John Bevilaqua

If you read 10% of the books on this page, you will become hopelessly and irreversibly BRAINWASHED... 1423 10th Avenue Seattle, WA 98122 Phone: (206) 523-4217 email to confirm or order: recollectionbooks@gmail.com Rightwing, Extremism, Fascism... For detailed ordering information, see link on our main page. 164952 ALLEN, Marilyn. ALIEN MINORITIES AND MONGRELIZATION. Boston: Meador Press, 1949. 474 pages. 1st edition. Hardback, orange cloth. Bibliography. Index. Presentation copy, inscribed to 'Glad and Monty, a pair of swell cousins', and presumably 'Signed by the Author' 'Lovingly, Marilyn, February 14th, 1950'. Very Good. Light bumps bottom corners. lacks the dustjacket. $50. Extreme rightwing hate book, an appeal for a White Supremacist Christian Nationalist Anticommunist America, against the merging of the races (Jews, Arabs, Asians, Negroes, ad infinitum) and diluting of White Purity. One of those fine books where seemingly half the book is set in UPPER CASE TYPE. 159339 ANDREWS, Bert. WASHINGTON WITCH HUNT. NY: Random House, 1948. 218 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Very Good but for heavy wear bottom edge of cover, in bright and clean Good+ dustjacket with small chips at the extremities and a few tiny closed tears. Price clipped. In protective mylar. $12.95. But....but...As any good rightwinger will tell you, from the FBI snitch Ronald Reagan to William F. Buckley, there was no 'witch hunt' (or holocaust, etc). The Sensational Star Chamber Proceedings of The State Department, the FBI and Disloyalty, the Case of Dr. Condon, the Hollywood Purge, Communists, fellow-travellers and Free Speech'. The author won the Pulitzer prize in 1947 for his investigation into J. Edgar Hoover's 'case' against Condon. 174308 ANONYMOUS. HOW I ANSWERED JOE McCARTHY. Chicago: Atomic Age Publishers, 1953. 45 pages. 1st printing / edition. Stapled paperback. Very Good+. White covers are browned at the edges. Internally bright, clean and solid pamphlet. In protective mylar. $20. 128085 Anonymous. [Joseph Stalin]. STALIN: A Self Portrait. NY: Farrar, Straus & Young, (1953). Unpaginated. Trade paperback. Pictorial wraps. 32 photos with brief quotes on facing pages. Very Good. $11.95. Rather obvious & juvenile Cold War piece, anonymously compiled & edited, in the vein of the reigning liberalism & McCarthyism of the American 50s, with unflattering quotes from his speeches & writings, out of context & juxtaposed with photos of Stalin. 160773 ANTI-COMMUNIST Liberation Movement of Venezuela. PROOF OF THE COMMUNIST DOMINATION OF VENEZUELA. Belmont: American Opinion, ca. 1960. 81 pages. Small Trade paperback, yellow wraps. Very Good. $15. Rightwing tract purportedly published in 1959 and sent anonymously to the John Birch Society in 1960 and promptly published by them. 170781 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith. PRO-ARAB PROPAGANDA IN AMERICA: Vehicles and Voices; A Handbook. NY: Anti-Defamation league of B'nai B'rith, 1983. 118 pages. 1st edition. White plastic comb binding, Trade paperback. Very Good. Would be close to Fine but about 20 pages have some hi-liting (some just a word, name or group). ISBN: 0884640361 $7.95. 170084 ARONOWITZ, Stanley. HONOR AMERICA: The Nature of Fascism; Historic Struggles Against it and a Strategy for Today. NY: Times Change Press, 1970. 32 pages. Small Stapled paperback. Cover design by Su Negrin. Very Good. Distributor stamp inside front cover. ISBN: 0878100113 $10.95. 174307 BASS, Cyrus. JOE McCARTHY APOSTLE OF COMMUNISM. Chicago: Atomic Age Publishers, 1954. 46 pages. 1st printing / edition. Stapled paperback, printed red covers. Near Fine-. Bright, clean and solid pamphlet with two minuscule tears top cover edge. In protective mylar. ISBN: B0007HW0AY $22. 128321 BAYLEY, Edwin R. JOE McCARTHY AND THE PRESS. NY: Pantheon, 1982. 270 pages. Trade paperback. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Very Good+. ISBN: 0394712463 $4.95. Separates myth from fact, offering solid conclusions in place of long-held but questionable assumptions. Wake-up call to anyone who foolishly believe manipulation of the press occurs only through corruption. 137031 BELL, Daniel (ed.). THE RADICAL RIGHT: The New American Right, Expanded &. Updated. NY: Anchor / Doubleday 1964. 468 pages. Quality Mass Market Paperback. Spine reading creases, otherwise nice tight and clean Very Good copy. ISBN: 0385068824 $5.95. Who are the Radical right & why do extreme rightist movements keep recurring in mid-20th century America? These are the themes explored by a group of distinguished American historians, sociologists, & political scientists. 179777 BENDERSKY, Joseph W. THE 'JEWISH THREAT': Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army. NY: Basic, 2000. First Edition. 538 pages. Black & red trade paperback. Photos. Bibliography. Index. Fine. ISBN: 0465006183 $11.95. 158902 BLACK, Bob and For Ourselves, Counsel for Generalized Self-Management. THE RIGHT TO BE GREEDY: Theses on the Practical Necessity of Demanding Everything. Port Townsend: Loompanics, 1974. Unpaginated. 1st edition. Trade paperback. Reading List. Preface by Bob Black. Fine but for light fading along spine, book distributor stamp inside cover. ISBN: 0915179350 $19.95. Original text of the 1974 publication by For Ourselves, which was much influenced by the Situationist Raoul Vaneigem. With Black's preface (Do you have ideas or do ideas have you?) and a reading list added. Scarce. 130613 BLUMENFIELD, Frank B. A BLUEPRINT FOR FASCISM. NY: American League Against War & Fascism, 1937. 23 pages. Stapled Paperback. Name pencilled on cover. Very Good. $14.95. ' What the industrial mobilization plan holds for America'. 173743 BRENNER, Anita. CLASS WAR IN SPAIN (An Exposure of Fascism, Stalinism, Etc.). Sydney: Socialist Labor Party of Australia, 1937. 64 pages. Stapled paperback. Good. Wear along the spine with short split from bottom staple to foot of the spine. Page edges are age-toned. $450. Brenner was a compatriot of Rivera, Orozco, Siquiers, Charlot and others involved with the Mexican 'Renaissance' and also wrote 'The Wind That Swept Mexico.' Rare. 181425 BRONNER, Stephen Eric. BLOOD IN THE SAND: Imperial Fantasies, Right-Wing Ambitions, and the Erosions of American Democracy. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 2005. 207 pp. Hardback. Notes. Index. Fine in Fine dustjacket. ISBN: 0813123674 $13.95. 160777 BUDENZ, Louis. THE BOLSHEVIK INVASION OF THE WEST: Account of the Great Political War For a Soviet America. Linden: Bookmailer, 1966. 270 pages. 1st edition. Hardback, brown cloth in white and red dust jacket. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket. Jacket has three tiny tears head of the spine, which is a little darkened. ISBN: B0007E4NKW $15.95. By a former Stalinist and managing editor of the 'Daily Worker' who became a virulent rightwing anti-Communist in the 50s. 174040 BUDENZ, Louis. THIS IS MY STORY. McGraw-Hill / Whittlesey House, 1947. xv+379 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket. Nice solid copy, bright and clean, price clipped jacket in protective mylar. $9.95. One American's personal disillusionment with the Communist Party in the US, his repudiation of its principles and return to Catholicism. Budenz was a Managing Editor of the 'Daily Worker' and member of the Communist Central Committee. See 'Seidman' B700. 160776 BUNDY, Edgar C. COLLECTIVISM IN THE CHURCHES. Wheaton: Church League of America, 1958. 354 pages. 1st edition. Hardback, tan cloth with black lettering. Bibliography. Index. Very Good+ in Good dustjacket. Book is clean and tight. Jacket is clean and bright but bottom front edge is heavily chipped. In protective mylar. ISBN: B0007HOZ9I $5.95. Bundy was the General Chairman of this rightwing anti-Communist and anti-liberal group. 138543 BURNHAM, James. THE WAR WE ARE IN: The Last Decade & the Next. New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1967. 351pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket. Mild dustjacket scuffing, otherwise nice tight copy. ISBN: B0006BR6AU $5.95. Usual rightwing Cold War Warrior take on liberalism, communism, etc. Some references to the war in Vietnam. 173186 BUTZ, A.R. [Arthur]. THE HOAX OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. Torrance: Institute for Historical Review Press, no date [1976?]. 315 pages. Possible 1st trade paperback printing / edition(?), printing not indicated. Appendices. Photos, notes, index. Near Fine. No names, marks or spine creases. ISBN: 0911038000 $35. Early work of Holocaust Revisionism, the rightwing denial of the Holocaust during WW II and an effort to debunk 'extermination mythologists.' This 'revisionism' is now a large part of the ethos of rightwing think tanks (such as the Cato Institute, the Heritage Foundation and the Hoover Institute at Stanford, etc., advisors to Reagan, Bush, et al). 130553 CAMPAIGNE, Jameson G. CHECK-OFF: Labor Bosses & Working Men. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1961. 248 pages. Hardback. Photos. Index. Very Good in Very Good dustjacket with tiny edge chips. $7.95. Usual anti-union slant from this rightwing press. 136331 CARLSON, John Roy. UNDER COVER: My Four Years in the Nazi Underworld of America... NY: Books, Inc., 1943. 544 pages. 17th printing in 16th printing dustjacket. Hardback. Near Fine. Touch dark top, otherwise a surprisingly nice copy in bright Near Fine dustjacket with light fading along the spine. ISBN: B0006AQ79M $8.95. 'The amazing revelation of how Axis agents & our enemies within are now plotting to destroy the United States'. 170819 CARMICHAEL, Joel. THE SATANIZING OF THE JEWS: Origin and Development of Mystical Anti-Semitism. Fromm International, 1992. 210 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Fine- in Near Fine dustjacket. DJ spine sunned. No names or markings, bright and clean, appears unread. ISBN: 0880641320 $3.95. 173127 CARR, William Guy. PAWNS IN THE GAME. Hollywood: Angriff Press, no date [circa 1960]. 192 pages. Early Reprint, no statement of printing or edition. Trade paperback. Glossary. Index. Near Fine-. Nice bright solid copy with light edge wear to cover, name and address on the first endpaper. Bright solid book, no markings or spine creasing. $50. 'The International Conspiracy Explained.' By the same author of the enlightening 'Red Fog Over America,' so you know you're getting the goods on the Illuminati, Jews, colored people, Reds and Satan's hand in this Witches' Brew in this one. Inside front cover includes printed obituary with photo of the author, with caption of his dates of birth and death [October 2, 1959]). 173166 CHAREN, Mona. USEFUL IDIOTS: How Liberals Got It Wrong in the Cold War and Still Blame America First. Regnery, 2003. 308 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Notes. Index. Fine in Fine dustjacket. Name on front endpaper. $4.95. Not up to snuff? Rightwinger attacks American liberals as naive and disingenuous in their dealings with the world, accusing them of rewriting history to portray themselves as 'Cold Warriors' along with conservatives. 139235 Citizens Committee to Preserve American Freedoms, et al. SMEAR AND RUN...An Un-American Activity. LA: Citizens Committee to Preserve American Freedoms, 1954. 30 pages. Small stapled pamphlet. Illustrated. Very Good+. $8.95. Very scarce. 131968 COOKRIDGE, E.H. THE NET THAT COVERS THE WORLD. NY: Henry Holt, 1955. 315 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Initials front endpaper. Very Good in clean and bright dustjacket which has spine faintly sunstruck, minor edge chipping. $11.95. 'A full & authentic exposure of the Soviet espionage system'. For those with no patience for the 'unfull' story & disdain the 'inauthentic' [are they ever flouted thus?!]. Here is the 'inside story of the 250,000 Communists agents & 500,000 collaborators...' Wow! If only the Communist Party had known... 129362 COUGHLIN, Rev Charles E. A SERIES OF LECTURES ON SOCIAL JUSTICE. Royal Oak: Radio League of the Little Flower, 1935. 244 pages. Original trade paperback. Heavily worn wraps, soiling, a bit tender at the binding. Good, decent reading copy. $22. Rightwing anti-semitic Catholic priest, a fascist radio preacher who inspired the 'Silver Shirts' & commanded quite a following in his day. 129364 COUGHLIN, Rev Charles E. BY THE SWEAT OF THY BROW: A Series of Sermons Broadcast By... Detroit (Royal Oak): Radio League of the Little Flower, 1931. 191 pages. 1st edition. Paperback. Damp effects, minor but for top of last few pages (not affecting the text). Cover has small hole worn through, chipped along the rear top edge, a reading copy. $11.95. A series of broadcasts from the Shrine of the Little Flower, October, 1930 to February, 1931. From the notorious anti-Semite, virulent anti-communist, & proto-fascist who spawned the Silver Shirts. 131950 COYNE, John R., Jr. THE KUMQUAT STATEMENT: Anarchy in the Groves of Academe. NY: Cowles, 1970. 213 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Intro by William F. Buckley, Jr. Very Good+ in Very Good- dustjacket with edge wear and some fading rear, price clipped. ISBN: 0402120523 $7.95. Berkeley & the New Left movement - 'which grew up there & has spread to the rest of the country. It's about universities in general...' You get the drift, a negative appraisal of the New Left. 131955 CROSBY, Percy. WOULD COMMUNISM WORK OUT IN AMERICA? McLean: Freedom Press, (1938). 316 pages. 