two days under the influence of hemp. Upon recovery she was found to be suffering from syphilis."[12][13] What Anslinger used was language from police reports about illegal drug use. Police reports are typically written with a concise language including such details as age, gender, race, ethnic group, type of crime etc.[citation needed] Anslinger, for example, pointed at the former big bootleggers of alcohol, something that many interpret as the Italian/Jewish mafia, as responsible for a big part of the organized illegal trade with opium and cocaine from mid 1930s.[citation needed] "The first Federal law-enforcement administrator to recognize the signs of a national criminal syndication and sound the alarm was Harry J. Anslinger, Commissioner of the Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury" (Ronald Reagan 1986)[14] When Anslinger was interviewed in 1954 about drug abuse (see below), he did not mention anything about race or gender. In his book The Protectors (1964) Anslinger has a chapter called "Jazz and Junk Don't Mix" about the black jazz musicians Billie Holliday and Charlie Parker, who both died after years of heavy drug abuse: "Jazz entertainers are neither fish nor fowl. They do not get the million-dollar protection Hollywood and Broadway can afford for their stars who have become addicted - and there are many more than will ever be revealed. Perhaps this is because jazz, once considered a decadent kind of music, has only token respectability. Jazz grew up next door to crime, so to speak. Clubs of dubious reputation were, for a long time, the only places where it could be heard. But the times bring changes, and as Billy Holiday was a victim of time and change, so too was Charlie Parker, a man whose music, like Billie's is still widely imitated. Most musicians credit Parker among others as spearheading what is called modern jazz."(p.157) [edit]Later years Later in his career, Anslinger was scrutinized for insubordination by refusing to desist from an attempt to halt the ABA/AMA Joint Report on narcotic addiction, a publication edited by the sociology Professor Alfred R. Lindesmith of Indiana University. Lindsmith wrote, among other works, Opiate Addiction (1947), The Addict and the Law (1965), and a number of articles condemning the criminalization of addiction. Nearly everything Lindesmith did was critical of the War on Drugs, specifically condemning Anslinger’s role. The AMA/ABA controversy is sometimes credited with ending Anslinger's position of Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics. In fact, Anslinger was surprised to be re-appointed by President John F. Kennedy in February 1961. The new President had a tendency to invigorate the government with more youthful civil servants and by 1962 Anslinger was 70 years old, the mandatory age for retirement in his position. In addition, during the previous year he had witnessed his wife Martha's slow and agonizing death due to heart failure and is said to have lost some of his drive and ambition. He submitted his resignation to President Kennedy on his 70th birthday, May 20, 1962. Since Kennedy did not have a successor, Anslinger stayed in his $18,500 a year ($125,535 in 2007 dollars) position until later that year. He was succeeded by Henry Giordano. Following that, he was the United States Representative to the United Nations Narcotics Commission for two years after which he retired. By 1973, Anslinger was completely blind, had a debilitatingly enlarged prostate gland, and suffered from angina. Some of his opponents find it ironic that despite his aggressive stance against addictive painkilling drugs, he himself was taking morphine to alleviate his pain[citation needed]. On November 14, 1975, at 1 pm, Anslinger died of heart failure at Mercy Hospital (now known as Bon Secours Hospital Campus of the Altoona Regional Health System) in Altoona, Pennsylvania. He was 83. He was survived by his son Joseph L. Anslinger and a sister. According to John McWilliams' 1990 book The Protectors, Anslinger's daughter-in-law Bea at that time still lived in Anslinger's home in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. Anslinger is buried in Hollidaysburg Presbyterian Cemetery, Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, USA Plot: Sec. C, Lot 320. [edit]Career timeline, recognition Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Harry J. Anslinger 1913-1915 : Student, Pennsylvania State University, State College PA 1917-1918 : Member, Efficiency Board, Ordinance Division, War Department 1918-1921 : Attached to American Legation, The Hague 1921-1923 : Vice-Consul, Hamburg, Germany 1923-1925 : Consul, La Guaira, Venezuela 1926 : Consul, Venezuela 1926 : Delegate of US to Conference on Suppression of Smuggling, London 1926-1929 : Chief Division of Foreign Control, US Treasury Department 1927 : Delegate of US to Conference on Suppression of Smuggling, Paris 1928 : International Congress against Alcoholism, Antwerp, Belgium 1928 : Conference to Revise Treat with US, Ottawa, Canada 1929-1930 : Assistant Commissioner of Prohibition 1930 : LL.B., Washington College of Law ? : LL.D., University of Maryland 1930-1962 : Commissioner of Federal Bureau of Narcotics 1931 : Conference of Limitation of Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs 1932-34, 1936-39 : Co-Observer of US at League of Nations Opium Advisory Commission 1936 : US delegation International Conference for Suppression of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, League of Nations, Geneva 1952 : US representative commission on Narcotic Drugs of UN Recipient Pennsylvania Ambassador, Proctor Gold Medal Awards 1958 : One of ten outstanding career men, Federal Government, National Civil Service League 1959 : Alumni Recognition Award, American University 1959 : Distinguished Alumnus award, Pennsylvania State University 1962-1963 : US Representative to United Nations Narcotics Commission 1964: Retired Alexander Hamilton Medal Remington Medal Presidential Citation Member, Commission Drug Addiction NRC Honorable Member, Terre Haute Academy of Medicine Associate Member, International Police Chief Association Member, Advisory Committee, International Cooperation Common Law, American Bar Association Life Member, Pennsylvania and Blair County Pharm. Association Diplomatic and Consular Officers Reg. (board of governors) Sigma Nu Phi [edit]Sources ^ [Drugs & Washington, D. C., by Maxine Cheshire, from the Home Journal, Dec 1978, Vol. 195, pp. 62, 176, 178, 180, 182, morphine ref. p. 180. See also "The Murders" by Harry Anslinger p 182.] ^ Valentine, Douglas (2004). The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America's War on Drugs. Verso Books. pp. 16. ISBN 1-85984-568-1. ^ Richard J. Bonnie & Charles H. Whitebread, II:THE FORBIDDEN FRUIT AND THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE: AN INQUIRY INTO THE LEGAL HISTORY OF AMERICAN MARIJUANA PROHIBITION ^ W.W. WILLOUGHBY: OPIUM AS AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM, BALTIMORE, THE JOHNS HOPKINS PRESS, 1925 ^ Statement of Harry J. Anslinger ^ The Marihuana Tax Act, ADDITIONAL STATEMENT OF H. J. ANSLINGER ^ a b ROOSEVELT ASKS NARCOTIC WAR AID, 1935 ^ Letter from Elizabeth Bass - November 5, 1936 ^ REPORT OF SURVEY COMMERCIALIZED HEMP (1934-35 CROP) ^ Victor Licata Research by Uncle Mike ^ Gray, Michael (1998). Drug Crazy: How We Got Into this Mess and How We Can Get Out. Random House. ISBN 0679435336. ^ a b Inciardi, James A. (1986). The War on Drugs: Heroin, cocaine, crime, and public policy. Palo Alto: Mayfield Publishing Company. pp. 231. ISBN 0874847435. ^ Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties By Paul Finkelman ^ Ronald Reagan: DECLARING WAR ON ORGANIZED CRIME, 1986 Note (1): Larry Sloman, Reefer Madness: A History of Marijuana in America (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1979), pp 30–31 United States Census, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1930 The Traffic in Narcotics: An interview with the Hon. Harry J. Anslinger United States Commissioner of Narcotics, Jan. 1, 1954 HARRY J. ANSLINGER, WILL OURSLER:THE STORY OF THE NARCOTIC GANGS, 1961 Obituaries, New York Times, November 18, 1975 Who Was Who in America with World Notables (ISBN 0-8379-0207-X), Vol VI 1974-1976, by Marquis Who's Who, 1976 The Protectors: Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930-1962) (ISBN 0-87413-352-1), by John C. McWilliams, University of Delaware Press, August 1, 1990 The War on Drugs II (ISBN 1-55934-016-9), by J.A. Inciardi, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1992 Cannabis: A History (ISBN 0-312-42494-9), by Martin Booth, Picador USA, June 2005 [edit]See also Havana Conference LaGuardia Commission Legal history of marijuana in the United States Legal issues of cannabis Prohibition (drugs) L.G. Nutt [edit]External links Harry J. Anslinger, Commissioner of the US Bureau of Narcotics, "Marijuana: assassin of Youth", The American Magazine, July 1937 Statement by Harry J. Anslinger, Commissioner of the US Bureau of Narcotics, to the Senate Ways and Means Committee, 1937 Guide to the H.J. Anslinger Papers, 1835-1970, Pennsylvania State University [1] Free ebook about hemp and the Anslinger/Dupont/Hearst triumvirate

Former CNP head and Pioneer Fund BoD Member has leadership role in Blackwater.... This one should not be too hard to figure out. Who is the former Council for National Policy president and Pioneer Fund BoD Member who has a current leadership role in Blackwater....? Free order of Taco Bell to go for the first person who can identify him. Identify the year he was head of the CNP! Identify the year he was on the Board of Directors of The Pioneer Fund! How did Richard Condon refer to him in The Manchurian Candidate? (this one may be more difficult) It was NOT Wickliffe Draper, either, of course cause he was crumbling into dust and worm infested by 1972-73. Let's see who gets this one first. My guess is either Tom Scully, Greg Parker, John Simkin or James Richards... Taco Bell Gift Certificate is awaiting the winner.