1st edition. Trade Paperback original. Cover lightly soiled, otherwise nice tight Very Good copy. $15.95. Anti-communist, anti-Roosevelt diatribe. Uncommon tract by the cartoonist who created Skippy issued in a small printing. 173768 de TOLEDANO, Ralph & Victor Lansky. SEEDS OF TREASON: The True Story of the Hiss-Chambers Tragedy. Funk & Wagnalls, 1950. 270 pages. 4th printing of the 1st edition, 2nd month of publication. Hardback. VG- in bright but worn dustjacket. Light dampstain along the front fore-edge of the cover. Not pretty, but a solid book that is internally clean and bright. Excellent reading copy. $7.95. Blurb of praise by the infamous criminal Richard Nixon. Book is by two other veteran Cold War warriors. 137034 DEES, Morris with James Corcoran. GATHERING STORM: America's Militia Threat. NY: HarperCollins, 1996. 254 pages. 3rd printing. Hardback. Photos. Index. A presentation bookplate fixed to front endpaper, to a supporter of the Southern Poverty Law Center, 'Signed by the Author'. Tiny bump one corner, otherwise Fine in lightly used dustjacket. ISBN: 006017403X $6.95. 'Six months before the Oklahoma City bombing, Morris Dees warned the U.S. Attorney General that the fast growing militia movement posed a serious threats.' Dees explores paramilitary training, tying together events, players & history of militia armies now operating in the US. Includes Death on Ruby Ridge & Waco & Guns. The story of a very dangerous movement. 172857 DEES, Morris with James Corcoran. GATHERING STORM: America's Militia Threat. NY: HarperCollins, 1996. 254 pages. 3rd printing. Hardback. Photos. Index. A presentation bookplate fixed to front endpaper, to a supporter of the Southern Poverty Law Center, 'Signed by the Author'. Center's letter to supporter laid in. Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. Jacket lightly used with tiny tear ton rear corner fold. ISBN: 006017403X $6.95. 'Six months before the Oklahoma City bombing, Morris Dees warned the U.S. Attorney General that the fast growing militia movement posed a serious threats.' Dees explores paramilitary training, tying together events, players & history of militia armies now operating in the US. Includes Death on Ruby Ridge & Waco & Guns. The story of a very dangerous movement. 173908 DEES, Morris with James Corcoran. GATHERING STORM: America's Militia Threat. HarperCollins, 1996. 254 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Photos. Index. A presentation bookplate fixed to front endpaper, to a supporter of the Southern Poverty Law Center, 'Signed by the Author'. Center's letter to supporter laid in. Fine but for thumb smudge on fore-edge, in Near Fine dustjacket. ISBN: 006017403X $7.95. 'Six months before the Oklahoma City bombing, Morris Dees warned the US Attorney General that the fast growing militia movement posed a serious threats.' Dees explores paramilitary training, tying together events, players and history of militia armies now operating in the US. Includes Death on Ruby Ridge and Waco and Guns. The story of a very dangerous movement. 142296 DELANEY, Edward L. HARVEST OF DECEIT. Sacramento: 20th Century Factfinder, 1971. 213 pages. 1st edition. Trade paperback. Very Good+ but for small corner piece missing one page (not affecting text). $17.95. 'The story behind the story...now read the facts about our foreign policy'. Rare. 132172 DENNIS, Eugene. THE FASCIST DANGER & HOW TO COMBAT IT. NY: New Century, 1948. 63 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good. $7.95. Political report to the 14th National Convention of the Communist Party, August 2-6, 1948. See Seidman D142. 175684 DEUTSCH, Martin THE 1960 SWASTIKA-SMEARINGS: An Analysis of the Apprehended Youth. NY: New York Medical College, 1962. 22 pp. First thus. Reprint from MERRILL-PALMER QUARTERLY OF BEHAVIOR & DEVELOPMENT. Very Good. Light sunning along all margins of covers. Sm. crease upper right corner of front cover. $8.95. 130799 DIES, Martin. MARTIN DIES' STORY. NY: Bookmailer, 1963. 283 pages. Hardback. Name inside cover. Very Good in lightly worn Very Good- dustjacket with tiny tears. $11.95. Dies headed HUAC for 7 years & here purports to tell the 'inside' story of the fight against those dirty commies. 132973 DIMITROFF, Georgi. UNITED FRONT AGAINST FASCISM & WAR. NY: Workers Library, 1935. 62 pages. Stapled paperback. Page edges browned. Very Good-. ISBN: B00085CRMG $9.95. Abridged compilation from 3 speeches at 7th World Congress of the Communist International. Dimitroff was General Secretary of the Communist International. See 'Seidman D206'. 132974 DIMITROFF, Georgi. UNITED FRONT AGAINST FASCISM. NY: International Publishers, 1945. 144 pages. 5th edition. Trade paperback. Pages lightly affected throughout from dampness. Good reading copy. ISBN: B000BWUF9I $3.95. Speeches delivered at 7th World Congress of the Communist International, originally issued under the title 'The United Front: The Struggle Against Fascism & War'. Dimitroff was General Secretary of the Communist International. See 'Seidman D206'. 170905 DOENECKE, Justus. THE LITERATURE OF ISOLATIONISM: A Guide to Non Interventionist Scholarship 1930-1972. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1972. 89 pages. Stapled paperback. Index. Near Fine. A few very minor touches of cover soil. ISBN: 0879260165 $19.95. Revisionist perspective, a bibliographical tool for the study of the 1930s isolationist period in American political and social life, canvassing the writings, ideas, and premises of a generation of Americans who questioned the validity of the theory of collective security, with historical context and reference to the following decades up to, and including, the Vietnam War. 141858 DRASKOVICH, Slobodan M. WILL AMERICA SURRENDER?. Old Greenwich: Devin-Adair, 1973. 451 pages. Hardback. Index. Forward by Thomas A. Lane. Introduction by Frederic Nelson. Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket but for couple tiny jacket tears head of spine, tiny minor stain bottom front. ISBN: 0815972113 $3.95. Rightwing Cold War Warrior takes issue with liberals for pursuing a course of abject surrender to the commies. In the vein of William F. Buckley-John Birch Society. Much moralizing on the New Left & the effects of the Vietnam War. 137594 DUNHAM, Donald. KREMLIN TARGET: USA. NY: Ives Washburn, 1961. 274 pages. Stated 1st edition. Hardback. Name stamp top and front endpaper. Rear DJ flap has 'Kiplinger Book Club Edition' printed in small letters. Edge tears with short dig/tear to front panel. $4.95. Kremlin propaganda & how it slanders the US. 175419 DUNHAM, Donald. KREMLIN TARGET: USA. NY: Ives Washburn, 1961. 274p. Stated 1st edition. Hardback. Nice copy, Near Fine- in Very Good+ dustjacket. $6.95. Kremlin propaganda & how it slanders the US. 131283 ELLSWORTH, Ralph E. & Sara M. Harris. THE AMERICAN RIGHT WING: A Report to the Fund of the Republic . Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1962. 63 pages. Stapled paperback. References. Owner name stamped lightly front cover and front endpaper, otherwise Very Good+. $22. 179340 EWALD, William Bragg, Jr. WHO KILLED JOE McCARTHY?. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1984. 399 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Photos. Index. Near Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. Remainder spot bottom. In protective glassine. ISBN: 067144946X $6.95. 'The first complete account, based on new documentary evidence, of the Wisconsin Senator's politically fatal confrontation with the Army.' A behind-the-scenes account, by a former Eisenhower staff member, of that administration's efforts to thwart McCarthy. 135412 FAULK, John Henry. FEAR ON TRIAL. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1964. 398 pages. 2nd printing. Hardcover. Thin light sunning along top edge, otherwise Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket but for tiny tear rear. ISBN: 0292724438 $9.95. The Hollywood Blacklist & the author's 6-year experience trying to clear his name. See 'Seidman F58'. 141855 FLAKE, Carol. REDEMPTORAMA: Culture, Politics & the New Evangelicalism. Garden City: Anchor/Doubleday, 1984. 300 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket with a few tiny tears. Remainder spray bottom. In protective mylar. ISBN: 0385182414 $1. Flake has written numerous articles on popular culture & religion for the 'Village Voice', 'Nation' & other journals. 139211 FOSTER, William Z. COMMUNISM VERSUS FASCISM: A Reply to Those Who Lump Together the Social Systems of the Soviet Union & Nazi Germany. NY: Workers Library, 1941. 31 pages. 2nd printing. Stapled paperback. Very Good. A few drops of paint or white out on cover, pages browned. ISBN: B0006AQFFI $9.95. Examines the differences between the Communism of the Soviet Union & the Fascism of Nazi Germany. See 'Seidman F363'. 171535 FRIEDLANDER, Saul. REFLECTIONS OF NAZISM: An Essay on Kitsch and Death. NY: Harper and Row, 1984. 141 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Notes. Translated by Thomas Weyr. Near Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. A page corner turned down. Jacket has a tiny horizontal crack near the bottom of the spine. ISBN: 0060150971 $9.95. 137033 FROMMER, Arthur (ed). GOLDWATER FROM A TO Z: A Critical Handbook. NY: Frommer/Pasmantier, (1964). 115 pages. Trade paperback original. Name stamp front cover and front endpaper, otherwise Very Good. $5.95. 144032 FURGURSON, Ernest B. HARD RIGHT: The Rise of Jesse Helms. NY: Norton, 1986. 302 pages. 1st edition. Hardcover. Near Fine in Very Good dustjacket. DJ has light edgewear, soiling and light yellowing. ISBN: 0393023257 $6.95. 141026 GABLER, Neal. WINCHELL: Gossip, Power & the Culture of Celebrity. NY: Knopf, 1994. 681 pages. 1st edition. Hardcover. Photos. Index. Fine in Fine dustjacket. ISBN: 0679417516 $6.95. Combines biography with cultural history, of this rightwing Geraldo or Rush of his time, the most influential gossip columnist of the 30's & '40's. Bottom feeders thrive on fear, & Winchell wallowed in it. 121060 GANNON, Francis X. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE LEFT. Volume III. Boston: Western Islands, 1972. 639 pages. Hardback. Foredge has a couple small light spots and touch of soil, otherwise nice clean Very Good+ copy in clean and bright price clipped dustjacket with a few tiny tears and small chip rear. ISBN: 9998446244 $8.95. The John Birch Society director of 'research' & the publisher of 'The Red Web' bring you its clear, precise & non-ideological slant on real life. (Remember the Domino Theory? Remember that the collapse of communism in Russia is a Commie Conspiracy to take over the world?). Includes organizations & individuals it deems Ultra-Left Commie Rats. For all that, in lieu of any decent comprehensive dictionaries of the left, taken for what they are, these books provide some detail & background reference. 129992 GANNON, Francis X. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE LEFT. Volume IV. Boston: Western Islands, (1973). 667 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Index. Near Fine in Very Good+ dustjacket. $9.95. John Birch Society director of 'research' & the publisher of 'The Red Web' bring you its clear, precise & non-ideological slant on real life. (Remember the Domino Theory? The collapse of Russian communism as a Commie Conspiracy to take over the world?). Includes organizations & individuals deemed Ultra-Left Commie Rats. For all that, in lieu of decent comprehensive dictionaries of the left, taken for what they are, these books provide some detail & background reference. 174082 GANNON, Francis X. BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE LEFT. Volume I, II, III, IV (Volumes 1, 2, 3, 4). Western Islands, 1960-1973. 2538 pages. 4 volume set. Hardback. Vol. I is 'Signed by the Author'. Very Good to Near Fine. All book books are clean and bright and relatively tight. There are no names or markings. Two volumes are dusty on top. Dustjackets are bright and clean with light wear at the corners. Vol. I has a small chip bottom front corner and is lightly scuffed all-around. The jacket of volume IV is lightly off-color from the others, as is common with this volume. ISBN: 0882792261 $29.5. The John Birch Society director of 'research' and the publisher of 'The Red Web' bring you its clear, precise and non-ideological slant on real life. (Remember the Domino Theory? or that the collapse of communism in Russia is a Commie Conspiracy to take over the world?). Includes organizations and individuals deemed Ultra-Left Commie Rats. For all that, in lieu of any decent comprehensive dictionaries of the left, taken for what they are, these books provide some detail and background reference. Includes Pete Seeger, Gene Debs, Saul Alinsky, Black Panthers, Ralph Abernathy, Daniel Berrigan, James Farmer, Hubert Humphrey, William Kunstler, Susan Sontag, SDS, Earl Warren, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Nelson Rockefeller, Henry Kissinger and the Ford Foundation. 133208 GARLIN, Sender. THE REAL RICKENBACKER. NY: Workers Library, 1943. 23 pages. Stapled paperback pamphlet. Very Good. Price blocked. Cheap paper bit browned, tiny cover tear head of spine fold. ISBN: B0007DWQ66 $11.95. Communist take on Rickenbacker, an acclaimed war hero - & member of the America First Committee, anti-labor/labor baiter, & a Nazi sympathizer as late as 1940 when it was not so fashionable. See 'Seidman G34'. 142527 GARRETT, Garet. EX AMERICA. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 1951. 42 pages. 2nd printing the same month of publication. Trade paperback. Good. Light cover soil. Wallet style edges have tiny tears. $12.95. Rightwing 'libertarian' writer & editorial editor of the 'Saturday Evening Post', Garrett was a relentless critic of ideologies 'alien' to 'Americanism', etc. An anti-socialist, anti-Roosevelt, anti-New Deal tract. The American people are compared to a herd of wild bison now held captive in the Valley of Security. 168632 GIBBON, Edward [Peter P. Witonski, ed.]. GIBBON FOR MODERNS: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire with Lessons for America Today. New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1974. 347 pages. 2nd printing. Hardback. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket. Name front endpaper, small dent bottom rear cover edge. Jacket edgewear along top, small tear rear. Pages clean and bright throughout. ISBN: 0870001981 $4.95. Wintonski, a fellow at the rightwing Hoover Institution, comments on selections from Gibbon's six-volume classic, 'The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'. For this rightwing publisher he identifies what he considers parallels of conditions in the late Roman Empire and American society [fags? longhaired girly-boys? pinko collectivists?]. Or American Empire as Gore Vidal would insist. 170342 GIBBS, Margaret. THE DAR. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. 244 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Bibliography. Index. Near Fine in Very Good+ dustjacket. DJ has light top and bottom edge wear, price clipped. In protective mylar. ISBN: 003065565X $9.95. History of the racist and class-based organization. Daughters of the American Revolution was founded in the 19th century as the 'American' answer to blacks, Native Americans, Jews, immigrants and the labor class, enforcing a strict social code and a system of values designed to keep 'their' country clean of the filth and rabble. One of those ironic 'un-American' organizations that hides behind the flag and rhetoric of 'patriotism'. 135891 GIRVIN, Brian. THE RIGHT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: Conservatism and Democracy. London: Pinter, 1994. 230 pages. First Edition. Hardcover, Dark blue printed glossy covers. Lightly rubbed, Near Fine. No dustjacket, apparently as issued. ISBN: 0861879813 $33. Scarce. 171291 GITLOW, Benjamin. THE WHOLE OF THEIR LIVES: Communism in America - A Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1948. 387 pages. First printing / edition. Foreword by Max Eastman. Very Good+. Nice solid copy with light corner wear. No names or markings. Lacks the dustjacket. $6.95. Memoirs of a former 'Daily Worker' editor who became disillusioned and flipped to the right. See 'Seidman G151'. 126505 GRAVES, Ralph H. THE TRIUMPH OF AN IDEA: The Story of Henry Ford. Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1934. 184 pages. 1st edition. Small hardback. Frontis. Photos. Very Good in clean but edge worn dustjacket, tape mended on reverse (blank) side. $4.5. Highlights of 50 years in which Ford became one of America's great industrial powers. Does not deal with his anti-Semitism or pro-fascist sympathies. His company was one a number of American companies which allowed their factories to produce vital supplies for the Nazi war machine against Allied soldiers during WWII. 139223 HALL, Gus. THE ELEVENTH HOUR: Defeat the New Fascist Threat!. NY: New Outlook, 1964. 22 pages. Tall stapled paperback. Very Good. Clean and tight. ISBN: B0007FCH72 $9.95. Anti-Goldwater tract from the Communist Party head. 173874 HARDISTY, Jean. MOBILIZING RESENTMENT: Conservative Resurgence from the John Birch Society to the Promise Keepers. Beacon Press, 1999. xi, 287 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Notes. Index. Some pencil underling pp. 9-45, one bottom page corner creased, otherwise this would be Fine in Fine- dustjacket. ISBN: 0807043168 $6.95. 142320 HARGIS, Billy James. THE FAR LEFT. Tulsa: Christian Crusade, 1964. 288 pages. 1st edition, 1st printing. Mass Market paperback. Very Good. Bright copy with edge wear, spine reading crease. $11.95. Far right whacko expose of the far left, an artifact of cold war paranoia & usual red baiting. Cartoon of the statue of liberty stabbed with a hammer & sickle sword on cover. Hargis was head honcho of the Christian Crusade. Surprisingly uncommon given the large number (50,000) printed. 175365 HAYEK, F.A. [Friedrich]. THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION OF SCIENCE: Studies on the Abuse of Reason. Liberty Press, 1979. 415 pages. 1st printing of the 2nd edition. Hardcover. Index. Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. Jacket has a tiny tear top front edge. ISBN: 0913966665 $40. Standard rightwing preference for the cash-register over humanity, an apologia for authoritarianism on the right rather than the left. 174818 HEDGES, Chris. AMERICAN FASCISTS: The Christian Right and the War On America. Free Press, 2006. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Fine unread book in Fine- dustjacket. ISBN: 0743284437 $9.95. Challenges the Christian Right's religious legitimacy and argues that at its core it is a mass movement fueled by unbridled nationalism and a hatred for the open society. Examines the movement's origins, its driving motivations and its dark ideological underpinnings - and lays out its subversion of democracy with its hate-driven totalitarianism. 174199 HELVARG, David. THE WAR AGAINST THE GREENS: The 'Wise-Use' Movement, the New Right, and Anti-Environmental Violence. Sierra Club Books, 1997. 502 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback. Notes. Index. Near Fine. No names, marks, or spine creasing. Tiny tear bottom front cover edge. ISBN: 0871569078 $4.95. 168902 HERSHEY, Burnet. THE ODYSSEY OF HENRY FORD AND THE GREAT PEACE SHIP. NY: Taplinger, 1967. 212 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Photos. Selected bibliography. Index. Very Good in Very Good- dustjacket. DJ has short tear top front edge, tiny tear top rear. Price clipped, tiny label removal scar front endpaper. Clean and bright throughout. ISBN: B0007DQGNA $6.95. A journalist chronicles Ford's effort to engineer a cease-fire during the Great War to End All Wars. (Ford, of course was a vicious and active Jew-hater and was a Hitler sympathizer during WWII, making money in Germany while the American boys were dying). 170713 HESS, Ilse. RUDOLF HESS: Prisoner of Peace; The Flight to Britain and its Aftermath. Torrance: Institute of Historical Review, 1984. 151 pages. Trade paperback. Translated by Meyrick Booth, edited by George Pile, Foreword to the English edition by G.S. Oddie. Fine but for small stray felt tip mark inside front cover. Unread. ISBN: 0939484021 $11.95. Collection of letters between Hess, his wife and relatives, and her letters to him from an internment camp post-WWII. Reprinted by a publishing house notorious for its Holocaust denial, efforts to vindicate Hitler and his Nazi regime, and one-time darling of American rightwing-nuts and politicos. 173214 HILL, Ray with Andrew Bell. THE OTHER FACE OF TERROR: Inside Europe's Neo-Nazi Network. Grafton, 1988. 315 pages. 1st printing / edition. Mass Market paperback original (PBO). 12 pages of b&w photos. Very Good+. Bright tight copy with distributor stamp inside cover, thin spine crease. ISBN: 0586069356 $14.95. 'The story of an ordinary working man drawn into the ranks of right-wing extremism through a concern with immigration.' A Nazi Mole provides insights into the workings of European groups dedicated to fomenting race hatred via terrorist outrages. 170761 HOROWITZ, David. HATING WHITEY And Other Progressive Causes. Spence Publishing, 1999. 1st printing, 1st edition. Hardback. Fine in Fine dustjacket. ISBN: 189062621X $4.95. From dishonest Lefty to dishonest RightWingNut, much in the mold of TailGunner Joe McCarthy - and a bigot to boot - now camped over on FoxNews. 170782 HOROWITZ, David. WHY ISRAEL IS THE VICTIM IN THE MIDDLE EAST. LA: Center for the Study of Popular Culture, 2002. 1st printing, 1st edition. Stapled paperback. Fine. $25. Shameless right-winger, red-baiter, and happy camper on FoxNews, etc., a NeoCON who has been caught out numerous times for his lousy 'research' and bald lies. 133956 HUIE, William Bradford. THE KLANSMAN. NY: Delacorte, 1967. 303 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. DJ scuffed, shelfworn, Very Good in Very Good dustjacket. ISBN: 0491004400 $5.95. Novel of post-1965, in the aftermath of the Selma March, where the Klan is revived with devastating effects on white & black citizens alike. 137032 HUTTON, J. Bernard. THE SUBVERTERS. New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1972. 266 pages. First Edition. Hardback. Photos. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket, light spine sunning, price clipped and tiny closed tear rear. ISBN: 0870001698 $6.95. Red Icebergs & a commie under every bed revealed - the communist plot to subvert the West, spelling out the techniques being used. From a rightwing publisher. 137035 JANSON, Donald & Bernard Eisman. THE FAR RIGHT. NY: McGraw Hill, 1963. 259 pages. Hardback. Very Good+ in bright Very Good+ dustjacket which has two tiny edge tears. In protective mylar. ISBN: B0007DETPW $12.95. Report on the character, activities, & background of right-wing groups in America in the late 50s & early 60s.. 134332 JOHNSON, Frank J. NO SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY. Chicago: Regnery, 1962. 230 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Presentation copy, inscribed and 'Signed by the Author' and dated the year of publication. Very Good in Very Good dustjacket but for tiny edge chips and a few small edge tears. $9.95. An expert on the Soviet Union, having served with the Office of Naval Intelligence, exposes the facts behind the Cold War & argues we have abandoned the will to win, are subservient to the United Nations, allies, etc. 127758 JOHNSON, Frank Woodruff. THE OCTOPUS. Omaha: published by the Author, (1940). 256 pages. Trade paperback. Frontis. Index. Very Good. Nice clean copy with a page corner turned down. $29. Rightwing anti-Semitic hate literature by a loving Reverend. Rant against Jews & the B'nai B'rith & its part in the horrid Commie plot to take over the US, eliminate Christianity, & other minor schemes such as taking over the world. Names many important persons involved in the alleged conspiracy & their transgressions & unsavory affiliations. Scarce. 121159 KAUFFMAN, Bill. AMERICA FIRST!: Its History, Culture & Politics. NY: Prometheus Books, 1995. 296 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Foreword by Gore Vidal. 'Review copy' with promo sheet laid in. Fine in lightly rubbed DJ. ISBN: 0879759569 $8.95. The heritage, present, & political future of a nationalist movement known for its isolationist stance & opposition to giant government bureaucracy, & economic globalism. Looks at past proponents, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Jack Kerouac & Senator J. William Fulbright, as well as today's Ross Perot & Pat Buchanan. 128350 KENTUCKIANS AGAINST HUAC. ' IF YOU HAVE NOTHING TO HIDE...' Louisville: Kentuckians Against KUAC, n.d. (ca. 1970?). 23 pages. Stapled paperback. Illustrated. Near Fine. $14.95. 128826 KENTUCKIANS AGAINST HUAC. ' IF YOU HAVE NOTHING TO HIDE... ' Louisville: Kentuckians Against KUAC, n.d. (ca. 1970?). 23 pages. Stapled paperback. Illustrated. Near Fine. $14.95. With Herblock cartoon on the front cover, with HUAC grilling a 'wintess': 'All we want is the truth as we see it.' Well said. 139217 KUCZYNSKI, Jurgen & M. Witt. ECONOMICS OF BARBARISM: Hitler's New Economic Order in Europe. NY: International Publishers, 1942. 64 pages. Small Trade paperback. Tables. Very Good. Clean and tight copy. ISBN: B0006DCSFG $14.95. 170021 LANE, Thomas A. VIETNAM: Observations on American Policies. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1967. 20 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good+. Light browning at the cover edges. ISBN: B0007GRPVY $30. Right-wing attacks on American military policy, reprinting a number of his newspaper columns from 1966-67. Former president of Americans for Constitutional Action, he opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. They did not appear to oppose socialism or welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). 170023 LANE, Thomas A. STATEMENT TO JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE ORGANIZATION OF CONGRESS. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1965. 11 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good. 4 sentences ink underlined. Light browning at the cover edges. $30. Lane was president of the right-wing Americans for Constitutional Action. They opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. They did not appear to oppose Corporate socialism or welfare or the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). Rare. 170024 LANE, Thomas A. THE RISE OF TYRANNY IN THE UNITED STATES. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1966. 8 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good. 5 sentences pages have ink underlining. Light browning at the cover edges. $30. Lane was president of the right-wing Americans for Constitutional Action. Opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. They did not appear to oppose Corporate socialism or welfare to the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). Rare. 171283 LEISER, Erwin. NAZI CINEMA. NY: Macmillan, 1975. 