Canary who sang but couldn't fly. Death of Reles In the early morning of November 12, 1941, Abe Reles fell to his death from a hotel window. It is not known whether he was thrown or pushed out the window, or if he was trying to escape. The angle of trajectory suggests that he was in fact pushed. Because of his mob status as a "stool pigeon" and the circumstances surrounding his death, Reles gained another moniker after his passing. In addition to "Kid Twist," Reles became known as "the canary who sang, but couldn't fly." Hardly missed but soon forgotten. Free Keyword Search Engine linked back to the FrankOlson.org website: http://www.5000Watches.com/FrankOlson Try search values like: Manchurian Candidate or MK/ULTRA or MKULTRA or MK\ULTRA or Frank Wisner or Allen Dulles or Angleton or Wolff or Wolfe and see what you find... For me iss izzy... for ozzers dee-fee-cult

You know, anyone Jack White takes pot shots at has got to okay with me and a friend of mine. And I met Doug Horne at a Dallas ASK Conference in the mind 1990's and we both enjoyed a 90 minute conversation together. He sort of reminds me of... well... me as a matter of fact. Articulate, brilliant, dedicated and convinced that there was a massive conspiracy in the assassination of JFK. I listened to both Doug Horne and Jim Marrs the author of Crossfire on CoastToCoastAM with George Noury last night, and one thing continues to disappoint me though, about the approach of Doug Horne and several others like him. He still insisted on the CoastToCoastAM program that analysis of the Medical Evidence "will prove" NOT "has proven" that there was "A" Conspiracy and that FIRST AND FOREMOST you "HAVE TO" prove that there was "A" conspiracy BEFORE you can move on to identify either the conspirators, the sponsors of the conspiracy, the identity of the shooters, the motivations of the conspirators and/or their paymasters and the reasons why JFK was killed, or something to that effect. Well that is pitifully misdirected and off target to the max. In fact, I have known since November 18, 1963 that there was "A" conspiracy and I have known since 1991 that neither Ballistics nor Medical Evidence can do anything else except convince the unconvinced that there WAS, in fact, just "A" conspiracy. But you do not have to PROVE "A" Conspiracy BEFORE you identify the "reasons", the "rationale", the "justification", the "origins", the "intended outcome" or the "motivations" of the conspirators or of the shooters or of their paymasters. And so he continues to perhaps belittle, disparage and debunk even his own superlative, conclusive and valuable "research" and his "own conclusions" and his "own analysis" insisting to himself at least, in a sad sort of way, that his lifetime project is still inadequate, or somehow inconclusive regarding his "end game strategy" or his "end game conclusions" as if he was still a "doubting Thomas" himslef not certain that he has done a job that is quite good enough. And that is just such a diffusion of just a brilliant and dedicated researcher's efforts by the researcher himself. Someone like a Dr. Gary Aguilar also got drawn into this "LaBrea Tarpits of JFK Research", or rather he might have even "created" this LaBrea Tarpits on PURPOSE, in order to lure or draw others into this morass of permanent state of inconclusiveness or permanent state of deflection from an "end game path". This way people will not look into his parents sponsorship of John Birch Society meetings held at his home, they will not look into Robert J. Morris, or Charles A. Willoughby, or into Edwin A. Walker from the Dallas John Birch Society or all the other PATENTLY OBVIOUS constituents of the JFK Conspiracy which by definition EXISTS. It is like saying that you have to prove an EXISTENCE THEOREM TO YOURSELF way before you can move beyond the FACT OF THE EXISTENCE to the CREATOR OF THE ITEM WHOSE VERY EXISTENCE YOU ARE STILL IN DOUBT ABOUT. If this approach had only been focused on OTHER TOPICS like the following the End Game would have arrived already... 1) THE SPONSORSHIP BY THE H. SMITH RICHARDSON FOUNDATION OF THE AFC, MK/ULTRA, AND THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE EXPERIMENTS AT BRIDGEWATER STATE COLLEGE IN MASSACHUSETTS PLUS THE INVOLUNTARY STERILIZATION MOVEMENT OF WICKLIFFE DRAPER AT BOWMAN GRAY MEDICAL SCHOOL IN SMITH'S BACKYARD IN WINSTON-SALEM NORTH CAROLINA 2) THE SHICKSHINNY KNIGHTS OF MALTA (SKOM) AND THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA (SMOM) AND THE ROLES OF WILLOUGHBY, BUCKLEY, FELLERS, CORSO, MORRIS AND ANGLETON WHO ALSO OUTRIGHT PRO-NAZIS AND AMERICAN SECURITY COUNCIL FOUNDERS AS WELL AS JOHN BIRCHERS, PRO-NAZIS AND MENTIONED IN THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE 3) THE PIONEER FUND, INCLUDING WICKLIFFE P. DRAPER, DR. HANS J. EYSENCK DR. HAROLD WOLFF AND ROGER A. PEARSON 4) THE WORLD ANTI-COMMUNIST LEAGUE AND THEIR MEMBERS ROLES (ALPHA 66, LOS TECOS FROM MEXICO AND APACL PLUS WACCFL AND WACL IN NUMEROUS COVERT WORLD EVENTS FROM THE 1950'S FOWARD CENTERED AROUND WICK DRAPER 5) THE ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ASSOCIATES AND THE HUMAN ECOLOGY FUND AND RELATED ORGANIZATIONS WHICH WERE SPONSORED BY WICKLIFFE PRESTON DRAPER INVOLVED WITH MIND CONTROL AND BEHAVIORIAL COERCION 6) THE ROLES OF THE JOHN BIRCH SOCIETY, THE AMERICAN SECURITY COUNCIL, THE SENATE INTERNAL SECURITY COUNCIL AND THE AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE WITH DRAPER'S AMERICAN COALITION OF PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES AND THE DRAPER GENETICS COMMITTEE WITH SENATOR JAMES EASTLAND OF MISSISSIPPI AND THE MISSISSIPPI SOVEREIGNTY COMMISSION 7) THE IDENTITY OF THE PERSONS AT THE RICHARD GIESBRECHT INCIDENT IN WINNIPEG, MANITOBA, CANADA WHO SPOKE ABOUT THE JFK ASSASSINATION AND THE ROLE OF A MYSTERIOUS OWNER OF A TEXTILES-RELATED BUSINESS (DRAPER) 8) THE HIDDEN AGENDA AND PERSONS BEHIND THE NOVEL, THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE, BY RICARD CONDON AND WHO MIGHT HAVE BEEN CONDON'S INFORMANT ON THE ENTIRE SUBJECT OF MIND CONTROL, AND INFLUENCING PUBLIC OPINION WHY DID CONDON REFER TO DRAPER 3 DIFFERENT TIMES IN THE NOVEL AND HOW DID HE FIND OUT ABOUT DRAPER ANYWAY 9) THE REASON WHY DICK RUSSELL'S INFORMANT FINGERED ADOLPH TSCHEPPE-WEIDENBACH AND DOUGLAS MACARTHUR 10) THE INFRASTRUCTURE CREATED BY COL. ULIUSS L. AMOSS, MAJ. CARLETON S COON, MORRIS SCHAPIRO, RAY S. CLINE, CLENDENIN J. RYAN, NICOLAS BRADY AND HAROLD B. CHAIT AT BALTIMORE METALS AND BALDT ANCHOR AND CHAIN AND HOW IT WAS USED IN BOTH THE JFK HIT AND DURING IRAN-CONTRA AND DESERT STORM AND NOW FOR BLACKWATER ARMIES? GET ON THIS TRACK AND YOU WILL SEE THE RELATIONSHIPS, THE PARTICIPANTS AND THEIR MOTIVATIONS AND THEIR GOALS

Sir Barry Domville was indicted as a British Nazi spy yet found kindred spirits at SKOM with Lord Malcom Douglas-Hamilton who entertained Rudolph Hess after he parachuted into Great Britain and was later part of The Cliveden Set whom Alger Hiss blamed for his persecution and prosecution. All Draper cronies. Every one of them. Willoughby, Fellers, Corso, del Valle, Malcolm Douglas-Hamilton, Barry Domville, etc. Condon's informant may have come from SKOM, too. Both FDR's coup attempt and JFK's coup originated from members of SMOM and SKOM... How many of Condon's Dirty Dozen are in this article below all of whom conspired to kill JFK? 1) Maj Gen Charles Willoughby who almost led MacArthur into launching World War III against the Chi Comms during Korea and allowed the Japanese surprise attack to hit BOTH Pearl Harbor and the Phillipines (The 2nd Pearl Harbor) without launching a single plane 2) Brig Gen Bonner Fellers who sent info about Montgomery's tank movements in Northern Africa to a young James Angleton in Rome who promptly sent them along to General Rommel directly. Desert Fox my a** he had inside info from Fellers. 3) James Angleton himself and/or his Mussolini supporting father who ran the NCR franchise in Italy 4) William F. Buckley who was a member of SMOM, started YAF and wrote God and Man at Yale for William F. Regnery Press 5) Charles Edison who funded William F. Buckley's Young Americans for Freedom with his $100 Million legacy from Thomas Alva Edison his father Philip J. Corso has not yet been found in The Manchurian Candiate, but he was attache to Giovanni Battista Montini and went to work for ManCand'er Sen. J. Strom Thurmond. Robert J. Morris worked for Patrick J. Frawley at Schick Safety Razor and at Technicolor. Morris, William F. Buckley and James Bozzelle was it Buckley's brother in law donated serious funding to an Orange County Jesuit Seminary and another Buckley brother in law, Gerald Davies, was it, was related to H. Smith Richardson through marriage who personally funded the Bridgewater State Mental Hospital involuntary experiments on patients for the MK/ULTRA program as part of the CIA Manchurian Candidate training. Frawley of course funded INCA whose PsyOps mastermind, Edward Scannell Butler later interviewed Oswald on the New Orleans Radio program where Oswlad "admitted" he was a Marxist under coercion. PsyOps Warfare specialist and INCA director Alton Ochsner, Jr. was later head of The Council for National Policy which was also headed up by Presidents like Nelson Bunker Hunt, Thomas F. Ellis, Rev. Tim LaHaye, Malcolm "Reverend Pat" Robertson whose father Willis Robertson the "other" Senator from Louisiana put G.L.K. Smith up to murdering Senator Huey Long, Edwin Meese III, and several other stalwarts from the radical right. These guys stop at nothing to get their way. GLK Smith, Draper and Vonsiatsky were chosen to head up the "Snuff Team" for JFK because they ALL had experience with the FDR plot as well as several other "Snuff Teams". - Patrick J. Frawley, Jr.: also a Knight of the Order of St. Sylvester of which William [ head of WWII OSS .... JP ] "Wild Bill" Donovan was a member. He is a longstanding funder of right-wing causes including Fred Schwarz's Christian Anti-Communism Crusade. His wife is a Dame of SMOM and is Publisher of the National Catholic Register of California, whose editor, Francis X. Maier was formerly with National Review. Maier was the first Chairman of the Catholic Center for Renewal, whose President, Philip F. Lawler, is the Director of Studies of the Heritage Foundation (which was chaired by Knight of SMOM Frank Shakespeare, newly appointed Ambassador to Portugal). How many of these guys went after FDR in the 1930's according to Major General Smedley Butler, mostly Irish Catholics? When the American Association of SMOM was created in 1927 the founding members included Patrick Cardinal Hayes, Edward L. Hearn, Nicholas F. Brady, Howard F. Carry, Patrick E. Crowley, James A. Farrell, James A. Fayne, Edward N. Hurley, James J. Phelan, Morgan J. O'Brien, John J. Raskob, and John D. Ryan. Nicholas F. Brady from The Brady Bunch his son or grandson was later Treasury Secretary then Secretary of War... John D. Ryan related to Cornelius J. Ryan later of YAF whose son roomed with Doug Caddy at Georgetown James A. Farrell ocupation unknown John J. Raskob, see The Plot to Seize the White House where all of these guys were indicted and exposed How many of these guys were involved with Gen. John Patton's Punitive Campaign against Pancho Villa? 1) Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby 2) William F. Buckley's father 3) George Otis Draper uncle to Wickliffe Draper 4) Col. Robert F. McCormick of the Chicago Tribune Henry and Claire Booth Luce from Life Magazine were in SMOM as well. Some obviously objected to the concept of "Killing Commies for Christ" but the fact is that is exactly what these guys believed in and what they were doing... And the article on "Killing Commies for Christ the King" seems to have disappeared from this site because Kathy Beckett disapproved. How the heck would she know anything about this? Anything at all? Can anyone else find it? I can't. She should stick to other topics with which she may be vaguely more familiar for the betterment and enhancement of this site. Now we have our own little group of "content censors" like the book-burning committees of the John Birch Society, too? Great! Fahrenheit 451? Deja vu all over again? What a country! Will articles here now be redacted, rejected, restricted or rewritten too just because some moderator doesn't like the contents? First Don, the nosy boy, and clueless one Jeffries then Kathy Beckett of all people. Do you guys even know the significance of Fahrenheit 451? That is the temperature at which the paper in books ignites. Go rent the movie. Don Jeffries should stick to writing really lousy Science Fiction for kids. Why don't you censor that anarchist crap about "Nanothermite in the World Trade Center" wreckage instead? Or that "ditto head" crap about indicting an entire Foundation for the crimes of its funding recipients committed 5 years later? What despicably lousy journalism! What utter horse manure! "The Catholic Right and the Knights of Malta, in particular Baron Franz von Papen (see sidebar), played a critical role in Hitler's assumption of power and the launching of the Third Reich's Twentieth Century Crusade." From ......... COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN Issue title: SPECIAL: NAZIS, THE VATICAN, AND CIA WINTER 1986 Number 25 Pages 27-38 [1 of 4 ....... 