179 pages. 1st US printing / edition. Hardback. Illustrated. Bibliography, filmography, appendix, index. Translated from the German by Gertrud Mander and David Wilson. Very Good+ but for faint fore-edge stain, in Very Good+ dustjacket but for spine fading to red lettering. Book is clean and solid, no names or markings. Jacket is clean and bright, no tears. $14.95. Examination of notorious and forgotten Nazi films including Triumph of the Will, Friesennot, Heimkehr, Jud Suss, Ich klage an and others, showing how Hitler's Ministry of Popular Entertainment converted German cinema into a cog in the Nazi propaganda machine. 134449 LENS, Sidney. THE FUTILE CRUSADE: Anti-Communism As American Credo. Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964. 256 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Intro by Linus Pauling. Nice Very Good copy in Very Good dustjacket. $8.95. 'This provocative book, based upon solid research, demands a fresh reappraisal of America's posture in world affairs.' See 'Seidman L177'. 160772 LEVINE, Isaac Don. HANDS OFF THE PANAMA CANAL. Washington: Monticello Books, 1976. 98 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback, printed yellow-orange wraps. Bibliographical note. Very Good+. ISBN: B0006CV71I $6.95. Rightwing tract. 'The anatomy of the Soviet threat in the Caribbean and its violation of the Monroe Doctrine revealed in the light of the aggression of the Russian-Cuban Axis in Angola'. 173263 LEWIS, Wyndham. THE ENEMY: A Review of Art & Literature. Volume 1 (I): Number 1. Jan. 1927. Black Sparrow Press, 1994. 214 pages. Trade paperback. Fine-. Tight bright book, unread. Minuscule crease top rear corner, small light bump and crease top front. Small light area top right corner from label removal. ISBN: 0876859473 $14.95. Facsimile edition of his magazine from the 1920s. Lewis was a Vorticist painter, writer, Fascist sympathizer, satirist. 173264 LEWIS, Wyndham. THE ENEMY: A Review of Art & Literature. Volume 1 (I): Number 1. Jan. 1927. Black Sparrow Press, 1994. 214 pages. Trade paperback. Fine-. Tight bright book, unread. Front cover has light scrape, small light area top right corner from label removal. ISBN: 0876859473 $15.95. Facsimile edition of his magazine from the 1920s. Lewis was a Vorticist painter, writer, Fascist sympathizer, satirist. 174883 LEWIS, Wyndham. THE ENEMY: A Review of Art & Literature. Volume 2: Number 2. 1927. Black Sparrow, 1994. 158 pages. Large Trade paperback. Fine-. Tight bright book, unread. ISBN: 0876859503 $14.95. Facsimile edition of his magazine from the 1920s. Lewis was a Vorticist painter, writer, Fascist sympathizer, satirist. 174884 LEWIS, Wyndham. THE ENEMY: A Review of Art & Literature. Volume 3: Number 3. 1929. Black Sparrow, 1994. 179 pages. Large Trade paperback. Fine-. Tight bright book, unread. ISBN: 0876859538 $14.95. Facsimile edition of his magazine from the 1920s. Lewis was a Vorticist painter, writer, Fascist sympathizer, satirist. 134360 LIPSET, Seymour M. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION & ' RIGHT-WING EXTREMISM '. Berkeley: Institute of Industrial Relations, 1960. 38 pages. Stapled paperback pamphlet. Notes. Very Good. $11.95. Offprint from the 'British Journal of Sociology', Reprint #141. 174232 LIPSET, Seymour M. & Earl Rabb. THE POLITICS OF UNREASON: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1970. Harper Torchbooks, 1973. xxiv+547 pages. 1st edition. Numerous tables. Appendix. Indexes. Very Good+. Nice tight book, no names, marks or tears. Cover has tiny insignificant horizontal crack on the spine. ISBN: 0061317446 $5.95. Definitive study from the University of California's Five-year Study of Anti-Semitism in the US, this being the 5th in their 'Patterns of American Prejudice' series. 134424 LOKOS, Lionel. HOUSE DIVIDED: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther King. New Rochelle: Arlington, 1968. 567 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Minor soil pages edges. DJ edge worn. Very Good in Very Good dustjacket. ISBN: B00005W30T $2.95. A right-wing view - Lokos believes King's primary legacy is lawlessness, that his nonviolent movement could only plant the seeds of violence. 170689 LUCE, Phillip Abbott. ROAD TO REVOLUTION: Communist Guerilla Warfare in the USA. San Diego: Viewpoint, 1967. 174 pages. 2nd printing of the 1st edition (same year of publication). Mass Market paperback. Index. Near Fine-. Tiny touch of discolor top, thin vertical reading crease front cover along the spine. Bright, clean and tight, no names, markings. $3.95. By a former Communist Party member and radical who once edited the Progressive Labor magazine who now sensationally determines to expose their intentions, Reader's Digest style: 'Negro Ghettos,' 'Riots and Terror in American Cities' - eatcher heart out Geraldo Rivera!. 135218 MACKNESS, Robin. MASSACRE AT ORADOUR. NY: Random House, 1988. 165 pages. 1st US edition. Hardback. Photos. Intro by John Fowles. Near Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. ISBN: 0394570022 $2.95. Story behind the murder of nearly all 700 inhabitants of a French village by the German SS during WWII. 177354 MAHER, Bill. WHEN YOU RIDE ALONE YOU RIDE WITH BIN LADEN. Beverly Hills: New Millennium, 2002. 132 pp. Third printing. Hardcover, 9.5 x 11 inches. Black, paper boards with bronze stamping on spine. Multiple color illustrations. Fine, in a Very Good+ dust cover. Dj: with light creasing about upper & lower edges, mostly front panel - in protective glassine. ISBN: 1893224740 $14.95. Rightwing stuff. 125962 MAYER, Andrew, John Mayer & Jim Becker, (eds.) [William Loeb]. PROTECT THE PRESIDENT! & other Outrageous Editorials From the Ultra-right Newspaper Publisher. Meredith: Intervale Publishing, 1979. 101 pages. 1st edition. Large trade paperback original. Illustrated. Very Good+. ISBN: 0932400019 $14.95. Reproduces Loeb's editorials. Proof it doesn't take any smarts to publish a newspaper or anything other than being whacko to corner the market on 'patriot,' as he one-handedly saves America from the Reds. Scarce. 174782 McCLURE, John L. SOLDIER WITHOUT FORTUNE. Dell, 1987. 251 pages. 1st printing / edition. Mass Market paperback original (PBO). Very Good+. Bright tight copy but wood smoke has darkened the top (no odor). Two light thin spine reading creases. ISBN: 0440181240 $2.5. Rightwing mercenary account of his experiences in Nicaragua. Surprisingly scarce account by a Vietnam veteran who joined with the US/CIA-sponsored rightwing Nicaraguan Contras. 133827 McINTYRE, Thomas J. with John C. Obert. THE FEAR BROKERS. NY: Pilgrim, 1979. 350 pages. Hardback. Intro by Senator Mark Hatfield. Very Good in Very Good dustjacket. Faint ink stamp front panel of the dustjacket, name inside cover. ISBN: 0829803572 $4.95. A book on the dangers of the emerging New Right by this US Senator. 133828 McINTYRE, Thomas J. with John C. Obert. THE FEAR BROKERS. NY: Pilgrim, 1979. 350 pages. Hardback. Intro by Senator Mark Hatfield. Name inside cover. Tiny edge tear rear of dustjacket, otherwise Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket. ISBN: 0829803572 $9.95. A book on the dangers of the emerging New Right by this US Senator. 173265 MICHEL, Lou and Dan Herbeck. AMERICAN TERRORIST: Timothy McVeigh & the Oklahoma City Bombing. ReganBooks / HarperCollins, 2001. 426 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Photos. Notes. Appendices. Index. Fine but for tiny faint spot on fore-edge, in lightly rubbed Fine- dustjacket. No names or markings. ISBN: 0060394072 $4.95. Background and the events leading up to the Oklahoma City bombing, told by two journalists who covered the story from the beginning. Includes their interview with the Vietnam vet, as well as family and friends to determine why he decided to bomb a federal building. Also includes a letter by Unabomber Ted Kaczynski about his impressions of the McVeigh case. 134462 MILLER, Merle. THE JUDGES AND THE JUDGED. Doubleday, 1952. 220 pages. Hardcover. Foreword by Robert E. Sherwood. Introduction by Ernest Angell and Patrick Malin. Cover fading along top edge, otherwise Very Good in dustjacket which has 4 small closed edge tears. $11.95. 'The report on black-listing in radio & television for The American Civil Liberties Union.' Spotlights groups & individuals who took upon themselves the responsibility of deciding who & what are menaces to our country, & their methodology. Rightwing grab-bag of anti-American whackos kow-towed to by unworthy American politicians & media. 169759 MOREELL, Ben. OUR DESTINATION -- Bondage or Freedom?. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1964. 14 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine-. Short, neat ink underlining on 3 pages. Cover has a little age-tanning along the spine. ISBN: B0007I8R7I $18.95. Moreell, Chairman of the Board of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation in the 1950s, didn't like government ownership of land, aid to higher education, anti-14th Amendment (equal rights), and many government regulatory agencies. A former Admiral, we don't see him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (which squanders over half the government budget). 169760 MOREELL, Ben. BE YE DOERS OF THE WORD. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1962. 8 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine-. Short, neat ink underlining on two pages (two sentences on one, a single line on the other). Cover has a little age-tanning along the spine. ISBN: B0007I04LU $18.95. Moreell, Chairman of the Board of Trustees for Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, aid to higher education, the income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. A former Admiral, we don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (which squanders over half the government budget). 169761 MOREELL, Ben. OUR STRATEGY FOR 1964. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1963. 8 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine. Cover has a little age-tanning along the spine. $18.95. Address to the 6th Human Events Political Action Conference. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, the income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (which squanders over half the government budget). 169762 MOREELL, Ben. A REPUBLIC -- IF YOU CAN KEEP IT. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1964. 16 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine-. Cover has a little soiling along the spine and edges. Short, neat ink underlining on six pages (usually a word or two). $18.95. Address to the 6th Human Events Political Action Conference. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, the income tax, inheritance tax, and most government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (which squanders over half the government budget). 169763 MOREELL, Ben. THE RIGHT TO BE WRONG. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1963. 11 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine-. Short, neat ink underlining on two pages. Cover has a little age-discoloring along the spine and edges. $18.95. Address to the Regional Conference for Conservatives, Birmingham, Alabama. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, the income tax, inheritance tax, 14th Amendment (equal rights) and most government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (which squanders over half the government budget). 169764 MOREELL, Ben. I'M FED UP TO HERE. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1963. 8 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine. Cover has a little age-discoloring along the spine and edges. ISBN: B0007I8JB2 $18.95. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and many government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). 169765 MOREELL, Ben. THE PHYSICIAN AND NOBLESSE OBLIGE. Philadelphia: Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, 1964. 20 pages. Stapled paperback. With printed memorandum laid in, asking the reader to pass along to their personal doctor or dentist. Near Fine. Cover has a little age-discoloring along the spine and edges. ISBN: B0007I9Q3C $18.95. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and many government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). 169766 MOREELL, Ben. AMERICANS FOR CONSTITUTIONAL ACTION: Principals and Purposes. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1966. 15 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine. Cover has faint age-tanning along the spine and edges. ISBN: B0007G3L3U $18.95. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and many government regulatory offices. Don't see anything by him opposing socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (squandering over half the government budget). 169767 MOREELL, Ben. CONSTITUTIONAL CONSERVATISM -- MODERN LIBERALISM -- MIDDLE-OF-THE-ROADISM: Which is the Best Politics?. Washington: Americans for Constitutional Action, 1964. 15 pages. Stapled paperback. Near Fine. Cover has faint age-tanning along the spine and edges. Extremely neat ink underlining throughout. $13.95. Moreell, Chairman of Americans for Constitutional Action, opposed government ownership of land, funding higher education, income tax, inheritance tax, and many government regulatory offices; he argues free men in a free republic need no other ruler than a Sky God. He doesn't appear to oppose socialism and welfare to Big Business or the national security police state / military establishment (the black hole where over half the government budget goes). 