27-29] KNIGHTS OF DARKNESS THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA INTRODUCTION The Sovereign Military and Hospitaler Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, known also as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, or SMOM, is juridically, politically, and historically unique in the world today. Representing initially the most powerful and reactionary segments of the European aristocracy, for nearly a thousand years beginning with the early crusades of the Twelfth Century, it has organized, funded, and led military operations against states and ideas deemed threatening to its power. It is probably safe to say that the several thousand Knights of SMOM, principally in Europe, North, Central, and South America, comprise the largest most consistently powerful and reactionary membership of any organization in the world today. Although an exclusively [Roman] Catholic organization, in this century it has collaborated with, and given high awards to non-Catholic extremists in its current crusade against progressive forces in the West, the national liberation movements, and the socialist countries. To be a Knight, one must not only be from wealthy, aristocratic lineage, one must also have a psychological worldview which is attracted to the "crusader mentality'' of these "warrior monks." Participating in SMOM Ñ including its initiation ceremonies and feudal ritual dress Ñ members embrace a certain caste/class mentality; they are sociologically and psychologically predisposed to function as the ''shock troops" of Catholic reaction. And this is precisely the historical role the Knights have played in the wars against Islam, against the Protestant "heresy,'' and against the Soviet ''Evil Empire." The Catholic Right and the Knights of Malta, in particular Baron Franz von Papen (see sidebar), played a critical role in Hitler's assumption of power and the launching of the Third Reich's Twentieth Century Crusade. SMOM's influence in Germany survived World War II intact. On November 17, 1948 SMOM awarded one of its highest honors, the Grand Cross of Merit, to Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi chief of intelligence on the Soviet front. He was subsequently installed by the Americans as the first chief of West Germany's equivalent of the CIA, the Bundesnachtrichtdienst (BND: federal secret service), under West German Chancellor Adenauer, a devout Catholic who had received the Magistral Grand Cross personally from SMOM Grand Master Prince Chigi. After the appointment of Knight of Malta William Casey as head of the Central Intelligence Agency, and another Knight, James Buckley, as head ot U.S. propaganda against Eastern Europe at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, several historians noted with interest President Reagan's call during the summer of 1982 for a "crusade" against the "Evil Empire" in Eastern Europe. [ including Balkans ...... JP ] In addition to Casey, and James Buckley, its current members, or Knights, after the feudal fashion, include Lee Iacocca, John McCone, William Buckley, Alexander Haig, Alexandre de Marenches (the chief of French Intelligence under Giscard d'Estaing, himself a Knight of SMOM), Otto von Hapsburg, and various leaders of the fascist P-2 Masonic lodge in Italy. While its organizational funding is relatively modest, its leverage is maximized by the presence of its Knights in key positions in other private and governmental structures throughout the world. FRANZ von PAPEN A leading figure in Hitler's coming to power was SMOM Franz von Papen, known as "the devil in a top hat." A devout Catholic aristocrat from an old family of Westphalian nobility, a former military attache and spy against the United States in 1915, von Papen became Chancellor in May 1932, with the support of the Nazis. In June he ordered the dissolution of the Reichstag, calling for new elections in July, in which the Nazis emerged as the largest party in the new Reichstag. After a meeting with Hitler, von Papen persuaded President von Hindenberg to offer Hitler the Chancellorship, which he assumed on January 30, 1933. Von Papen became his Vice-Chancellor. In April 1933 von Papen was elevated to Knight Magistral Grand Cross of SMOM. After the murder of Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss in Vienna in July 1934, von Papen became Hitler's Ambassador to Austria, and, in March 1938 stood by the Fuhrer's side at his triumphal entry into Vienna. From 1939 until August 1944 he was the Nazi Ambassador to Turkey, and at the Nuremberg trials he was charged with conspiracy to wage aggressive war. He was one of several Nazi leaders acquitted, and subsequently received a generous pension from the first postwar Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. Page 28 The President of the American Eastern Association of SMOM is J. Peter Grace, President of W.R. Grace Company, who was a key figure in Operation Paperclip, which brought Nazi scientists to the U.S. 1 SMOM's Sovereign Diplomacy As its name suggests, SMOM is both a ''sovereign'' and, historically, a "military" organization. Its headquarters, occupying a square block in Rome at 68 Via Condotti, enjoys the extra-territorial legal status granted to an embassy of a sovereign state. The Italian police are not welcome on its territory, it issues its own stamps, and has formal diplomatic relations and exchanges ambassadors with a number of countries. On November 13, 1951 Italian President Alcide de Gasperi recognized the diplomatic sovereignty of SMOM, although he held off formal exchange of diplomatic envoys.2 On January 11, 1983 the New York Daily News announced that, "The Vatican and the order of the Knights of Malta, believed to be the smallest sovereign state in the world, have agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, a joint statement said today. " President Reagan's Ambassador to the Vatican, William Wilson, is, coincidentally, a Knight of Malta.3 On September 5, 1984 French Foreign Minister Claude Cheysson signed a formal protocol with SMOM for various cooperative projects includlng "aid to victims of conflicts."4 (See below on Americares.) Historical Antecedents Already in existence at the time of the first Crusade in 1099, in 1113 the Order of St. John was given its independence by Pope Pascal II, permitted to elect its own Grand Master, and soon the Order began military participation in the Crusades along with with the Knights Templar and Teutonic Knights. The Order of St. John recruited successfully among the Eurupean aristocracy and soon controlled extensive estates throughout the continent, assimilating those previously belonging to the Knights Templar which it had helped crush during the first two decades of the 14th Century, with the Templar leadership burned alive as heretics. J. Peter Grace and Project Paperclip On January 16, 1980 ABC-TV broadcast a special "News Closeup," "Escape from Justice: Nazi War Criminals in America" which discussed Grace's Role in Project Paperclip. The transcript of the program, available from ABC on request, states, "Project Paperclip ....... from the end of WW II to the mid-1950's brought more than 900 German scientists to the United States. ..... Otto Ambros ..... was a chemist and a Director of the notorious I.G. Farben Company which supplied gasoline and rubber for Hitler's war effort. Ambros ...... played a supervisory role in the construction of Farben's plant in the Polish village of Auschwitz. For I.G. Farben, Auschwitz concentration inmates provided a plentiful source of cheap labor. ..... The Nuremberg prosecution charged that each day at Farhen's plant one hundred people died from sheer exhaustion. ...... Otto Ambros was convicted of slavery and mass murder and sentenced to eight years in prison. But even while on trial at Nuremberg, Ambros was a target for U.S. recruiters from 'Project Paperclip.' His prison sentence was commuted after only three years by American officials and he was helped in a bid to enter the United States by ...... J. Peter Grace, President of W. R. Grace, a major American chemical company. ..... An internal State Department document describes how J. Peter Grace helped Otto Ambros in his efforts to enter the U.S. In a memorandum to the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, Grace acknowledges that Ambros was a war criminal. But he adds that in the years he's known Ambros, ...... 'we have developed a very deep admiration, not only for his ability, but more important, for his character in terms of truthfulness and integrity.' Today Otto Ambros does consulting work tor W. R. Grace and Company and lives here in Mannheim, Germany. In a recent telephone interview Ambros [said] 'I'm happy to still be working as a chemist ...... but it's funny. Now I'm helping the Americans.' " In June 1981, largely in response to the efforts of well known war crimes researcher Charles Allen, Yeshiva University cancelled a $150-a-plate dinner it had organized to honor Grace. (See also, Joe Conason and Martin A. Rosenblatt, "The Corporate State of Grace," 'Village Voice', April 12, 1983.) When the scandal broke in West Germany over the Flick company paying huge sums of money to various politicians and parties, it was learned that additionally Flick had taken improper tax waivers and used the money to pump millions of dollars into W. R. Grace Co., becoming a major shareholder. Friedrich Karl Flick himself sits on the Grace Board. As the Moscow New Times reminded its readers (No. 8, 1983, citing Der Spiegel), Friedrich Karl's father, Flick Sr., had poured money into the coffers of the Nazi party in January 1933, and, ''after Goering had promised the Ruhr magnates that "the March 5 elections will be the last elections in this decade and perhaps in this century,'' he contributed another 200,000 marks; this sum was handed to SS Reichfuhrer Himmler. Flick Sr. was subsequently sentenced at Nuremberg to seven years for using slave labor, spoliation and being an accessory to the crimes of the SS. To ensure a good beginning for his son, the war criminal sent him after the war for early training with W. R. Grace. Page 29 In 1187 the Order was driven militarily from Jerusalem by Saladin. The Knights were forced to flee successively to Acre, Cyprus (1291), and finally Rhodes (1310) where they subdued the local population and establishcd a military dictatorship enjoying territorial sovereignty for the first time. In 1522 they were defeated by Sultan Suleiman's forces of 200,000 troops and 250 ships after a six-month siege. By 1530 under Grand Master Villiers de l'lsle-Adam, the Knights established their headquarters on the island of Malta which had been given to them by Charles V. Martin Luther was born in 1483, the same year that Torquemada unleashed the fury of the Inquisition, and while the Knights waged war against foreign heresies, they were soon confronted by the liberalizing Reformation challenge to Catholic Orthodoxy. In England Henry Vlll's assertion of an independent national policy was complicated by his marriage to Katherine who was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, patron of the Knights of Malta who in England were a militant bastion of Papal loyalty. By 1534 Pope Clement VII had excommunicated the King and two years later Pope Paul III published a Bull deposing the King and charging the Emperor with its execution. According to King and Luke's authoritative history 5 of the Order in England The staunchest supporters of Papal supremacy were naturally to be found among the religious Orders, and ....... the Knights were the loyal servants of the Pope, whose claims to universal dominion [the King] had repudiated, ....... it was thus a sheer impossibility for the King to permit the existence in England of an Order so powerful and so highly organized unless it was prepared to renounce its loyalty to his most determined enemy. Inevitably the Knights would become a center of disaffection and a rallying point for all the forces of reaction. ...... In July 1539, after two of the Knights had already chosen the martyr's crown, the King wrote letters to the Grand Master which practically constituted an ultimatum, demanding that the Papal supremacy should cease to be recognized by the Order in England. ..... But it was impossible to accept the King's conditions. In April 1540 ..... Parliament passed an Act dissolving the Order in England and conferring its estates upon the Crown. ...... 6 Meanwhile on the continent and in the Mediterranean the wars against the infidels of the East continued. Since the military defense of Christendom required naval support, the Order created a powerful fleet and patrolled the seas of the Eastern Mediterranean fighting many naval actions. Military operations ranged as far as Egypt and Syria, and by 1565 under Grand Master Valette, they resisted the Turkish siege of Malta. In 1571 SMOM's fleet participated in the defeat of the Turks at the naval battle of Lepanto, and remained a major military presence in the Mediterranean until 1789 when Napoleon defeated the Knights and occupied the island. The Order finally sought temporary protection under the Russian Emperor Paul I in 1797; in 1834 Pope Leo XIII established its headquarters in Rome. - END QUOTE - [ continue to 2 of 4 ] COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN P.O.BOX 50272 WASHINGTON, DC 20004 http://mediafilter.org/MFF/ "All studies [of the post-WWII Nazi networks] have shown the determining role played by the [Roman] Catholic Church in the flight of war criminals." From ......... COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN Issue title: SPECIAL: NAZIS, THE VATICAN, AND CIA WINTER 1986 Number 25 Pages 27-38 [2 of 4 ....... 30-33 ] KNIGHTS OF DARKNESS THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA Page 30 The American Association of SMOM In Europe SMOM's membership had been traditionally limited to those who could prove a requisite purity of noble blood for several generations. Nevertheless, as a concession to the rising political, economic, and military power of the United States, in 1927 SMOM agreed to incorporate an American National Association whose members were not obliged to prove their genealogical pedigree. When the American Association of SMOM was created in 1927 the founding members included Patrick Cardinal Hayes, Edward L. Hearn, Nicholas F. Brady, Howard F. Carry, Patrick E. Crowley, James A. Farrell, James A. Fayne, Edward N. Hurley, James J. Phelan, Morgan J. O'Brien, John J. Raskob, and John D. Ryan. By 1941 Francis Cardinal Spellman was listed as the "Grand Protector" and "Spiritual Advisor" of the Order, with John J. Raskob as Treasurer. Members included John Farrell, then President of U.S.Steel, Joseph P. Grace, and John D. Ryan. In 1934 Raskob, inspired by the French fascist Croix de Feu, and working closely with Morgan Bank's John Davis, had been a principal financier in the plot to organize a fascist coup in the U.S. The plan failed when General Smedley Butler, who had been set up to lead the project, denounced it. The 1941 list also included Joseph J. Larkin. According to Charles Higham's Trading With the Enemy (see review in this issue), Joseph J. Larkin . . . [vice-president of Chase Manhattan Bank in charge of European affairs] kept the Chase Bank open ....... in Nazi-occupied Paris throughout World War II. .... [He] had received the Order of the Grand Cross of the Knights of Malta from Pope Pius XI in 1928. He was an ardent supporter of General Franco and, by extension, Hitler. Morgenthau first suspected him as a fascist sympathizer in Octoher 1936. ..... With the encouragement of Schacht, Larkin took on the Franco account and the Reichsbank account, though the Reichsbank was under the personal control of Hitler. ..... 7 The Role of Felix A. Morlion In the latter part of April 1948 the Romanian Timpul published an article, "The Vatican Espionage Service," cited in the Soviet journal New Times, No.31, 1948, at pp. 5, 6. As reported, the article indicated that, "In 1946 the Pope entrusted the Dominican friar [Felix A.] Morlion, a Belgian, with the reorganization of the Vatican intelligence service and its merger with the jesuit espionage network. The central intelligence department of the Vatican is headed by Janssens, a general of the Jesuit Order. His deputy is Montini, the acting Vatican Secretary of State, and his assistants are Schmider, the administrative director of the central jesuit espionage bureau, and Morlion, director of Centro d'informazione pro Deo. The central intelligence department is subdivided into branches and sections dealing with the various countries. One of the main branches is the so-called 'special division' which operates under the signboard of the Centro d'informazione pro Deo press agency. Similar divisions have been set up in the Centro d'informazione pro Deo units in all parts of the world. In New York the 'special division' is directed by Cardinal Spellman, in Innsbruck (Austria) by Regent, the rector of a jesuit college, in Coblenz (Germany) by the Catholic priest Poelaert who is also director of the Catholic press agency. The branch in charge of espionage in Eastern and Southeastern Europe is supervised by Schmider and Preseren, the jesuits' chief expert on the Slav countries and adviser to the Vatican Secretary of State." In August 1966, Morlion approached H. L. Hunt for funding Vatican anti-Communist operations in Latin America. Hunt gave an interview to the British Guardian Weekly, February 27, 1969: " 'I was approached by Paolo Cardinal Marella, who said he spoke for the Pope and asked if I would supply members of my [20,000 member] Youth Freedom Speakers' movement who spoke Spanish to be sent south [to Latin America] to engage in speechmaking and activities. I was told the Pope was thinking in terms of 11 million dollars a year support for the entire movement against communism in Spanish-speaking countries.' ......... The project was now centered in New York, at the Asian Speakers Bureau, with the Free Pacific Association, Inc., on Riverside Drive [another front for the Rev. Moon's Unification Church]. A key figure in this papal concern over Leftist threats to the Vatican's greatest stronghold was thc Rev. Felix A. Morlion, who was present at the original discussions. " Subsequently, Morlion emerged as a key figure in the "Bulgarian Connection" hoax when the fascist Grey Wolf Agca attempted to assassinate the Pope: It appears that Morlion lived in Rome directly below the apartment of the Bulgarian Antonov, and was a possible source of Agca's description of Antonov's apartment. (See, Il Mondo, April 8, 1985; L'Espresso, May 19, 1985.) The American-Italian Conneclion From 1932 until 1938 Myron Charles Taylor was the Chairman of U. S. Steel. In 1939 he became the U.S. envoy to Pope Pius XII, a post he would maintain until 1950. Meanwhile, according to Anthony Cave Brown, OSS chief William Donovan secretly had established an intelligence connection with the Vatican as early as 1941, when he evacuated from Lisbon to New York the Dominican Father Felix A. Morlion, who had founded "a European Catholic anti-Comintern'' called Pro Deo. (See sidebar.) Throughout the war Donovan financcd Morlion's Pro Deo service and in June 1944 he "went to considerable expense, time, and trouble to transport Morlion from New York and establish him at the Holy See.''8 Subsequently Morlion became a key figure in Vatican intelligence, working closely with Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Paul VI. According to Frederic Laurent, "All studies [of the post-WWII Nazi networks] have shown the determining role played by the Catholic Church in the flight of war criminals. Since April 1943, following negotiations between Pius XII and the ultra-reactionary American archbishop Francis Spellman, the Holy See became the clandestine center of Anglo-American espionage in Italy. This collaboration in fact had begun the previous year ...... between Earl Brennan, a veteran of the American State Department and Gian Battista Montini, at the time a bishop and Under-Secretary of State at the Vatican. This close collaboration between the future Paul VI and the Ameriean secret services continued after the war through the intermediary James Angleton. ..... 9" With the American Grand Protector of SMOM already in contact with the Vatican, and Allen Dulles busy negotiating with Nazis in Switzerland, the Amerieans entered Rome June 4, 1944. On July 7 General Mark Clark was made a Knight Grand Cross of SMOM. According to British journalist Stuart Christie, 25 April 1945 [three days before the German forces capitulate in Italy] Admiral Ellery Stone, U.S. Proconsul in occupied Italy, instructs James Angleton to rescue Prince Valerio Borghese from the possibility of arrest by the Resistance Committees which had sentenced him to death for war crimes .......... Stone is a close friend of the Borghese family.10 Borghese was to be heard from again on the twenty-ninth anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (See below.) - Truman's Vatiean envoy Myron C. Taylor received SMOM's Gran Croci Al Merito Con Placca May 23, 1945. - On June 12, 1945 Admiral Ellery W. Stone was awarded the Croci Al Merito Di Prima Classe Con Corona from the SMOM. - On December 27, 1946 James Angleton received the Croci Al Merito Seconda Classe from the Order, the same day as George Raymond Rocca. Rocca went on to become Angleton's deputy chief of Counterintelligenee Division of the CIA and was the liaison between the Warren Commission and the CIA following the Kennedy Assassination. (See sidebar.) [Also, about this same time, head of OSS "Wild Bill" Donovan was decorated by the papacy ....... JP ] According to declassified documents from the American Department of State, in February 1948, in anticipation of the upcoming elections scheduled for April 18, the Vatican created organizations called 'Civic Committees' under the leadership of Luigi Gedda, a 45-year-old doctor from Turin who was also the leader of the rightist 'Catholic Action'. By March 17, 1948 Gedda became a Knight of the Grand Priory of Lombardy and Venice. The liaison to Gedda was through an Ecclesiastical Assistant, Mgr. Fiorenzo Angelini, a member of the National Executive of the Civic Committees, who had become a ranking member of the Rome Priory of SMOM also on March 17, 1948.11 At that time the Grand Priory was headed by Ferdinando Thun Hohenstein, Director of Ceremonies of SMOM, a member of the all powerful five-member Sovereign Council of the Order, and nephew of a former SMOM Grand Master. Page 32 On March 22, 1948 the New York Times reported that Gedda had appealed to American Catholics to provide financial assistance to Italian Catholics in their fight against communism. On April 5, it was reported that "Myron C. Taylor arrived from Madrid for what Catholic circles described as an 'important mission' closely related to the Italian general elections." By April 13 the paper reported that Taylor would meet with Pius once a week, and that based on the information recently received, the Pope was "considerably more optimistic'' about the outcome of the elections. Page 33 Two days later with the Italian military staging massive parades and as fascist gangs attacked leftists in the streets, C. L. Sulzberger reported from Rome that Catholic Action "is armed, active, and tough." The State Department documents cite Angleton as "feel[ing] quite strongly that Gedda can be effectively used to further our interests in Italy in the political, labor and social fields," and that the Civic Committees were to receive CIA funds. The Pope had allegedly met with Gedda three times during the month after the elections. One of those reported to have loeen involved in interference in the April 18 election was Baron Luigi Parrilli. Parrilli, son of an Italian admiral, and who had reportedly worked for the American firm Kelvinator before the war, was a fascist and had extensive industrial interests in Italy. He was made a Knight of Malta on December 7, 1942 and by early 1945 had excellent contacts with the top Schutzstaffel (SS: elite guard) and Sicherheitsdienst (SD: secret service) German officers in Northem Italy. By April 1945 he became a representative of SS General Karl Wolff to Allen Dulles and U.S. Gen. Lemnitzer during the period that the latter two were involved in private negotiations to recruit top Nazis before the end of the war. It has been rumored that Parrilli also had "concocted a plan to transport ex-Nazis from Germany to Paraguay."12 (See article by Peter Dale Scott in this issue.) In 1949 SMOM published an Official General Roll of the Grand Magistery with a preface by Pius XII which referred to "The ancient laurels collected on the battle-fronts" of earlier wars. As noted above, among only four recipients of the Order's Gran Croci al Merito con Placca at the time was Reinhard Gehlen, Hitler's Chief of Intelligence on the Eastern Front, who received the award November 17, 1948. By this time Reinhard Gehlen's brother had already been in Rome serving as the Secretary to Thun Hohenstein. Conveniently for Reinhard, who was negotiating with the U.S. for the preservation of his Nazi colleagues, Thun Hohenstein was Chairman of one of SMOM's grand magistral charities, the Institute for Associated Emigrations, and had arranged for two thousand SMOM passports to be printed for political refugees. Thun Hohenstein was also related to the leading German Knights of SMOM, and at a crucial time in an internal SMOM controversy after the war had received the active support of Prince Frederic von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Honorary Chairman of the Silesian Association of the Order, the head of the Catholic Hohenzollerns, of which several members were Knights of SMOM. The Silesian Knights, led by their Chairman Prince von Hartzfeld and Graf Henckel von Donnersmark, maintained a refugee camp at Ulm which in 1951 alone had received 134,000 refugees from the East.13 Meanwhile, both the Polish and Hungarian Associations of SMOM had also relocated safely to the West. In 1950, the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism was created. The trustees included J. Peter Grace, Charles Edison, William Henry Chamberlain, H. J. Heinz II, Isaac Don Levine, and Eugene Lyons. The Committee (now known as Radio Liberty), under the guiding hand of the CIA's Frank Wisner, funded numerous emigre "research institutes'' which, according to John Loftus [see UNHOLY TRINITY ], were "little more than front groups for ex-Nazi intelligence officers.''14 CROCI AL MERITO (PRO PIIS MERITIS) GRAN CROCI AL MERITO CON FASCIA 10 4 1948 S.E. Gen. PAUL DARIUS DASSAULT CRAN CROCI AL MERITO CON PLACCA 23 5 1945 S. E. HAROLD ALEXANDER, visconte di Tunis 23 5 1945 S. E. MYRON C TAYLOR 11 11 1948 Brig. Gen. Barone DEAN de MARGUERITTES 17 11 1948 REINHARD GEHLEN Document shows SMOM's honor bestowed on Hitler's intelligence chief Reinhard Gehlen and on U.S. Admiral Ellery W. Stone. footnotes 1. See generally, Clarence G. Lasby, Project Paperclip (New York: Atheneum, 1975). Grace had also served as the Chairman of the Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Fund, a CIA front infested with Nazi collaborators, and of the American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), another CIA-funded organization. The Chairman of the W. R. Grace Executive Committee Felix Larkin, is also a SMOM. The Chancellor of the Order, John D. J. Moore, was a Director of the Grace company until at least 1982 having been with the company since 1946 managing its Peruvian operations from 1947-1950. From 1969-1975 Moore was the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. See sidebar on J. Peter Grace. 2. Roger Peyrefitte, Knights of Malta (New York: Criterion Books, 1959), at p. 137. 3. See the illustrated feature story on SMOM in Town and Country, April 1984, pp. 194, ff. 4. Point de Vue, September 23, 1983. 5. Sir Edwin King and Sir Harry Luke, The Knights of St. John in the British Realm, 2d ed. (London: St. John's Gate, 1967). 6. Ibid., pp. 103-105. Subsequently in England in the 19th Century, since each monarch has the authority to create any Order it wishes, Queen Victoria chartered, alongside the Rome-based British Association of SMOM, a predominantly Anglican Order called "The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem" under the aegis of the British crown. On November 26, 1963 the Venerable Order and the Bntish Association of SMOM signed a treaty of mutual recognition and respect which can be seen in the Library of the Venerable Order in London. SMOM continues to regard the Venerable Order with somewhat amused score; while SMOMs are members of the highest levels of the Venerable Order, there do not appear to be any Anglican members of the Venerable Order in the British Association of SMOM. 7. Charles Higham, Trading With the Enemy: An Exploration of the Nazi-American Money Plot, 1933 -1949 (New York: Delacorte, 1983), pp. 20-31. 8. Anthony Cave Brown, Wild Bill Donovan, The Last Hero (New York: Times Books, 1982), pp. 683, 684. 9. Frederic Laurent, L'Orchestre Noir (Paris: Editions Stock, 1978), at p.29; see also Charles Allen, The Vatican and the Nazis, in Reform Judaism, Spring/Summer and Fall 1983; and Saul Friedlander, Pius XII and the Third Reich (New York: Knopf, 1966). 10. Stuart Christie, Stefano delle Chiaie, Portrait of a Black Terrorist (London: Anarchy Magazine, 1984), at p.6. One member of the family, S.E. Don Giangiacomo, Principe Borghese, had been a Bailiff Grand Cross Of Honor and Devotion of SMOM since June 4,1932. Christie's book includes a photo of Borghese driven by an unidentified SS officer in 1944, with the caption, ``Borghese was then [1944] head of 'XMAS' (Decima MAS), a special forces corps of 4,000 men founded in 1941. Borghese assumed command after the Italian armistice and XMAS was officially recognized by the Nazi High Command on September 14, 1943. Under his direction, XMAS was responsible for the torture and mass murder of Italian partisans. Ibid., p. 7; see also Laurent, op. cit., n.9. 11. Declassified documents of May 17, 1948 and October 11, 1948. Gedda was listed as a member of the "Comite de Patronage" of the French neo-Nazi 'Nouvelle Ecole' in April 1982 along with Robert Gayre. Gedda also served on the Advisory board of Gayre and Pearson's Mankind Quarterly from at least the mid 1960s until 1979. 