170022 MOREELL, Ben. OF BREAD AND CIRCUSES. no place: J and L Steel, 1955. 22 pages. Stapled paperback. Good. Clean and solid, but ink underlining and a few sentences crossed out (appears to have been edited for some purpose of the owner); readable throughout, a reading copy. ISBN: B000I85ISS $9.95. Moreell, Chairman of Jones and Laughlin Steel, and right-wing Americans for Constitutional Action activist, in a speech delivered in Houston, Texas, October 1955. He opposed big government and social welfare programs for the poor and middle class but appeared to support Corporate welfare and the American military state and it's burgeoning global empire. 139232 MORTON, Joseph. HOW THE CRADLE OF LIBERTY WAS ROBBED: The Awful Truth About a Law to Muzzle People & Leash Unions. NY: New Century, 1955. 15 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good. ISBN: B0007FLLQ0 $9.95. Denunciation of the Communist Control Law of 1954 as a grave blow to liberty. See 'Seidman M424'. 173656 National Americanism Commission of the American Legion. ISM'S: A Review of Revolutionary Communism and Its Active Sympathizers in the United States. Indianapolis: The American Legion, 1936. 207 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback, red cover. Illustrated (photos, facsimiles, and political cartoons). Index. Very Good+. Nice bright copy with quite minor wear at the cover corners. $50. A wonderful collection, with, for example, a list of American bookshops selling Communist literature, a complete 1935 catalog of books and pamphlets from 'The Workers Library' publisher sold through these stores, etc. wonderful reproductions of magazine covers, posters, flyers, etc. 127674 National Federation for Constitutional Liberties. INVESTIGATE MARTIN DIES!. Washington: National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, 1942. 51 pages. 1st edition. Stapled paperback. Appendices. Index. Edges of cover lightly discolored, one corner lightly bumped, otherwise Very Good. $28. 'A statement submitted to the Department of Justice ... calling for a Grand Jury investigation of Rep. Martin Dies' relationship to the pro-Axis network in the US. An appendix documents the friendly relations between the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, headed by Dies, & pro-Axis propagandists indicted for conspiracy.' - Seidman. Very scarce. 175143 NOCK, Albert Jay. A JOURNAL OF FORGOTTEN DAYS: May 1934-October 1935. Henry Regnery, 1948. xii, 145 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardcover. Biographical index. Near Fine in Very Good dustjacket. Small neat name on front endpaper. Jacket is bright with three numbers penciled on the rear, and a few tiny edge chips. $30. From the rightwing anarchist and author of Our Enemy the State. 174474 NOEBEL, David A. THE MARXIST MINSTRELS. Tulsa: American Christian College, 1974. 346 pages. 1st edition stated. Trade paperback. Appendices. Notes. Index. Would be close to Fine but for the usual light scuffing of the front cover and a tiny name inked out. Internally clean & bright, apparently unread. No names, marks or spine creasing. The publisher's printed text on the rear cover have been pasted over by the Colorado-based Summit Ministries Publications own replacement notes on Noebel. $11.95. Expose of all those commie & Negroid pulsating evils destroying our white youth & polluting our God-given gene pool. Some of this stuff has to be read out loud. You can regal your friends & have them rolling on the floor with a good thumping fundamentalist delivery. Among Noebel's mighty tomes are 'Communism, Hypnotism and the Beatles' and 'Rhythm, Riots and Revolution.' Hey, this guy was a serious music critic with college credentials. 174606 NOORANI, A.G. [Abdul Gafoor]. THE RSS AND THE BJP: A Division of Labour. Updated. New Delhi: LeftWord Books, 2001. xiv+112 pages. Updated edition. Trade paperback. Notes. Very Good+. Bright, tight and clean; no names, marks or spine creasing. Cover has light bumping at the tips. ISBN: 8187496134 $5.95. A look at the fascist RSS and its political arm, the BJP, which is at the center of Indian politics, based on factual and archival materials. 138397 O'NEILL, William L. [Max Eastman]. THE LAST ROMANTIC: A Life of Max Eastman. Oxford University, 1978. 339 pages. 1st edition. Hardcover. Illustrated. Notes. Index. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket but for short tear, touch of fading along top cover edge. ISBN: 0195024052 $5.95. Reveals the dynamics behind Eastman's several careers & political transformations from left to right. Provides, through an examination of Eastman's papers, new insight into his life as editor, poet, journalist, & intellectual. 160781 ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES. THE TRUTH ABOUT THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION. Garden Grove: Organizational Research Associates, nd. 9 pages. Stapled paperback. Very Good-. Front cover foredge is chipped and the pamphlet has a vertical crease from having been folded in half. $15. Rightwing tract painting the American Civil Liberties Union as a communist front. The letter 'C' in ACLU on the cover title is, of course, a hammer and sickle. 132756 PERIODICAL. BOROSON, Warren (ed.). FACT: Volume Three Issue Two. March-April 1966. Reader's Digest is Dishonest, Ignorant, Irresponsible, John Birchite... NY: Fact Publishing, 1966. 64 pages. Oversize trade paperback, illustrated wraps. Illustrated. Very Good+. $12.95. Guest illustrator Etienne Delessert. Bimonthly magazine, 'An antidote to the timidity & corruption of the American Press'. A worthy, if lost, cause. 125925 PERIODICAL. HUNTER, Edward (ed.). TACTICS. [Volume 1-7, 1964-1970]. Arlington: Privately published by Edward Hunter, 1964-1970. 7 volume set, 1-7, 1964-1970. 1st editions. Oversize Hardbacks. Burgundy cloth with gold lettering on spine and cover. Illustrated. Indexed. Two presentation copies, 'Signed by the Author' and two other copies 'Signed by the Author' (four total). Each volume Fine to Near Fine condition, no dustjackets, as issued. $160. Each volume consists of 12 issues of the monthly periodical, 'Tactics', 'a monthly publication for Anti-Communist Liaison' Edited by the veteran Cold War Warrior /anti-Red author of 'The Black Book on China', prepared for 'The Committee of One Million (Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations)', & 'Brain-Washing in Red China' (1951). Hunter was also a journalist with 'Newsweek' & 'The New Leader'. 171276 PERIODICAL. MILLS, Alden (editor). ARETE: Forum For Thought. January / February 1989, Volume 1, Issue 4. San Diego: Arete, 1989. 80 pages. Large stapled magazine. Illustrated. ISSN 1041-0414. Very Good+. Bright and clean. $25. Includes articles on white supremacy movement, the streets of Amsterdam, profile of Malcolm McLaren and much more. 120368 PERIODICAL. SOCIALIST REVIEW. SOCIALIST REVIEW #56. March-April, 1981. 167 pages. Trade paperback. [Vol 11, #2]. VG+. $4.95. Articles on Women's Role in the 1980s, the Right Reconstructs America, The Roots of Italian Terrorism. 113409 PIERCE, Peter. ADVENTURES IN AMERICAN BOLSHEVISM, JUDICIAL DECADENCE AND SAVAGE POETRY: The Lum Lee Story. Kanona: J&C Transcripts, 1964. 81 pages. Paperback. Very Good. $7.95. Anti-communist crank, none-to-pleased with a country gone-to-hell (liberalism) either. 172718 PODHORETZ, Norman. BREAKING RANKS: A Political Memoir. NY: Harper & Row, 1979. 375 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Near Fine in Near Fine dustjacket. Two page numbers inked on the front endpaper. Price clipped. In protective mylar. ISBN: 0060133783 $21. By the longtime editor of 'Commentary' and essayist for 'Partisan Review', the 'New Yorker,' 'Esquire,' 'New Republic' & such. A lefty gone right-liberal and rather successfully so. 'Poddy' became an apologist for everything stamped 'American government approved,' including the Vietnam War. He was married to the rightwing knee-jerk writer Midge Decker. 126698 POWELL, S. Steven. COVERT CADRE: Inside the Institute for Policy Studies. Ottawa: Green Hill, 1987. 469 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Photos, appendices. Notes. Index. Intro by David Horowitz. Large gift stamp from right wing foundation front endpaper, otherwise quite close to Fine in lightly rubbed dustjacket. ISBN: 0915463393 $9.95. Rightwing Cold War warrior book, concerned with traitors, subversives & Bolshies at the IPS serving Russian masters in a plot to put a commie under every American bed. Horowitz, who does the intro is a former left-wing ideologue now gone 'right', & the fall is shameless. 174728 RADOSH, Ronald. COMMIES: A Journey Through the Old Left, the New Left and the Leftover Left. Encounter Books, 2001. 216 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Index. Fine- in Fine- dustjacket. ISBN: 1893554058 $4.95. Another Lefty comes full circle, from knee-jerk left to knee-jerk right (an epiphanous admirer of Sydney Hook) NeoCon, casting doubt on any prior claim to independent or scholarly work. 130878 REEVES, Thomas C. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JOE McCARTHY: A Biography. NY: Stein & Day, 1982. 819 pages. Book Club edition, Trade paperback. Photos. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Tiny tear foot of front cover fold, otherwise a nice tight Very Good copy. ISBN: 0812823370 $5.95. Biography of a thorough anti-American best known for his legacy of peeping into American bedrooms, bald-faced lies, phony lists of 'known communists' & the darling of right-wingers & liberals during the 1950s. 171758 REUBEN, William A. THE HONORABLE MR. NIXON. NY: Action Books, 1960. xxii+210 pages. 6th printing, (new edition). Hardback. Chronology. Appendix. With a new preface. Presentation copy, warmly inscribed and 'Signed by the Author'. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket. Jacket has small tears at the corners. $14.95. Rueben also wrote 'The Atom Spy Hoax,' and was a publicity director for the American Civil Liberties Union. He previously wrote a series of magazine articles on the Rosenberg-Sobell trial and brought world attention to the Trenton Six case. 173215 RICHBERG, Donald R. THE MEXICAN OIL SEIZURE. No place, no publisher, no date [circa 1939]. 56 pages. 1st printing / edition. Stapled paperback. With complimentary slip from the President of Standard Oil Co. tipped in. Good. Light damp buckle throughout, faint dampstain front cover, otherwise internally clean solid copy. $7.95. Anonymously published, apparently by Standard Oil and printed by Arrow Press in New York. Richberg, right-wing author of an anti-union book, was counsel for American oil companies in Mexico which were seized by the government in 1938, and here presents the high moral road of plunder by Big Oil. 174049 RIDGEWAY, James. BLOOD IN THE FACE: The Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, Nazi Skinheads and the Rise of a New White Culture. [2nd edition, Revised and Updated.]. Thunder's Mouth Press, 1995. 223 pages. 1st printing of the 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Large Trade paperback. Illustrated. Photos. Index. Very Good+. ISBN: 1560250038 $5.95. Armed underground extremists to mainstream lobbyists and state legislators. 138168 ROBERTS, Archibald E. PEACE: By the Wonderful People Who Brought You Korea & Vietnam. Fullerton: Educator Publications, 1972. 376 pages. 1st edition. Hardcover. Intro by John Rarick. Very Good in Good dustjacket. Light foxing outside page edges. Jacket spine sunned, with a two large chips. In protective mylar. $12.95. Extreme rightwing indictment of the forced wars, mongrelization of America, & it's UN dupes (mattoids, etc.). Basically an anti-United Nations tract by a former Army officer. 'The house god of the United Nations Organization was originally billed as Zeus, great fornicator & father of Ares, god of war. This seven-foot pagan deity was recently renamed Poseidon, god of the sea, by the world government body.' Goes downhill from here... 173170 ROBINSON, Peter (ed.). HOOVER DIGEST: Research and Opinion on Public Policy. 2003, No. 4. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, 2003. 140 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback. Illustrated. ISSN 1088-5161. Fine-. Bright tight copy, no names or reading creases. $4.95. Variety of articles from many Hoover Fellows, from this rightwing foundation. Features include National Security, Iraq, Iran. 170031 ROCHE, George Charles III. FREDERIC BASTIAT: A Man Alone. NY: Arlington House, 1971. 256 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Notes. Index. A volume in the 'Architects of Freedom' series. Near Fine- in Very Good dustjacket. Jacket and book clean and bright. Jacket has a little scattered light scuffing and edge wear, very tiny tears head and foot of the spine, small closed tear top front edge. ISBN: 0870001167 $6.95. Bio of a popular 'lazy faire' propagandist of 19th century France (alone? not hardly). Advocate of free trade and economic individualism (rough translation: owners of the country are free to loot the people, and the commoners get none of the support (state socialism) business interests wallow in. A contemporary rightwinger perspective from this conservative publisher. (It's a theme!). 