12. R. Harris Smith, OSS, The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: University Of California Press, 1972), at p.114; and Bradley F. Smith & Elena Agarossi, Operation Sunrise (New York: Basic Books, 1979). And see Peter Dale Scott's article in this issue. 13. See, Peyrefitte, op. cit., n. 2, pp. 172, 173, 214. 14 John Loftus, The Belarus Secret, ed. by Nathan Miller (New York Knopf, 1982), pp. 106-107, 178. [and see UNHOLY TRINITY by Loftus] - END QUOTE - [ continue to 3 of 4 ] COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN P.O.BOX 50272 WASHINGTON, DC 20004 http://mediafilter.org/MFF/ From ......... COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN Issue title: SPECIAL: NAZIS, THE VATICAN, AND CIA WINTER 1986 Number 25 pages 27-38 Pages picture captions, from page 32 and 34-35 [3 of 4 ] KNIGHTS OF DARKNESS THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA [Picture caption] - Plaque on SMOM headquarters' door proclaims sovereign status of the building; SMOM has been called "the smallest country in the world," but it has diplomatic relations with more than 40 countries. [Picture caption] - State room of the Grand Magistry; Grand Master Fra Prince Angelo de Mojana di Cologna, seated, flanked by Grand Chancellor, left, and Hospitaller, right. [Picture caption] - James Jesus Angleton. [Picture caption] - Prince Valerio Borghese with SS officer, Italy, 1944. [Picture caption] - Roger Pearson. [Picture caption] - Document shows SMOM's honor bestowed on Hitler's intelligence chief Reinhard Gehlen and on U.S. Admiral Ellery W. Stone. [Picture caption] - A view through the well-fortified courtyard of the Knights of Malta building on Rome's Via Condotti. [Picture caption] - The February 11, 1985 issue of 'Spotlight', the weekly of Willis Carto's Liberty Lobby, featured this photograph of J. Peter Grace in the Washington, D.C. offices of Liberty Lobby giving a cordial interview to 'Spotlight' Managing Editor Vincent J. Ryan. [Picture caption] - Bishop Paul Marcinkus, still runs IOR. From page 32 THE CHECKERED CAREERS OF JAMES ANGLETON AND ROGER PEARSON Both James Jesus Angleton and George Raymond Rocca were forced into retirement in December 1974 following Seymour Hersh's revelations that Angleton's Division had been involved in illegal domestic operations, known as "the family jewels."1 By the Winter of 1977-78 Angleton became one of two Associate Editors of the Journal of International Relations under General Editor Roger Pearson. The other Associate Editor was Gen. Robert C. Richardson III; the Publisher was John Fisher, President of the American Security Council. Pearson is perhaps the most important neo-Nazi contact and racist propagandist in the U.S. today and had been a former Editor of Willis Carto's Western Destiny. According to Replica of January 1978, when the Executive Committee of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL) met December 10 and 11, 1977 to plan for their upcoming conference in Washington D. C., ''The main speaker was ..... General Robert C. Richardson III who delivered a brilliant speech on the theme of USA-USSR nuclear balance ...... [and] ......... Dr. Roger Pearson [President of North American Regional WACL and later President and host of WACL in 1978] also made a brilliant exposition." Replica is the journal of the Latin American Anti-Communist Confederation (CAL) which Jack Anderson revealed to be a CIA created anti-Semitic controller of neo-Nazi death squads.2 Pearson was removed as head of the U.S. branch of the World Anti-Communist League after its 1978 conference in Washington, D.C. because his ties to the neo-Nazi international were too extreme even for WACL which then included death squads, former Nazis, and Nazi collaborators.3 In the July 1978 issue of the racist Mankind Quarterly, the Editor-in-Chief, and Pearson's mentor, Robert Gayre, announced that Pearson would take over publication of the magazine. Robert Gayre had received the Grand Cross of Merit from SMOM in 1963, having already been editor of the Mankind Quarterly for three years. In June 1979 Pearson was listed as a member of the 'Comite de Patronage' (the Advisory Board) of the French neo-Nazi journal Nouvelle Ecole. Today Pearson continues to publish in Washington, D.C. several journals including Mankind Quarterly; The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies; and The Journal of Indo-European Studies; he remains on the Board of Trustees of the American Foreign Policy Institute.4 According to Joseph C. Goulden, "Brigadier General Robert C. Richardson ........ had served as deputy chief of staff for science and technology for the U.S. Air Force Systems command; he later was a field commander of the Defense Atomic Support Agency at the supersecret Sandia Base, New Mexico. When Richardson retired in 1967 he became a consultant in defense affairs; one of his positions, which he was to take in 1973, was a vice-president of Ed Wilson's Consultant's International.''5 Gen. Richardson is today one of the key members of the American Security Council (ASC) and the Coalition for Peace Through Strength (CPTS) and is Executive Director of the American Foreign Policy Institute of which Pearson, John Fisher, Gen. Lyman Lemnitzer, and Gen. Daniel O. Graham are members of the seven member Board of Trustees. Angleton today is the Chairman of the Security and Intelligence Fund whose President is former Ambassador Elbridge Durbrow (the Chairman of the American Foreign Policy Institute) and whose Secretary-Treasurer is Robert C. Richardson III. Until its move in late 1984 to 1010 Vermont Avenue, N.W. in Washington, D.C., it shared offices with the ASC and the CPTS. The letter heads of the three organizations show extensive membership overlaps. 1. See, Seymour Hersh's stories in the New York Times, December 22 and 30, 1974; and Fensterwald and Ewing, Coincidence or Conspiracy? (New York: Zebra Books, 1977), at pp .182, 183, 186. 2. See, Jack Anderson stories of January 12, 13, 23, 26, 30 and February 9. See also, Henrik Kruger, The Great Heroin Coup (Boston: South End Press, 1980), and the series in the New York 'Village Voice' by Joe Conason, May 1 and 14, 1985. 3. See, Paul Valentine Fascist Specter behind the World Anti-Red League in the Washington Post, May 28, 1978. 4. See generally, Michael Billig, Psychology, Racism & Fascism, London: 1979; and Searchlight magazine, September 1984, no. 111; both available from Searchlight publications, 37B New Cavendish Street, London W1M 8JR. 'See also', Robert Gayre's entry in the British Who's Who. 5. Joseph C. Goulden, The Death Merchant: The Rise and Fall of Edwin P. Wilson (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984), p. 47. Page 34 In 1953 Catholic fanatic Clare Boothe Luce [ wife of Henry Luce ..... JP ] became U.S. Ambassador to Rome, and was made a Dame of Malta in 1956. In 1954, with the backing of Cardinal Spellman and the machinations of General Edward G. Lansdale, the Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem became Prime Minister of South Vietnam. [ Henry Luce, publisher of Time and Life magazines, was closely associated with Cardinal Spellman. See picture of Cardinal Spellman, Henry Luce and Ngo Diem in Luce and His Empire by Swanberg, published by Scribner ..... JP ] Commenting on the events in Hungary in 1956, two Soviet journalists wrote, ...... we spoke with Count Karoly Khuen Hedervary [who] bears a great responsibility for the crimes the fascists had committed in Europe [but he] was not tried as a war criminal after 1945. ..... After Mindzenty's return to Budapest during the counter-revolutionary events, Karoly Khuen Hedervary took advantage of his being an old friend of the cardinal to meet Mindzenty several times, during which he received instructions for the organization [set up by the former fascist minister of industry Geza Bornemisza]. Hedervary served also as the liaison man of the organization and the Duke of Lichtenstein, who came officially to Budapest during the October events in the capacity of the representative of the International Red Cross, but actually as the representative of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta which had helped actively in promoting the counter-revolution in Hungary.15 By November 1961, President Kennedy 16 appointed John McCone as Director of the CIA. In 1963, when it became clear Diem could no longer stay in power in South Vietnam, McCone oversaw his regrettably necessary assassination. McCone is listed as a member of SMOM in the 1980 list.17 With McCone heading the CIA and Angleton as his Chief of Counterintelligence, another Knight of Malta of fascist fame, Italian General Giovani De Lorenzo, who had been the chief of the secret service (then known as Sifar) and in 1962 head of the carabinieri, organized an attempted fascist coup on July 14, 1964 (the Plan Solo) and later became a deputy from the fascist MSI party.18 Six and a half years later, on the night of December 7, 1970 Angleton's Prince Borghese gave the order for Stefano delle Chiaie to proceed with seizure of the Interior Ministry in Rome along with 50 fellow neo-Nazis. (See A Killer's Career, in this issue; and see The Fascist Network, in CAIB, Number 22.) This plot to trigger a fascist coup was called off at the last minute, and Borghese and his neo-Nazi protege delle Chiaie fled to Spain where former SS Commando Skorzeny among others was waiting. 19 SMOM and P-2 Freemasonry generally purports to be hostile to Catholicism, and conversely, the Vatican has at various times forbidden Catholics to join Masonic organizations. Nevertheless, in December of 1969 an exclusive meeting was held in the Rome office of Count Umberto Ortolani, the Ambassador of the Order of Malta to Uruguay, who has been called "the brains" behind the fascist P-2 Masonic Lodge, which had been established in the mid-1960s.20 In addition to Ortolani, the meeting included only Licio Gelli, Roberto Calvi, and Michele Sindona.21 Gelli had fought for Franco (who was himself a Bailiff Grand Cross of SMOM) with Mussolini's troops during the Spanish Civil War. He was a committed fascist during WW II and at the end of the war was wanted by the partisans for collaborating with the Nazis. After the war he developed extensive interests in Latin America where he became close friends with the Argentinean dictator Juan Peron; he was also the Grand Master of P-2.22 Calvi had fought on the Eastern front during the war and was decorated by the Nazis. At the time of the 1969 meeting he was a senior officer at Banco Ambrosiano. Sindona had set up business in 1943 with the help of Vito Genovese, whose Mafia contacts facilitated the American landing on Sicily. By 1948 Sindona had received a letter of introduction to Vatican intelligence operative Montini [later pope .... JP]. Page 35 According to Larry Gurwin's The Calvi Affair, One of Sindona's first steps in cultivating the Vatican's money men occurred in the late 1950s when through a priest, he met Prince Massimo Spada, a Vatican nobleman and the senior layman at IOR. [Massimo Spada had become a Knight of Malta on September 21, 1944. IOR, the Istituto per le Opere di Religione (Institute for Religious Works), known generally as the Vatican Bank, was created in 1942 by Pius XII.] At the same time he nurtured his friendship with Giovanni Montini, who had become cardinal-archbishop of Milan in 1954. In 1959 Montini needed to raise a large sum of money for an old people's home, and he turned to Sindona for help. Sindona reportedly raised $2 million in a single day. In 1960 Sindona purchased a small Milanese bank called Banca Privata and, thanks to his Vatican friendships, it soon began receiving deposits from IOR. Three years later Montini was elected Pope Paul VI and Sindona's Vatican connections were unbeatable."23 The Italian journal L'Espresso of June 28, 1981 indicates that numbers of high ranking members of the Italian military intelligence organizations were both SMOMs and members of P-2. The list of dual members included General Santovito, the former head of SISMI; Admiral Giovanni Torrisi, the head of the general staff of the Army, and General Giovanni Allavena, head of the intelligence service (then Sifar, which was later split into SISDE and SISMI). The conclusion of the affair is generally known. When, in 1983, the Vatican was finally forced to establish an "independent'' commission to study the relationship between its IOR (since 1970 Ñ and still Ñ headed by Chicago-born Bishop Paul Marcinkus) and the P-2/Banco Ambrosiano criminal fascists, two of the three members selected were Hermann Abs and Joseph Brennan. Abs, who features in nearly every book on the Third Reich and the Nuremberg trials, was Hitler's paymaster, as chairman of the Deutsche Bank from 1940 to 1945, and was a member of the board of I.G. Farben. He regained the board chairmanships of both firms after the war, even though in Yugoslavia he had been convicted of war crimes in absentia. In 1953 he received the Great Federal Service Cross for his services in restoring West Germany's financial power; and in 1960 he was decorated by Franco for his "services" to fascist Spain.24 The choice of Abs for the Vatican commission of inquiry was so outrageous that at the urging of Charles Higham, the Wiesenthal Center issued a special packet of documents clearly showing Abs's involvement in war crimes and publicly protested to the Vatican, all to no avail. Joseph Brennan is the Chairman of the executive committee of the Emigrant Savings Bank of New York and a Knight of Malta. SMOM, Americares, and Central America Just as World Medical Relief and Refugee Relief International are fronts for Waffen-SS worshipping editors of Soldier of Fortune magazine, so too the SMOM advertises itself Ñ to those who believe in the Tooth Fairy Ñ as a "charitable'' organization greatly concerned for the suffering of the poor and sick around the world. The New York Times of August 13, 1985 reported that the Nicaraguan Freedom Fund (NFF), one of many front groups for the Rev. Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church, channelled $350,000 to the Americares Foundation in Connecticut.25 Clare Boothe Luce, a Dame of SMOM, is on the Board of Moon's Washington Times, and is a director of the NFF with fellow SMOM, William Simon [former U.S. Treasurer]. J. Peter Grace is the Chairman of the six member Advisory Board of Americares, which includes fellow Knight William Simon along with former CIA Director George Bush's brother, Prescott Bush, Jr. Americares' published "Fact Sheet'' recites as specific projects: Medical Shipments to El Salvador: Since November 1983 AMERICARES has shipped almost 700,000 pounds of medicines and supplies valued at over $8,000,000 in 15 sea shipments with local distribution being handled through the Sovereign Military Order of the Knights of Malta (SMOM). Guatemala: In response to a request for aid from the Order of the Knights of Malta, 10 sea shipments of medical supplies worth over $4,000,000 have been sent to the people of Guatemala since January 1984. Honduras: Since August 1984, three sea shipments of high priority medical supplies worth over $ 1,000,000 were sent to the people of Honduras in response to a request for aid from the Order of the Knights of Malta. ..... Brazil, October 1984: A shipment of vitamins worth $156,075 were sent to Brazil, again in response to a request from the Order of the Knights of Malta (SMOM) who serve as our consignees in Central and South America. The "Fact Sheet" also discusses an ''offshoot" of Americares called "Doctors To All Peoples" said to be "dedicated to the eradication of leprosy in the Americas.'' Leprosy is the mos publicized international "charity project" of SMOM. footnotes 15. A. Belokon and V. Tolstikov, The Truth About Hungary (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1957), pp. 58-61; Mary Bancroft in Autobiography of a Spy (New York: Wm. Morrow, 1983), p.260, reports that towards the end of WWII, "A contingent of White Russians, who had been fighting in the German Army, had recently crossed the Liechtenstein frontier and had been given asylum." 16. The President's father, Joseph Kennedy, who became a Knight of SMOM March 13, 1945, had been withdrawn as U.S. Ambassador to London when his sympathies for the Third Reich became known. See, e.g., Higham, op. cit., n. 7., at p. 181. 17. McCone, from a senior post at ITT, was later to play a key role in the overthrow of the Allende government in 1973. At the time of the coup J. Peter Grace was Chairman of the AIFLD, and a director of First National City Bank and Kennecott Copper Co., all of which played a role in the fascist coup. ('See', Fred Hirsch and Richard Fletcher, CIA and the Labor Movement (London: Spokesman Books, 1977), pp. 16, ff.; and NACLA Report Amazing Grace: The W. R. Grace Corporation vol.X, no.3, March 1976.) W. R. Grace Company senior vice-president Anthony Navarro, who had earlier been involved in armed fighting against the Castro govemment in Cuba, was recently nominated to the Advisory Committee of Radio Marti; the Chairman of the Presidential Advisory Board on Radio Broadcasting to Cuba, Jorge Mas Canosa, according to the New York Times of Aug.5, 1984, is a Cuban businessman in Miami, who took part in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961 and was a commentator on Radio Swan, an anti-Castro station that was operated by the CIA. 18. See, Laurent, op. cit., n. 9; and Christie, op. cit., n. 10. 19. See, Christie, op. cit., n. 10; and Laurent, op. cit., n. 9. 20. Journal de Geneve, November 11, 1981. 21. Larry Gurwin, The Calvi Affair (London: Pan Books, 1984), p.15. 22. Gelli had chartered the plane which brought Peron back to Argentina in 1972 and was an honored guest at his inauguration; shortly thereafter Lopez Rega, Peron's Minister of Social Welfare who ran the Argentine death squads and who was an astrologer and mystic, joined P-2. 23. Gurwin, op. cit., n. 21, pp. 11, 12. See also, David A. Yallop, In God's Name: An Investigation Into the Murder of Pope John Paul I (New York: Bantam, 1984). 24. Yallop, op. cit., n. 23, p. 323; National Council of the National Front of Democratic Germany, Brown Book: War and Nazi Criminals in West Germany (Berlin: Documentation Center of the State Archives Administration of the German Democratic Republic, n.d. [c. 1966]), p. 39. 25. See also, Washington Post, May 9, 1985, p. 34. - END QUOTE - [ continue to 4 of 4 ] COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN P.O.BOX 50272 WASHINGTON, DC 20004 http://mediafilter.org/MFF/ From ......... COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN Issue title: SPECIAL: NAZIS, THE VATICAN, AND CIA WINTER 1986 Number 25 Pages 27-38 [4 of 4 ....... 36-38 ] KNIGHTS OF DARKNESS THE SOVEREIGN MILITARY ORDER OF MALTA Page 36 The Washington Post of December 27, 1984 reported as follows: A private humanitarian organization called the Americares Foundation, working with the Order of the Knights of Malta, has channeled more than $14 million in donated medical aid to El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala over the last two years. ...... Part of $680,000 in aid to Honduras went to Miskito Indians linked to U.S. backed rebels fighting the leftist government in Nicaragua, according to a Knights of Malta official in Honduras. Much of the $3.4 million in Americares' medical aid to Guatemala has been distributed through the armed forces as part of its resettlement program of "model villages" aimed at defeating leftist insurgents, said the official, Guatemalan businessman Roberto Alejos. Alejos, co-chairman of the Knights of Malta in Honduras [said], ...... the Guatemalan army delivers Americares medicine to people in model villages, which are along the Mexican border. Alejos, a major sugar and coffee grower, lent his Guatemalan estates to the Central Intelligence Agency in 1960 to train Cubans for the Bay of Pigs invasion. Asked why the Knights of Malta turned to Americares rather than to established aid groups, such as the Red Cross, Grace said, "The Knights have been doing this for 900 years. They have their own cross [the Maltese cross]. ... They'd consider themselves way beyond the Red Cross." .... At least one pro-government group, the Air Commando Association of Fort Walton Beach, Fla., claims to have used Knights of Malta warehouses in El Salvador. Retired general H. C. Aderholt, head of the 1,500-member group, said that the commandos delivered food and medicine to the Knights' facilities and that together they ''get good support from the Salvadoran air force commander." Aderholt said the association has distributed to El Salvador $4.5 million in food and medicine provided by the Christian Broadcasting Network and World Medical Relief. He said liberals in Congress have tried to "tie to some sinister plan with the CIA" [sic], which he said is incorrect. While the Post story does mention that CIA Director William Casey is a SMOM, it fails to point out that Aderholt is the "Unconventional Operations'' Contributing Editor of Soldier of Fortune and was a member of the ''Singlaub panel'' of the Pentagon, set up to devise new counterinsurgency strategies in the developing countries. Russ Bellant, in the Detroit Metro Times of October 9, 1985, says Aderholt claimed that Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network had given the Knights of Malta $2 million for operations in Central America. CONCLUSION For many years progressive groups in the U.S. and else where have been engaged in extensive research into so-called "secular" state and private organizations such as the CIA, NSC, the military, private corporations, and foundations. This article highlights the operative importance of members of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which unlike traditional corporate, governmental, and foundation entities, has not yet adequately come under the scrutiny of progressive researchers. Curiously, European researchers have all but ignored the Orders of Chivalry in analyzing The structural role of their own aristocracy in organizing support for international reaction and fascist terror. Research into the current role of SMOM and its individual members is just beginning. The most serious problem is the dearth of documents available, due to the extreme secrecy of the organization. Except for a few scattered references in various books, magazines, and newspapers, and a few romanticized stories about ancient glories of the Order, the necessary amount of materials has not yet surfaced. and this account represents only a starting point for further research.26 In the U.S., for example, although the 1980 membership list was published (National Catholic Reporter, October 14, 1983), since then the Order in the U.S. has grown and been divided into an Eastern, Southern (based in D.C.), and Western Association. The published 1980 list comprises primarily members in the Northeast. Although some others are known, complete and current lists of members in other regions is obviously crucial. Lists for other countries would also be helpful. CAIB in its Winter 1983 issue, The CIA and Religion, and Spring 1985 issue, Disconnecting the Bulgarian Connection, began to explore the operational role of specific religious, or non-secular, organizations such as Opus Dei 27 and the fascist Masonic lodge P-2 in western intelligence operations and in furthering imperialism's plans. Page 38 The recent P-2 scandal in Italy and new evidence on the importance of various ancient Orders of Chivalry (in particular SMOM) indicate that further research into these additional non-secular "parapolitical'' structures is necessary both to understand their role as independent organizations and to gain a better understanding of factional alignments within organizations which have already come under scrutiny. As with "secular" organizations, rivalries among these "non-secular" organizations takes place within an environment of selective interlinking memberships which include secular structures as well. The way competing policies and loyalties of these non-secular structures influence members in their secular roles needs considerable further research. SMOM, GRACE, and OBANDO Y BRAVO On August 1, 1985 the New York Times reported that during a visit to New York in May, Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo of Nicaragua said that he is actively directing efforts by his diocese to prevent the government from imposing a communist system in Nicaragua. The Archbishop said efforts included ''dividing his diocese into old and new units, including parishes, districts and smaller groups, for leadership and religious training.'' He claimed the training he established in Managua was for ''pastoral cadres, not military cadres. .... '' Following a meeting with Archbishop Obando, executives at W. R. Grace arranged for the Sarita Kenedy East Foundation to contribute copies of the Bible, rosary beads and other supplies to aid the church effort, a company executive said. The foundation is headed by J. Peter Grace. Whatever the real purpose of the "leadership training" and "pastoral cadres," it apparently seemed like such a splendid idea to the Knights that a June 21, 1985 press release from the Erlich-Manes & Associates News Service of Bethesda, Maryland stated that the Southern Association of SMOM had sent a $5.5 million shipment of "40 massive containers'' to be loaded on the ship "Freedom'' to be sent to Maputo, Mozambique. "Roughly half of the shipment will go to aid agricultural development in northern Mozambique; and half will be distributed directly to the poor through the Archbishop of Maputo's Catholic Charities.'' Eugene I. Kane, a Knight and head of the trucking company Intermodal, Inc. organized the project. Official documents of SMOM list such "charitable" projects in many countries throughout the world. WELL-KNOWN KNIGHTS In addition to those listed in the article, the following are some other Knights of SMOM of interest: - Francis Vincent Ortiz, Jr.: according to the 1982-83 'Who's Who in America', had been, among other posts, "dep. chief of mission Am. Embassy, Montevideo Uruguay, 1970-73,charg'e d'affairs,1973; country director for Argentina, Uruguay, and . Paraguay, Dept. of State 1973-75, dep. exec. sec., 1975-77; Amb. to Barbados and Grenada, spl. rep. to Antigua, Dominica, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia and St. Vincent, from 1977; U.S Amb. Guatemala 1979-81, to Peru 1981-; spl. asst. for international affairs U.S. So. Command, Panama 1980-" since November 18, 1983 he has been the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina. - Patrick J. Frawley, Jr.: also a Knight of the Order of St. Sylvester of which William [ head of WWII OSS .... JP ] Donovan was a member. He is a longstanding funder of right-wing causes including Fred Schwarz's Christian Anti-Communism Crusade. His wife is a Dame of SMOM and is Publisher of the National Catholic Register of California, whose editor, Francis X. Maier was formerly with National Review. Maier was the first Chairman of the Catholic Center for Renewal, whose President, Philip F. Lawler, is the Director of Studies of the Heritage Foundation (which was chaired by Knight of SMOM Frank Shakespeare, newly appointed Ambassador to Portugal). - Paul-Louis Weiller: Grand Cross of Merit SMOM, a close friend of Richard Nixon, member of the Board of Directors of Renault and several other French industrial corporations, former Administrateur of Air France, whose son married the cousin of Spanish King Juan-Carlos. (See also, Jim Hougan, Spooks (New York: William Morrow, 1978), pp. 209-225, which suggests that Weiller was "the French Connection. ") - Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn: Munich correspondent of William Buckley's National Review. - Admiral James D. Watkins, Reagan's recently named Chief of Naval Operations. - Thomas Bolan: law partner of Roy Cohn. Bolan is also Counsel to the Human Life Foundation of which former CIA officer and Managing Editor of National Review, Priscilla Buckley (William's sister) is a Director. - Jeremiah Denton: U. S. Senator from Alabama, 1980-present; former rear admiral, captured by the Vietnamese while murdering people and held as a POW 1965-1973, consultant to Pat Robertson of Christian Broadcasting Network, 1978-80. - Pete Domenici: U.S. Senator from New Mexico 1972 - present. - Spiros S. Skouras: President Prudential Lines 1960-present, bought Grace Lines 1969. - William A. Schreyer: President Merrill Lynch 1978-present; Chairman since 1981. - Walter J. Hickel: former governor of Alaska 1966-69, Secretary of the Interior 1969-1970. [ Governor of Alaska again in early 90s .... JP ] - Antoine Pinay: Grand Cross of Merit, head of Government in France in 1952. He led the right-wing party CNIP and was linked to the ''Sniffing-plane" scandal, as well as a project with Brian Crozier and American agents to make Franz Joseph Strauss head of the German government. - Mme. Raymond Barre: Grand Cross of Merit, wife of the rightist French politician. - Bernard Dorin: French attache to Ottawa 1957-1959, Ambassador to Haiti 1972-1974, and Ambassador to South Africa from 1978 until at least 1981. THE "OTHER" ORDERS OF THE KNIGHTS OF MALTA Not only are there many existing orders of chivalry