130688 ROCHE, George. THE FALL OF THE IVORY TOWER: Government Funding, Corruption, & the Bankrupting of American Higher Education. Washington: Regnery, 1994. 310 pages. 1st edition. Trade paperback. Notes. Index. Foreword by Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr. Bookplate affixed front endpaper, 'Signed by the Author'. Fine. ISBN: 0895264870 $5.95. Rightwing perspective. 136685 ROSS, Walter S. THE LAST HERO: Charles A. Lindbergh. Harper & Row, 1968. 402 pages. Later printing. Hardback. Photos, notes, index, bibliographic references, index. Near Fine- in lightly scuffed Very Good+ dustjacket with a few tiny edge tears. ISBN: B000EOAE12 $4.95. Biography of the pioneer aviator, his trials & tribulations from his barnstorming days to his overtly pro-Nazi days to his later years. 171718 SABA, Michael. THE ARMAGEDDON NETWORK. Amana Books, 1984. 288 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback. Notes. Appendices. Index. Edited by Evan Hendricks. Foreword by Stephen Green. Very Good. Clean and solid throughout, no names, markings or spine creases. ISBN: 0915597071 $11.95. Close look at Americans criminally providing secret US intelligence to Israel, focused on Richard Perle (best known now as part of the Bush White House NeoCon Cabal) and Stephen Bryen, both then hawks working for the Department of Defense. 172900 SACCO, Joe [Christopher Hitchens, foreword]. SAFE AREA GORAZDE: The War in Eastern Bosnia 1992-95. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 2000. 227 pages. 1st printing / edition. Large Trade paperback. Illustrated. Foreword by Christopher Hitchens. Fine. Appears unread. ISBN: 1560974702 $14.95. Fusion of comics and reportage based on Sacco's four months in the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, a UN-designated safe area during the Bosnian War. Explores the roots of the violence, the rise of Serbian nationalism and the ethnic killings that followed. 172901 SACCO, Joe. NOTES FROM A DEFEATIST. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 2003. 215 pages. 1st printing / edition. Large Trade paperback. Illustrated. Foreword by Christopher Hitchens. Fine-. Cover has a little trivial shelf wear. Appears unread. ISBN: 1560975105 $11.95. Fusion of comics and reportage based on Sacco's four months in the Muslim enclave of Gorazde, a UN-designated safe area during the Bosnian War. Explores the roots of the violence, the rise of Serbian nationalism and the ethnic killings that followed. 174789 SERRANO, Richard A. ONE OF OURS: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. Norton, 1998. 321 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Photos. Fine in Fine dustjacket. Bright, tight and clean. Appears unread. ISBN: 0393027430 $11.95. 171135 SETON-WATSON, Hugh. THE IMPERIALIST REVOLUTIONARIES: Trends in World-Communism in the 1960s and 1970s. Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1979. x,157 pages. 2nd printing of the 1st edition. Trade paperback. Index of names. Foreword by Richard Staar. Publications Series No. 193, Hoover International Studies. Very Good+. Light corner crease top front corner of the cover. Bright and clean, no names, markings, spine creases or tears. ISBN: 0817969322 $7.5. 135125 SIMON, Merrill. JERRY FALWELL AND THE JEWS. Jonathan David, 1984. 172 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Forward by Emmanuel Rackman. Near Fine in rubbed Very Good dustjacket. ISBN: 0824603301 $1. The authorized official version of Falwell's public postures. Everyone is going to hell...politicians please step to the front, right behind the religious whackos. 171437 SMITH, Adam. THE WEALTH OF NATIONS. London/NY: J.M. Dent / E.P. Dutton, Everyman's Library, 1977. xxvi,441, 455 pages. 2 Volumes in One. Hardback, gilt-stamped powder blue boards. Index. No. 412 in the 'Everyman's Library' series. Introduction by William Letwin. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket. Clean bright book with outer page edges age-tanned. DJ has light edge wear and wear at the corners. ISBN: 0460004123 $30. Smith proposed the doctrine of laissez-faire - that governments should not interfere in economic affairs and that free trade increases wealth. 172756 STERLING, Claire. THE TIME OF THE ASSASSINS: Anatomy of an Investigation. Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1983. 264 pages. 1st printing / edition. Hardback. Fine in Very Good+ dustjacket. Bottom of jacket spine lightly sunned. ISBN: 0030635543 $1.95. Investigates the plot to kill the Pope. Author was a journalist, infamous for seeing reds under every bed, a commie under every detente. 180281 STODDARD, Lothrop. THE RISING TIDE OF COLOR AGAINST WHITE WORLD-SUPREMACY. NY: Scribner's, 1922. xxxii+320 pp. Hardback. Fold-out map. Index. Good. Name to front endpaper; back hinge starting to crack. ISBN: B0006DDT8G $25. 141874 STRACHEY, John. WHY FASCISM LEADS TO WAR. NY: American League Against War & Fascism, 1935. 19 pages. Stapled paperback. Good. Bit worn all-around, fold crease, ink spot front cover with show-through affecting text on inside cover note (still readable). $9.95. 131781 SUALL, Irwin. THE AMERICAN ULTRAS: The Extreme Right & the Military-Industrial Complex. NY: League for Industrial Democracy, 1962. 64 pages. Revised edition. Stapled paperback. Introduction by Norman Thomas. Cover spine discolored, small tear head of spine, light scuffing, Very Good. $13. Covers the John Birch Society, Fred Schwarz' so-called Christian Anti-Communism Crusade, Billy Hargis & other proto-fascist precursors to Pat Buchanan, Pat Robertson, & the present hip New Right. Suall was active in the Socialist Party & a trade union activist with the Seafarers' & ILGW. 171317 SWAIN, Carol M. THE NEW WHITE NATIONALISM: It's Challenge to Integration. Cambridge University, 2002. 526 pages. 1st printing / edition. Bibliography. Index. Fine in Fine- dustjacket. Appears unread. ISBN: 0521808863 $10.95. 138732 SWEEZY, Paul & Leo Huberman. THE ROOTS & PROSPECTS OF McCARTHYISM. NY: Monthly Review, 1954. 23 pages. Stapled paperback pamphlet. 'Monthly Review Pamphlet Series, #8'. ISBN: B0007FF7ZQ $5.95. 170664 TAYLOR, Edmond, Edgar Snow, and Eliot Janeway. SMASH HITLER'S INTERNATIONAL: The Strategy of a Political Offensive Against the Axis. NY: Greystone, 1941. 96 pages. 1st printing / edition. Small Hardback. Near Fine in Very Good dustjacket. Bookplate front endpaper. Light corner wear to covers. Jacket spine quite sunned, otherwise bright with small chip top front edge. $13.95. Three journalists expose fascist propaganda techniques and present countermeasures for democracies. 173013 The Committee On Socialism And Communism , Chamber of Commerce of the United States. COMMUNIST INFILTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES: Its Nature And How To Combat It. Washington: Chamber of Commerce of the United States, 1946. 38 pages. 4th printing. Stapled paperback pamphlet. Good. Clean bright copy but with the covers separated. $11.95. Report of The Committee On Socialism And Communism, Approved Unanimously by the Board of Directors, September, 1946. See 'Seidman C118'. 128273 TRYTHALL, J.W.D. EL CAUDILLO 1892-1970: The Political Biography of Franco. NY: McGraw-Hill, (1970). 304 pages. Hardback. Maps. Photos. Foreword by Raymond Carr. Near Fine, DJ price clipped, with a few minor scuffs. $9.95. The political life of the Fascist ruler of Spain for 30 years, & a chronicle of the historical events that shaped his career. 170418 TUCCILLE, Jerome. RADICAL LIBERTARIANISM: A New Political Alternative. NY: Harper and Row/Perennial Library, 1971. 130 pages. 1st edition thus, with a new introduction. Quality Mass Market paperback. Perennial # P225. Very Good+. $14.95. Rightwing anarchism. Documents a breakaway from Conservatism by many 60s capitalists and an emerging Left-Right Coalition politics. 172731 TYRRELL, R. Emmett, Jr. (ed.). THE FUTURE THAT DOESN'T WORK: Social Democracy's Failures in Britain. Doubleday, 1977. 208 pages. Hardback. Notes. Very Good+ in Very Good dustjacket. Jacket has tiny edge tears. ISBN: 0385121865 $2.95. 10 essayists argue that many of the progressive policies that tried in England are failing. [Almost as bad as Thatcherism?!] Irving Kristol, Samuel Brittan, Patrick Cosgrave, Peter Jay, Leslie Lenkowsky, Harry Schwartz, Colin Welch, James Q. Wilson, and Peregrine Worsthorne. They whine, for example, of Britain's health care system. Fortunately in the US only the rich have health care. 134756 TYSON, James L. TARGET AMERICA: The Influence of Communist Propaganda on U.S. Media. Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1981. 284 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Appendices. 'Signed by the Author'. Near Fine in Near Fine dustjacket in protective mylar. ISBN: 0895266717 $6.95. Preface by Reed Irvine (editor of the right-wing Accuracy in Media newsletter). (And you thought the U.S. media & Commie propaganda were one & the same!?!). 174772 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES; Consultation with Klaus Samuli Gunnar Romppanen. [ HUAC ]. LEST WE FORGET! A Pictorial Summary of Communism in Action. Washington: USGPO, Jan 13, 1960. 48 pages. Stapled paperback pamphlet. Many black and white photos. Index. Very Good. Covers have some foxing, light soil and corner creasing. $9.95. Covers Albania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union. Numerous gruesome, photos of purported Communist atrocities in Russia and the Eastern Bloc. 166019 U.S. SENATE, Committee on the Judiciary. [Otto F. Otepka]. STATE DEPARTMENT SECURITY -- 1963-1965 THE OTEPKA CASE - XI: Hearings Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Ninth Congress, Second Session; Part 13. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1966. vii, pp951-1028 +3p index. Stapled paperback. Very Good+. $30. Testimony of Otto F. Otepka [a top-level State Department security official booted by the department], et al. Part 13 of an extensive series of hearings held during 1963, 1964 and part of 1965 on 'State Department Security'. This volume presents partial testimony of Otto F. Otepka, with other testimony released in other volumes grouped on the testimony of a particular subject. 127784 U.S. SENATE, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act & Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee on the Judiciary. LIMITATION OF APPELLATE JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT (THE 'SUPPRESSED' REPORT). Belmont: American Opinion, n.d. [ca 1962]. Stapled Paperback. Near Fine. $11.95. James Eastland committee sees the Supreme Court as a tool of communist conquest of America as it espouses the Commmunist Party line. Bound with a speech by Eastland & a petition to impeach Earl Warren. Reprint by rightwing publisher. 175288 WALLACE, Max. THE AMERICAN AXIS: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich. St. Martin's Griffin, 2004. 465 pages. 1st printing / edition. Trade paperback. Photos. Index. Quite close to Fine. No names, marks, tears or creasing. ISBN: 0312335318 $5.95. 127098 WALSH, Edmund A. TOTAL EMPIRE: The Roots & Progress of World Communism. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, (1951). 293 pages. 2nd printing. Hardback. Appendices. Index. Name front endpaper. Very Good in clean and bright, but heavily chipped dustjacket with small tears. $9.95. A Catholic priest fulminates on Communism & Russia, favorite topics of the 50s. 136674 WARNER, Denis. HURRICANE FROM CHINA. NY: Macmillan, 1961. 210 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Index. A volume in the 'Crucial Age' series. Very Good in Very Good dustjacket but for a few tiny jacket tears. ISBN: B0006AXAR4 $3.95. 'What you must know about Mao Tse-tung's plan for world conquest'. Yup. 171756 WASHINGTON STATE JOINT LEGISLATIVE FACT-FINDING COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES. FIRST AND SECOND REPORT ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES IN WASHINGTON STATE 1948. 2 Volumes. Olympia: State of Washington, 1948. 622 + 406 pages. 2 volumes, Trade paperbacks. Index. Very Good+. Nice clean and bright copies. $45. Ahhhh! The 'Good Ol' Days'. 138681 WELLS, Charles A. THE GREAT ALTERNATIVE: An Examination of Six Pressing Concerns in Today's World. NY: Between The Lines Press, 1951. 142 pages. 1st edition. Hardback. Illustrated boards. Political cartoons illustrated by the author. Very Good+ in Very Good- dustjacket which has a few small tears along top edge, small piece missing head of spine, a few small stain bottom front panel. ISBN: B0007EPD06 $2.95. Christian tract from the publishers of the Between the Lines newsletter, 'dedicated to the preservation of the American way of life through the revival & extension of Christian sharing & the prevention of war by the revelation & correction of the causes of war.' Includes 'A Protestant Awakening - Or A Catholic America,' 'Why Should We Fight Russia?,' 'When Labor Rules America: Christian Statesmen or Mob?,' & topics reflecting a post-WWII & Cold War America setting. 127999 WESTIN, Alan. THE CONSTITUTION AND LOYALTY PROGRAMS: Public Employment & Governmental Security. NY: Freedom Agenda Committee of the Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial, 1954. 53 pages. 1st edition. Stapled Paperback. Very Good+. $11.95. 'A Community Adventure in the Discussion of Freedom'. 179187 WHITE, Dan. THE SPLINTERED PARTY: National Liberalism in Hessen & the Reich, 1867-1918. Cambridge: Harvard, 1976. 303 pages. 1st edition. Hardcover. Index. Fine in Fine dustjacket in protective glassine. ISBN: 0674749953 $15.95. 