today, generally under the aegis of a reigning monarch or ruling house, but there are also rival organizations each claiming to be the rightful heirs to the same order. Nowhere is this more true than with the Knights of Malta. According to the Catholic Herald of August 23, 1985, there are more than twenty organizations claiming to be the "real" Knights of Malta. On September 9, 1985, evidently in response to growing interest in the question, the 'Wall Street Journal' ran a cover story, "Looking for a Title or Hot Controversy? See Knights of Malta. The Problem Is Which Ones; Catholic Order Maintains Rival Groups are Bogus." (The New York Sunday News had described the rivalry as early as June 15, 1975.) The legitimacy battle is often intense and steeped in the presentation of increasingly obscure documentation. Arnaud Chaffanjon and Bertrand Galimard Flavigny's Ordres et Contre-Ordres de Chevalerie (Paris: Mercure de France, 1982), is one of the more useful references. Some of the rival "Orders of Malta,'' all with slightly different names, in fact claim important and extremely rightwing members. We believe that the Catholic, Rome-based Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) remains the most important, with the endorsement of the Vatican and most of the Catholic ruling houses of Europe, and members like those discussed in the text of this article. The British (and generally, though not exclusively Protestant) Venerable Order, discussed in the text, is affiliated with a number of European, Protestant Orders, such as the Johanniterorden, sometimes known as the Bailiwick of Brandenberg. Two of the "Orders of Malta'' which have received particular attention recently are what may be called the "Shickshinny" Order and the "von Brancovan" Order. The Shickshinny Order, officially called "The Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem," has been headed by Col. Thourot Pichel in Shickshinny, Pennsylvania, although a few years ago the Order was torn by serious internal rifts between Pichel and the late Frank Capell, Contributing Editor of the John Birch Society's Review of the News. (See, Rev. Anthony Cekada, Light on the OSJ, from the Oyster Bay, New York The Roman Catholic, December 1981, for an article critical of the Order and discussing some of its recent history.) It traces its legitimacy from a dispute during the time the Order spent in Russia under Czar Paul after it fled Malta. This Order achieved some notoriety a few years ago when it officially recognized the claims of controversial defector Michael Goleniewski to be Aleksei Romanoff, heir to the Russian Imperial House of Romanoff. The case would be less interesting if James Angleton were not one of the principal supporters of Goleneiwski and some extremely rightwing members of the military intelligence community were not listed as members in a document issued by the Order in 1970. The Order listed as members of its Military Affairs Committee, under the Chairmanship of Gen. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby, Brig. Gen. Bonner Fellers, and Gen. Pedro A. del Valle (who according to Stuart Christie's Stefano delle Chiaie, Portrait of a Black Terrorist (London: Anarchy Magazine, 1984), p. 6, invited Italian neo-Nazi Guido Giannettini to the U.S. to conduct a seminar at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, where del Valle was Commander. Foster & Epstein's Danger on the Right (New York: Random House, 1964), p.79; and Janson & Eismann's The Far Right (New York: McGraw Hill, 1963), p. 154, both call del Valle an anti-Semite.) The Honorary Grand Admiral of the Order is listed as Admiral Sir Barry Domvile who had been jailed by the British during WW II as a Nazi agent, and was listed as a Contributing Editor of Willis Carto's Western Destiny, November 1965, when Roger Pearson was the Editor. The Associate Chief of International Intelligence listed was Herman E. Kimsey, a high-ranking CIA operative, now deceased, who had worked with the Army CIC during the war. The von Brancovan Order, led by someone who calls himself Prince Robert Bassaraba von Brancovan and several other names as well, including Prince Khimchiachvili, is officially titled "The Sovereign Military and Hospitaler Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, Knights of Malta Ecumenical.'' It is the order which apparently claims Frank Sinatra as a member. It also claims to include Princes Arnaldo and Basilio Petrucci. It appears to have a connection to Umberto Stafanizzi who, with Francesco Pazienza, signed the incorporation papers for something else called the "Sovereign Order of Saint John, Knights of Malta, Inc.," which was incorporated in New York State, June 22, 1983. footnotes - 26. Interested readers should also refer to the articles by Martin Lee on the SMOM which appeared in the National Catholic Reporter of October 14, 1983 (the issue which included the complete 1980 U.S. membership list), and Mother Jones of July 1983. (These two articles formed the basis for the references to SMOM in Gordon Thomas and Max Morgan-Witts The Year of Armageddon (London: Granada Publishing Ltd, 1984).) An interesting discussion of some post-WW II SMOM history based around an account of the 1949-53 attempts by Vatican-centered Rightists to restrict the sovereignty of the Order is Knights of Malta by the conservative French author Roger Peyrefitte originally published by Flammarion in 1957, and translated into English and published in New York by Criterion Books m 1959. King and Luke's The Knights of St. John in the British Realm, op. cit., n. 6, is useful although it does try to elevate Queen Victoria's creation of the Venerable Order to a status equal to that of SMOM. The Italian journal L'Espresso of June 28, 1981 carried an article by Alessandre de Feo on the SMOM-P-2 connection. The rightist French magazine Historia had a special issue in 1980 on various Orders of Chivalry including SMOM. Also in French is the remarkable Souvenirs et Reflections by Yves Marsaudon, former Minister of SMOM in France who was also one of the highest ranking members of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry in the country, (Paris: Editions Vitiano, 20 Rue Chauchat, 75009 Paris, 1976). 27. Francis X. Stankard, Knight of SMOM and Chief Executive Officer of the International Division of Chase Manhattan Bank has led "Evenings of Conversation'' at the Opus Dei Headquarters at the Riverside Study Center, 330 Riverside Drive, New York City. Other SMOMs at these sessions included William Simon and Frank Shakespeare (now Ambassador to Portugal), both of whom are Trustees of the Heritage Foundation, of which Shakespeare was Chairman of the Board. Evenings of Conversation, a pamphlet distributed in 1984 by Riverside Study Center. Recognition of the importance of Opus Dei at the highest levels of SMOM had already been established in the summer of 1976 when King Juan-Carlos, himself a Knight of Malta, chose Adolfo Suarez, a member of Opus Dei, as new chief of government following the death of Franco. (Point de Vue, January 14, 1983; Paris.) On Opus Dei see also, New Statesman, 1 March 1985, pp.20,21; London Times, January 12, 1981; Le Morule, August 25, and September 28, 29 1982; National Catholic Reporter, September 10, and November 12, 1982; Financial Times, November 11, 1983; New York Times Magazine, January 8, 1984; Time magazine, June 11, 1984, p.74; New Times (Moscow), No.13, 1982, p.27; Wall Street Journal, December 30, 1982. [Picture caption] - Paul-Louis Weiller, the French Connection? - END QUOTE - [ 4 of 4 ] COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN P.O.BOX 50272 WASHINGTON, DC 20004 http://mediafilter.org/MFF/ 396-157-47-F168FP30R

Here is the article about Psychological Assessment Associates requested by Nathaniel Heidenheimer is it spelled right? ... a few months ago... http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost...A+CIA+Operation Larry Stern appeared to be trying his best to get John Gittinger to talk but to no avail. In my opinion Stern was NOT A CIA PLANT nor a MOCKINGBIRD participant. Walter P. Pasternak the operating head of Psychological Assessments Incorporated in 1965 funded by the CIA Retiring President in 1974 is John Gittinger brother of Ted Gittenger the CIA apologist and defender from alt. conspiracy.com Remember my battles with him? Colson had asked the office of the Watergate special prosecutor "documents or records" concerning the psychological profile of Dr. Ellsberg compiled by Psychological Assessments Associates, Inc. for the CIA Gittinger accused Colson of lying about the role of PsyAsses Inc. in the Ellsberg case with Dr. Lewis Fielding Gittinger admitted they have conducted training programs for CIA operatives abroad and performed psychological evaluations for overseas employees of American firms with foreign based offices or subsidiaries It covers the study of brainwashing techniques by foreign intelligence organizations that was carried out by a New York based predecessor org to PAA called The Human Ecology Fund. It also provides training to CIA employees for assessing the credibility of foreign intelligence informants. Its a question of trying to understand whether someone is lying or telling the truth when he comes through the door and says he wants to give you information, Gittinger explained. The beginning of the psychological assessment program Gittinger related goes back to the early 1950s when former CIA Director Allen W. Dulles sought neurological treatment for his son Allen M. Dulles, who was seriously injured in Korea from a New York neurologist, Dr. Harold G. Wolff or Wolfe. Dulles became interested in Wolfe's research into Chines indoctrination of captured American pilots during the Korean war. CIA began financing the research work through first the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, with which Wolfe was associated, and then the Human Ecology Fund, according to Gittinger. Both operated a private research organization with headquarters in New York and with branches overseas. "This whole project was Allen Dulles' baby", Gitt explained "It grew out of his son's injury in Korea." Because of the growing controversy over CIA financing of private organizations in the mid-1960's the Human Ecology Fund was abandoned. The controversy was touched off by disclosure that the agency was funding activities of US based student, labor, journalistic, and cultural organziations. The Human Ecology Fund was spared public mention during the furor over clandestine CIA financing. It folded quietly after Gittinger moved to Washington to start PAA Inc. Current programs by PAA said Gittinger are strongly pointed toward Soviet, Chinese and Arab cultural training. He declined to discuss the specific nature of the programs or whether PAA carried out such programs for foreign intelligence or security organziations. The commercial side of PAA's activities screening foreign employees of American firms, has shrunk in recent years, making the company almost wholly dependent on its CIA contracts. He emphasized that the company has never taken a government of private contract which involved the assessment of an American citizen. "We do absolutely no domestic advising", Gittinger said, "We have never been asked to evaluate an American." Gittinger and the two other ex-CIA founders of PAA Robert E. Goodnow and Samuel B. Lyerly have ended their active association with the company. It was understood that the new operating group is seeking to divest itself of the CIA financial sponsorship. "I am very proud of what I have done for the agency over a long period of time in the assessments field", said Gittenger. "There is nothing I am ashamed of, nothing I have to hide." End of article.

John Case IS Jim Hougan and Wife Turns out that the pseudonym John Case is really Jim Hougan and his spouse or partner. Check out: http://www.JimHougan.com for the Carleton S. Coon quotes and the links to the John Case published books. Hougan was onto Carleton S. Coon way before either myself or James Richards, I believe. Jim Hougan knows whereof he speaks and so does Robert Parry and the John Case pseudonym. Robert Parry, Jim Hougan, Bill Turner, Dick Russell and I could solve the entire case in 90 days flat. Parry knows the Iran-Contra angles, Hougan knows the OSS and CIA angles, Bill Turner knows the John Birch, the Patrick Frawley, the Robert Morris, the INCA angles and the other Right Wing Angles, Dick Russell knows the Richard Case Nagell angles and the Charles Willoughby angles and most of the right wing angles and I know all the JFK angles from the perspective of the Baltimore Connections, the Miami connections, the John Birch connections, the American Security Council contributions, The America First Committee angles, the Rev. Gerald L K Smith contributions, the Anastase Vonsiatsky contributions, the Spas T. Raikin contributions, the Draper Eugenicists like Coon, Eastland and the Baltimore Grays, the Draper Racists, the Draper anti-Communists, the Draper anti-Unionists and even the role of the White Russian pro-Nazis and Nazi sympathizers like de Mohrenschildt, Vonsiatsky, Voshinin, Mamantov and Stetsko plus the importance of MK/ULTRA and THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE angles documented by Richard Condon. And the roles of The Human Ecology Fund and MK/ULTRA sponsored by Wickliffe Draper and H. Smith Richardson all bundled up into one consistent, integrated and self-corroborating set of conspirators, executors and cover-up artists. Plus I am one of the few who can document the fact that my list of PRIMARY plot masters actually came into large sums of unexpected money right after the plot succeeded, like GLK Smith in early 1964 and Wickliffe Draper in the later 1960's after Rockwell made millions during the early days of The Vietnam War. The role of Psychological Assessment Associate, Inc. (PAA) with the Gittingers (Ted and John was it?), Dr. Harold Wolff and that Walter Pasternak character plus Carleton Coon and his plans for a Master Race driven group of powerful overlords with discretionary powers over Life and Death for the world's rotten apples just adds icing to the cake. These guys finally decided that JFK was a rotten apple who just had to be plucked and ground into dust in order to defeat the Communist menace and that Evil Empire. And so it was done. Quod Est Demonstratum You can find The Syndrome and all the other James Hougan or John Case titles, with The Syndrome being priced at http://www.abebooks.com for less than $4.00 including shipping and handling to the USA. Get it today. Read it! Heed it!

By the same token, in the quest for the truth in the JFK assassination this same sort of designated third class of individuals should also exist: "...we cannot be sure that the clear and objective scholars who study the existing evidence in the JFK Assassination and draw up the blueprints for a solution to the case to suit the relevant evidence will always be heard, or that their plans for finding The Final Solution to the JFK conundrum will be put into operation. We can almost be sure that this will not be the case. Therefore some other power, some third class of individuals aside from the sometimes democratically elected leaders and the academic scholars must exist, and this third class must have the task of thwarting mistakes of logic and rhetoric and the use of "false evidence" or "historical revisionism" and the associated investigative mistakes, diagnosing areas of potential logical disequilibrium, and nipping the causes of potential variances from the truth in the bud. There must be a small group or body of men whose task it is to throw out the rotten apples who claim to be searching for the truth, bent on distortioin of evidentiary disinformation and the propagation of mistruths, as soon as the first spots of decay appear. A body of this nature must exist undercover. It must either be a power unto itself, or be given the broadest discretionary powers by the highest human authorities."

From The Syndrome.... Though few records of its existence remain, (the programmed assassins and mind control) program is known to have begun during World War II, when the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) attempted to develop "a truth drug" in an effort to elicit information from recalcitrant Prisoners of War. The subjects of these earliest experiments were captured Axis soldiers, and American GIs facing court-martial for various crimes. When the war came to an end, the program did not. Instead, it took a strange turn--and gained momentum. What had been a search for a truth-drug morphed into a mind-control program whose purpose was to create a murderous automaton whose memory could be "edited" by his handlers at headquarters. The need for an assassination "utility" of this kind had been articulated a few years earlier by a professor of anthropology at Harvard, a former OSS operative who was himself implicated in World War II assassination plots. This was the late Carleton Coon who, in an after-action report to OSS chief "Wild Bill" Donovan, wrote, "...we cannot be sure that the clear and objective scholars who study the existing social systems and draw up the blueprints for a society to suit our technology will always be heard, or that their plans will be put into operation. We can almost be sure that this will not be the case. Therefore some other power, some third class of individuals aside from the leaders and the scholars must exist, and this third class must have the task of thwarting mistakes, diagnosing areas of potential world disequilibrium, and nipping the causes of potential disturbances in the bud. There must be a body of men whose task it is to throw out the rotten apples as soon as the first spots of decay appear. A body of this nature must exist undercover. It must either be a power unto itself, or be given the broadest discretionary powers by the highest human authorities." With the outbreak of the Korean War, Coon's proposal seems to have been melded with the truth-drug investigations then under way, and given a jump-start. The Pentagon and the CIA arranged for the publication of articles about "communist brainwashing" in popular magazines such as The Reader's Digest and Saturday Evening Post. The message was explicit: there was a "mind-control gap." Read The Syndrome by Ballantine Books for more...

I just purchased the article in question today from this publicly available Washington Post article archive web site link: http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost...A+CIA+Operation Notes and verbatim quotes: Walter P. Pasternak is the current (in 1974) the operating head of Psychological Assessments Incorporated in 1965 funded by the CIA (Any relation to Boris Pasternak, the Rooskie?) Retiring President in 1974 is John Gittinger (Most likely the brother of Ted Gittinger, the suspected CIA apologist on alt.conspiracy.jfk) Colson had asked the office of the Watergate special prosecutor "documents or records concerning the psychological profile of Dr. Ellsberg compiled by PAA, Inc. for the CIA Gittinger accused Colson of lying about the role of PAA Inc. in the Ellsberg case with Dr. Lewis Fielding Gittinger admitted they have conducted training programs for CIA operatives abroad and performed psychological evaluations for overseas employees of American firms with foreign based offices or subsidiaries It covers the study of brainwashing techniques by foreign intelligence organizations that was carried out by a New York based predecessor organization to PAA called The Human Ecology Fund. (Editor's Note: THIS FUND WAS SPONSORED BY WICKLIFFE DRAPER AND HIS FRIENDS AT THE AMERICAN EUGENICS SOCIETY) It also provides training to CIA employees for assessing the credibility of foreign intelligence informants. Its a question of trying to understand whether someone is lying or telling the truth when he comes through the door and says he wants to give you information, Gittinger explained. The beginning of the psychological assessment program Gittinger related goes back to the early 1950s when former CIA Director Allen W. Dulles sought neurological treatment for his son Allen M. Dulles, who was seriously injured in Korea from a New York neurologist, Dr. Harold G. Wolfe Dulles became interested in Wolfe's research into Chinese indoctrination of captured American pilots during the Korean war. CIA began financing the research work through first the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, with which Wolfe was associated, and then the Human Ecology Fund, according to Gittinger. (SEE: BRAINWASHING BY EDWARD HUNTER FROM REGNERY PRESS) Both operated a private research organization with headquarters in New York and with branches overseas. "This whole project was Allen Dulles' baby", Gittinger explained It grew out of his son's injury in Korea. Because of the growing controversy over CIA financing of private organizations in the mid-1960's the Human Ecology Fund was abandoned. The controversy was touched off by disclosure that the agency was funding activities of US based student, labor, journalistic, and cultural organziations. The Human Ecology Fund was spared public mention during the furor over clandestine CIA financing. It folded quietly after Gittinger moved to Washington to start PAA Inc. Current programs by PAA said Gitt are strongly pointed toward Soviet, Chinese and Arab cultural training. He declined to discuss the specific nature of the programs or whether PAA carried out such programs for foreign intelligence or security organziations. The commercial side of PAA's activities screening foreign employees of American firms, has shrunk in recent years, making the company almost wholly dependent on its CIA contracts. He emphasized that the company has never taken a government of private contract which involved the assessment of an American citizen. "We do absolutely no domestic advising", Gittinger said, "We have never been asked to evaluate an American." Gittinger and the two other ex-CIA founders of PAA Robert E.Goodnow and Samuel B. Lyerly have ended their active association with the company. It was understood that the new operating group is seeking to divest itself of the CIA financial sponsorship. I am very proud of what I have done for the agency over a long period of time in the assessments field, said Gitt. There is nothing I am ashamed of, nothing I have to hide. End of article. Here is an older post I made a few years ago about Frank Olson, PAA and the execution of Admiral Darlan by either Carleton S. Coon or his associates. His personal pistol was found at the scene of the crime, by the way and he always dressed like Indiana Jones, used a bullwhip, worked for the CIA, was infatuated with UFOs, was an Egyptologist, an erudite Anthropology Professor and even looked a bit like the actor who played Indiana Jones. Coincidence? Hardly. Post Nov 11 2007, 07:42 PM CIA Mind-Control Operations and THE SYNDROME [Editor's Note: The following article was forwarded to John Case by Susan Ford (Brice Taylor) <sueford@earthlink.net>. She prefaced the story with following note: "I have highlighted and emphasized portions of this important article. The infamous Tavistock Institute, which operates under the aegis of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in Great Britain, is the brainchild and executor for the CIA regarding mind control experimentation and its implementation." Ken Adachi] By John Case http://educate-yourself.org/mc/mcthesyndrome13jun01.shtml June 13, 2001 THE SYNDROME is a thriller driven by a secret culled from the deepest recesses of the Cold War. It is a secret that encompasses an illicit program of human experimentation, using pain, drugs and hypnosis to create the perfect assassin. So sensitive was this program that only a handful of people have ever been privy to more than a small part of it. The activity's existence was first hinted at by the Rockefeller Commission in a 1974 report on domestic CIA operations. The Commission devoted just two sentences to the program, whose documentary record had been destroyed by an outgoing CIA Director. Despite that Director's attempt to impose institutional amnesia on the Agency he'd headed, seven boxes of financial documents were later found in a dusty cabinet at the Agency's headquarters in Langley, Virginia. The paper-trail contained within those boxes wound its way through a complex of medical institutes, hospitals and foundations that had given cover to a behavioral modification program in which human guinea pigs had been "tested to destruction" without their knowledge or consent. Beyond those seven boxes, no other records are known to exist. Even so, the New York District Attorney's office continues to seek homicide indictments against CIA officers who are believed to have murdered a key scientist in the program. Though few records of its existence remain, the program is known to have begun during World War II, when the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) attempted to develop "a truth drug" in an effort to elicit information from recalcitrant Prisoners of War. The subjects of these earliest experiments were captured Axis soldiers, and American GIs facing court-martial for various crimes. When the war came to an end, the program did not. Instead, it took a strange turn--and gained momentum. What had been a search for a truth-drug morphed into a mind-control program whose purpose was to create a murderous automaton whose memory could be "edited" by his handlers at headquarters. The need for an assassination "utility" of this kind had been articulated a few years earlier by a professor of anthropology at Harvard, a former OSS operative who was himself implicated in World War II assassination plots. This was the late Carleton Coon who, in an after-action report to OSS chief "Wild Bill" Donovan, wrote, "...we cannot be sure that the clear and objective scholars who study the existing social systems and draw up the blueprints for a society to suit our technology will always be heard, or that their plans will be put into operation. We can almost be sure that this will not be the case. Therefore some other power, some third class of individuals aside from the leaders and the scholars must exist, and this third class must have the task of thwarting mistakes, diagnosing areas of potential world disequilibrium, and nipping the causes of potential disturbances in the bud. There must be a body of men whose task it is to throw out the rotten apples as soon as the first spots of decay appear. A body of this nature must exist undercover. It must either be a power unto itself, or be given the broadest discretionary powers by the highest human authorities." With the outbreak of the Korean War, Coon's proposal seems to have been melded with the truth-drug investigations then under way, and given a jump-start. The Pentagon and the CIA arranged for the publication of articles about "communist brainwashing" in popular magazines such as The Reader's Digest and Saturday Evening Post. The message was explicit: there was a "mind-control gap." This created a groundswell of political support for the Agency's decision to embark upon a full-fledged "mind-control" program of its own. Beginning in 1952, the CIA began to work with the Special Operations Division of the Army's biological research center at Fort Detrick, studying the covert use of chemical and biological weapons. Among the drugs studied was LSD. The subjects in these experiments were people on the margins of society. They included the inmates of prisons and mental institutions, as well as homeless alcoholics on Skid Row. Those who espoused unpopular political views or whose lifestyle was perceived as immoral were also considered "fair game"--and so became unwitting guinea pigs in the spooks' quest to create a "Manchurian Candidate." Occasionally, the Agency experimented on its own--and, sometimes, with terrible consequences. In 1954, Dr. Frank Olson was invited to a gathering at a CIA retreat near Deep Creek Lake, Maryland. At that gathering, we are told that Olsen and nine other people were given high doses of LSD without their knowledge. By all accounts, Olson's reaction was negative in the extreme. Plunged into severe depression, he suffered hallucinations for days, and was taken to see a therapist in New York. While there, and under the most mysterious circumstances, he fell to his death from an upper-story window of the Statler Hotel. Though Olsen's death was pronounced a suicide, the case has since been re-opened, and is now under investigation by the New York District Attorney's office. Meanwhile, the Agency forged ahead. Fearful of adverse publicity from incidents such as the one that claimed Olsen's life, the CIA shifted many of its operations to the West Coast and abroad. One such activity involved safe-houses in New York and Washington, where prostitutes were paid to bring clients. "Fair game," the clients would be dosed with drugs, and their behavior observed by CIA operatives sitting behind two-way mirrors. With Olsen's death, these and other operations were moved to San Francisco, where the fallout from such activities could be more easily controlled. Still other experiments were funded abroad. At McGill University in Montreal, Dr. Ewen Cameron carried out a series of experiments for the CIA, effectively turning his patients into "vegetables." The process, which Cameron called "depatterning," relied upon intensive electroshocks, followed by 30-60 days of drug-induced sleep, to destroy existing patterns of behavior. In the end, the patient would become a tabula rasa, her mind wiped clean and empty. Elsewhere, scientists such as Maitland Baldwin agreed to go one step further, volunteering to carry out "terminal experiments" in sensory deprivation. Patients-subjects-victims would be buried alive for an "indefinite" period in stimulus-free "boxes." In effect, they would become the CIA's very own zombies. Behind the codewords, BLUEBIRD and PANDORA and ARTICHOKE, the CIA and its sister agencies experimented upon a large and diverse group of subjects, many of whom suffered terribly. Using drugs and hypnosis, microwaves and radiation, the experimenters sought ways to affect moods, impose "selective amnesia," create multiple personalities, induce trance-states by rapid and remote means, and generate so-called "screen memories." This last involved the creation of false "memories" as a way of blocking genuine ones. A key plot-point in THE SYNDROME, it is also a way to impel an agent to commit suicide when his usefulness is at an end. The mind-control program initiated by the CIA in the 1950s was officially discontinued in the 1960s, though many critics of the Agency insist that the most "promising" research continues under other auspices, at home and abroad. This book--THE SYNDROME--is about that. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright© 2001 by John Case. Published online by permission of Ballantine, a division of Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.