168108 WHITNEY, R.M. REDS IN AMERICA: The Present Status of the Revolutionary Movement in the United States Based on Documents Seized by the Authorities in the Raid upon the Convention of the Communist Party at Bridgman, Michigan, Aug. 22, 1922, Together With Descriptions of Numerous Connections and Associations of the Communists Among the Radicals, Progressives and Pinks. Belmont: Western Islands, 1970. xii,284 pages. Reprint of the 1924 edition. Hardback. Illustrated. Appendices. Index. Very Good+ but for large mildew (no longer present) stain bottom rear cover. Very Good+ dustjacket. ISBN: B0006CYL0M $8.95. Possibly the first of the 'Commies under every bed book,' these so old they qualify as skeletons in the closet. 'A shocking expose' of Communist infiltration in America... fact-filled chapters give clear proof of the Communist advances in every facet of American life by as early as 1924'. Damn furriners. 138321 WILLS, Garry. THE SECOND CIVIL WAR: Arming for Armageddon. NY: New American Library, 1968. 169 pages. 2nd printing. Hardback. Very Good+ in Very Good+ dustjacket, jacket has small closed tear bottom front falp fold. In protective mylar. $4.95. 'Our crime is not that America is white, but that we do not even know it is. The Negro does. He knows it every time a policeman passes . . . this is two countries . . . war could arise between the two'. By a rightwing journalist. 175583 ZEPP-LaROUCHE, Helga (ed.). THE HITLER BOOK. NY: New Benjamin Franklin House, 1984. 358 pp. First edition. Mass-market paperback. B&W photos & illustrations. Very Good. One corner lightly bumped, shelf-wear to back cover. Text is beginning to brown, but is tight. Looks unread, no creases in spine or signs of being thumbed through. ISBN: 0933488378 $25.95. A very scarce book published in paperback only by this neo-fascist publishing arm of Lyndon LaRouche. 133677 ZOUL, Louis. THUGS AND COMMUNISTS. NY: Public Opinion, 1959. 161 pages. 1st edition. Hardback, red cloth. Photos. With a separately printed 16-page 'supplement' affixed to front endpaper. Near Fine, rubbing to the extremities, in a bright but lightly scuffed dustjacket which has tiny chips and tears head and foot of the spine. $16.5. Rightwing Birchite publication. 'An exposition on the disastrous genetic effects of the Thugs & Communists murdering, & the revelation of the spurious philosophic foundation of Communism.' Draws analogies between the Thugs & Dacoits of India, positing that Communists are the present-day Thugs. This book has a great macabre dustjacket: A dark green skull on a black background, with 'thugs' lettering done in twisted rope & 'communists' in bright red lettering dripping with blood. Zoul on the cover easily brings to mind ghoul. 173904 ZOUL, Louis. THUGS AND COMMUNISTS. NY: Public Opinion, 1959. 161 pages. 1st edition. Hardback, red cloth. Photos. Near Fine but for small scars from where the 16-page 'supplement' affixed to front endpaper has been removed (no present). In a bright Very Good dustjacket, in protective mylar. $9.95. Rightwing Birchite publication. 'An exposition on the disastrous genetic effects of the Thugs and Communists murdering, and the revelation of the spurious philosophic foundation of Communism.' Draws analogies between the Thugs and Dacoits of India, positing that Communists are the present-day Thugs. This book has a great macabre dustjacket: A dark green skull on a black background, with 'thugs' lettering done in twisted rope and 'communists' in bright red lettering dripping with blood. Zoul on the cover easily brings to mind ghoul. Back to Recollection Books or our Catalog Page

Brainwashing, Coercion and Mind Control Revisited... By Judson Rainey on January 20th, 2009 at 6:00 pm Excerpt from Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960 by Christopher Simpson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 paperback), pp. 48-51: Scholars Perfect Psychological Warfare Techniques by Christopher Simpson The third expression of psychological warfare themes in Public Opinion Quarterly and similar academic literature during the first years after World War II can be seen in the unusually close liaison that some of the journal’s authors and editors maintained with clandestine psychological warfare projects at the CIA, the armed services, and the Department of State. This can be found in both manifest and veiled form in many articles appearing in the journal, and in the composition of POQ’s editorial board. Hans Speier’s emergence as a prominent “private” advocate of expanded psychological warfare shortly after his work with Frank Wisner at the Occupied Areas Division at the State Department, discussed previously, is one example of an informal link between a prominent POQ author and the government’s clandestine warfare programs. This phenomenon became considerably more widespread, however, though rarely easy to identify. A good example of latent linkages can be seen in Frederick W. Williams’ 1945 article “Regional Attitudes on International Cooperation.”31 On a manifest level, Williams’ study simply reports data gathered by the American Institute of Public Opinion and the Office of Public Opinion Research at Princeton during the winter of 1944-45 concerning popular attitudes on the U.S. role in international affairs, broken out by geographic region of the country. Williams uses the data to strongly advocate “making the United States more international-minded,” as POQ described it.32 In the decades since the article first appeared, it has become clear that Williams’ data had been collected in an ongoing clandestine intelligence program underwritten by Listerine heir Gerard Lambert on behalf of the Roosevelt administration. The U.S. Congress had in those years barred the expenditure of government funds on most types of attitude surveys of U.S. voters, arguing that it was the Congress’ job under the Constitution to represent “public opinion.” Congress’ concern was in part political, because FDR used rival sources of information on public opinion to advance controversial policies, not least of which was the president’s drive toward an “internationalist” foreign policy. Despite the congressional strictures, the White House hired Hadley Cantril and Lloyd Free for “government intelligence work,” as Jean Converse puts it, including clandestine intelligence collection abroad and public opinion surveys in the United States. Cantril and Free in turn engaged Frederick Williams and the American Institute of Public Opinion as field staff for research on behalf of the administration.33 Meanwhile, Public Opinion Quarterly’s board of editors included a substantial number of men who were deeply involved in U.S. government psychological warfare research or operations, several of whom were largely dependent on government funding for their livelihood. The journal’s editorial advisory board during the late 1940s, for example, was made up of twenty-five to thirty individuals noted for their contributions to public opinion studies and mass communication research. Among those on the board with readily identifiable dependencies on government psychological warfare contracting were Hadley Cantril, Harold Lasswell, Paul Lazarsfeld, and Rensis Likert, whose role as government contractors are documented in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 of this study. They were joined on the POQ board by DeWitt Poole, who later became president of the CIA’s largest single propaganda effort of the era, the National Committee for a Free Europe.34 Another prominent board member was CBS executive Frank Stanton, also a longtime director of both Radio Free Europe and the Free Europe Fund, a CIA-financed organization established to conduct political advertising campaigns in the United States and to launder CIA funds destined for Poole’s National Committee for a Free Europe.35 The journal’s editor during 1946 and 1947 was Lloyd Free, a wartime secret agent on behalf of the Roosevelt administration who some years later was destined to share a million-dollar CIA research grant with Hadley Cantril.36 This pattern appears to have been repeated at several other important academic journals of sociology and social psychology of the era, although quantitative studies of their content remain to be done. The American Sociological Review (ASR), published by the American Sociological Society, overlapped so frequently in its officers and editorial panels with those of Public Opinion Quarterly and its publisher, the American Association for Public Opinion Research, that board members sometimes joked that they were unsure which meetings they were attending.37 While ASR published articles about a considerably broader range of sociological subjects than did POQ, the ASR articles and book reviews concerning communication remained confined to a group of fewer than a dozen authors who were simultaneously the dominant voices in POQ. The range of views concerning communication and its role in society remained similarly circumscribed. Further, an informal comparison of articles published during the 1950s concerning mass communication and public opinion in POQ and the prestigious American Journal of Sociology (AJS) shows that its articles in this field were just as rooted in psychological warfare contracts as were those appearing in POQ. The 1949-50 volume of AJS, for example, featured eight articles on various aspects of mass communication and public opinion. At least four of these stemmed directly or indirectly from ongoing psychological warfare projects, including work by Hans Speier and Herbert Goldhamer (both of RAND Corp.), Samuel Stouffer (from the American Soldier project), and Leo Lowenthal (then the director of research for the Voice of America, whose political odyssey is discussed in Chapter 6).38 In sum, the data show that Public Opinion Quarterly — and perhaps other contemporary academic journals as well — exhibited at least three important characteristics that linked the publication with the U.S. government’s psychological warfare effort during the first decade after World War II. First, POQ became an important advocate for U.S. propaganda and psychological warfare projects of the period, frequently publishing case studies, research reports, and polemics in favor of expanded psychological operations. Second and more subtly, many POQ articles articulated U.S. propaganda themes on topics other than psychological warfare itself. Examples include the magazine’s editorial line on U.S.-Soviet relations and on the Italian election of 1948. Finally, data suggest that some members of the journal’s editorial board and certain of the authors maintained an unusually close liaison with the clandestine propaganda and intelligence operations of the day. The traces of these relationships can be found in several articles mentioned in this chapter and in the composition of POQ’s editorial board, at least one member of which — POQ’s founder DeWitt Poole — was a full-time executive of a major propaganda project organized and financed by the CIA. This influence over the editorial board and editorial content of the field’s most prestigious academic journal was only a symptom of a deeper and more organic bond that is discussed in the next chapter. Money became one of the most important links between the emerging field of mass communication studies and U.S. military, intelligence, and propaganda agencies. Precise economic figures cannot be determined because of the lack of consistent reporting from the government, the continued classification of some projects, and the loss of data over the years. Even so, the overall trend is clear. “The primary nexus between government and social science is an economic one,” write Albert Biderman and Elisabeth Crawford of the Bureau of Social Science Research. It is “so pervasive as to make any crisis of relations with the government a crisis for social science as a whole.”39 31. Frederick W. Williams, “Regional Attitudes on International Cooperation,” 9, no.1 (Spring 1945): 38-50. 33. Jean Converse, Survey Research in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. 152-54, 165. Converse also notes an earlier example of the role of these confidential surveys in shaping the president’s highly controversial strategy for promoting U.S. support for England in the years leading up to Pearl Harbor. 34. For background on Poole, see Who Was Who, Vol. 3, p. 692; Sig Mickelson, America’s Other Voice: The Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (New York: Praeger, 1983), pp. 24, 41, 60; and Christopher Simpson, Blowback (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), pp. 134, 217-34 passim. See also Harwood Childs, “The First Editor Looks Back,” 21, no.1 (Spring 1957): 7, for Child’s recollections on Poole’s role in the founding of Public Opinion Quarterly. 35. For source material on Stanton’s role with Radio Free Europe, see Mickelson, America’s Other Voice, p. 124; and U.S. General Accounting Office, U.S. Government Monies Provided to Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, report no.173239, May 25, 1972, p. 79. 36. On Free’s wartime career, see Converse, Survey Research in the United States, pp. 152-54; on his Central Intelligence Agency grant, see John Crewdson and Joseph Treaster, “Worldwide Propaganda Network Built by CIA,” New York Times, December 26, 1977. 37. Association officers or editorial panel members who served with both groups included Samuel Stouffer, John W. Riley, and Leonard Cottrell. 38. Herbert Goldhamer, “Public Opinion and Personality” (p. 346), Hans Speier, “Historical Development of Public Opinion” (p. 376), Samuel Stouffer, “Some Observations on Study Design” (p. 355), and Leo Lowenthal, “Historical Perspectives of Popular Culture” (p. 323); each in American Journal of Sociology 56, no.1 (January 1950). Lowenthal specifically cites his Voice of America work in support of his thesis; see p. 324. 39. Albert Biderman and Elisabeth Crawford, Political Economics of Social Research: The Case of Sociology (Springfield VA: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technological Information, 1968), p. 5. Christopher Simpson is an assistant professor at the School of Communication at American University. COMMUNIST PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE (BRAINWASHING) Consultation with EDWARD HUNTER AUTHOR AND FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, EIGHTY-FIFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION MARCH 13, 1958 Printed for the use of the Committee on Un-American Activities United States Government Printing Office Washington 1958 This document is copied from the Congressional record. The introductory information about the Congressional Committee has been placed at the end of this page. See also Brainwashing and “Education Reform” Home SYNOPSIS Communist psychological warfare is now winning such extensive victories in the United States that the Red bloc will not need to employ direct military force against us in order to win the total war, which they are waging, with this country the principal target. Edward Hunter, American expert on Communist brainwashing, warned in a consultation with the staff of the Committee on Un-American Activities. Mr. Hunter, whose career as a foreign correspondent, author, editor, world traveler, and specialist in propaganda warfare, qualifies him as an authority on Communist propaganda techniques, stated: “I spent 30 years, a little bit more perhaps, in countries under various forms of Communist pressure and attack. What I am witnessing in America is no different from what I saw in those other countries. I am often referred to as someone who has made phenomenal predictions that proved correct on things to come. Actually, I have never made a prediction as such in my life. I have only predicted in the manner that one predicts the total of 4 after seeing the figures 2 plus 2. “I have been watching developments under communism in other parts of the world, and now I see exactly the same developments here in America.” These developments, he continued, “include, first of all, the penetration of our leadership circles by a softening up and creating a defeatist state of mind. This includes penetration of our educational circles by a similar state of mind, in addition to one other thing—the long-range perspective of the professor who is above anything that is happening here and now, and considers himself as an objective spectator in a long, long vista of history. “I see, primarily, as part of this softening up process in America, the liquidation of our attitudes on what we used to recognize as right and wrong, what we used to accept as absolute moral standards. We now confuse moral standards with the sophistication of dialectical materialism, with a Communist crackpot Communist crackpot theology which teaches that everything changes, and that what is right or wrong, good or bad, changes as well. So nothing they say is really good or bad. There is no such thing as truth or a lie; and any belief we actually held was simply your being unsophisticated. They don’t say this in so many words, except to those who are already indoctrinated in communism. “What they do say to the rest of us is to be objective; and then they twist that word ‘objective’ into meaning what they mean by dialectical materialism.” “War has changed its form,” Mr. Hunter declared. “The Communists have discovered that a man killed by a bullet is useless. He can dig no coal. They have discovered that a demolished city is useless. Its mills produce no cloth. The objective of Communist warfare is to capture intact the minds of the people and their possessions, so they can be put to use. This is the modern conception of slavery that puts all the others in the kindergarten age. “The United States is the main battlefield in this Red war. I mean specifically the people and the soil and the resources of the United States. “It should be obvious to anyone who has observed the so-called cold war that the United States is its principal target. We need only read what the Communists themselves say, but we refuse to do so, exactly as we could not believe that Hitler meant what he said in Mein Kampf. “The first battles in this total war have already been won by the forces of international communism in the United States. These victories are identical to those they have won in every country which they have ultimately taken over. They have succeeded in softening up a large element of the American population, particularly among those to whom we look for guidance, our so-called intellectuals and our so-called liberal circles. They have succeeded in making the United States think and talk of a coexistence period, as if that were an end in itself; while in other parts of the world, as in India, the Reds frankly explain that this coexistence is merely intended to give the Americans an easy way to choose their road toward communism. “This is strategy. The Kremlin is merely giving the United States a choice in surrendering by voluntary change of attitude, to avoid more destructive ways of surrender. Unfortunately, in the United States, large elements, mainly among our non-Communist population, have been softened up into believing that if we can just stall on this situation, it will take care of itself. The Reds have succeeded in inducing business communities to look to Soviet trade as a means of restoring prosperity. Large business elements, with all their financial and other resources, are now being used to help the Communist objective of softening up America for recognition and acceptance of Red China, for instance.” The Communists are being abetted in their brainwashing program in the United States, Mr. Hunter declared, by the collapse of traditional American ideals of self-reliance and individual integrity. “The Communists have been in operation for a full generation, taking strategic advantage of the American principles, exploiting the best sides in our characters as vulnerabilities, and succeeding for a generation in changing the characteristics of Americans. I remember when I was a young man, every personnel department was looking for leadership qualities. What was sought was a man’s capacity as an individual to achieve new things. Today that is not even considered by personnel departments in their employment policies. They ask, instead, if the man ‘gets along’ with everybody. They do not ask what is his individuality; they ask how he conforms. When we raise a young man to believe that at all costs he must get on with everyone, we have put him into a state of mind that almost guarantees, if he falls into the hands of an enemy such as the Communists, that he will react as he had been raised, to try ‘to get on,’ because he must not be ‘antisocial.’ “Being ‘antisocial’ has become the cardinal sin in our society. We have to again go back to characteristics of ours which made us, as individuals, say that what is right is right, and whether or not it is antisocial, makes no difference. The young man who broadcast for the Red Chinese was simply ‘getting along’ as he had been taught to do by our educators.” As an example of the success the Communists are achieving, Mr. Hunter cited statistics on American prisoners of war in Korea. “Never before in history had so many captured Americans gone to the aid of the enemy. John McCain? “For 2 years the services studied the records of the prisoners. What they found was not pretty. MaximusPublius Copyright 2009 Judson Rainey All Rights Reserved TM THE SOVEREIGN CITIZEN’S HANDBOOK Synopsis Chapter 14 “A total of 7,190 Americans were captured. Of these, 6,656 were Army troops, 263 were airmen, 231 Marines, 40 Navy men. “In every war in American history some men have managed to escape. Korea was the exception. “Roughly 1 of every 3 American prisoners collaborated with the Communists in some way, either as informants or as propagandists. “In the 20 prison camps, 2, 730 of the 7,190 Americans died, the highest morality rate among prisoners in United States history. Many of them died unnecessarily. They either did not know how to take care of themselves of they just lay down and quit. Some sick or wounded died of malnutrition abandoned by their comrades. “Discipline among Americans was almost nonexistent. It was a case of dog eat dog for food, cigarettes, blankets, clothes. “For the first time in history, Americans — 21 of them — swallowed the enemy’s propaganda line and declined to return to their own people.” Mr. Hunter declared that in the struggle with the Soviet Union, “we are losing so fast that unless we put a very drastic end to it, the question of who is winning will be academic in a decade.” “People at lectures and elsewhere,” he declared, “frequently ask that of me, as if begging me to say that we are winning. I wish I could, but one only has to think of the position of the United States at the end of the war and compare it to now. We only have to look at the map of the world as it was when signed the peace on the battleship Missouri and compare it to the map now. Great areas with enormous populations have fallen into the hands of the Reds, not through any approximation to the democratic process, but through sheer power pressures, by psychological warfare.” Even an ultimate superiority in military weapons may not be sufficient to guarantee the survival of the United States, Mr. Hunter cautioned. “In Korea, we had atomic weapons, but lost the war and were unable to use those weapons because of a political and psychological climate created by the Communists. The Kremlin today is fighting total war, and this means total, not with weapons of physical destruction alone, but mental destruction, too. The new weapons are for conquest intact, of peoples and cities. The future Pearl Harbor sputnik will be used if the situation demands it. But not unless the Kremlin has first succeeded in conquering the character and minds of a large enough element of the American people so that it will be fitting itself into the desires and needs of the Communist apparatus, no matter whether they think of themselves as Red or anti-Communist.” Mr. Hunter continued: “The most deadly misconception of all, that requires a softening up in our thinking before we can make it, is the idea that there are different kinds of communism, and that besides international communism there is something called national communism, which fundamentally differs. There is nothing of the sort. We are again interpreting, on the basis of wishful thinking, what the Communists themselves are plainly saying. We base this national communism conception on Titoism. Tito at no time disowned or expressed doubt in any of the fundamental tenets of communism, and he is today expending all the time he can in trying to tell the world that he believes in communism, intends Communist objectives to win out in the long run all over the world. Communism in this, too, has been able, as always, to get the help it needs from the non-Communist and principally the anti-Communist world. “Each time there has been a crisis in Soviet Russia, it could depend on the outside world for help. Today, under the theory that there are different forms of communism, and some Communist forms are not really Communist, or are less Communist than others, we are giving through aid programs and such propaganda assists as so-called exchange scholarships, the help and sustenance that these Communist countries require to survive. I have heard that under certain technical requirements of the law, completely fantastic statements have come from the White House and the State Department that communism in Yugoslavia really isn’t communism any more, and that communism in Poland is not real communism. I thought we had learned our lesson in China. We said that the communism of China, the communism of Mao Tse-tung was not really communism. We said it was not the communism of Moscow. Mao Tse-tung was saying it was the same communism, exactly as Tito says that the Communist ideology is basically the same everywhere, and that the objective for a Communist world is identical.” COMMUNIST PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE (BRAINWASHING) Tuesday, March 13, 1958 United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities Washington, D. C. CONSULTATION The following consultation with Edward Hunter, author and foreign correspondent, was held at 10 a.m., March 13, 1958, in room 226, Old House Office Building, Washington, D. C., pursuant to the authorization of the Committee on Un-American Activities composed of: Francis E. Walter, Pennsylvania, Chairman Morgan M. Moulder, Missouri Bernard W. Kearney, New York Clyde Doyle, California Donald L. Jackson, California Edwin E. Willis, Louisiana Gordon H. Scherer, Ohio William M. Tuck, Virginia Robert J. McIntosh, Michigan Staff members present: Richard Arens, staff director, and William F. Heimlich, consultant. MR. ARENS: The session today is the first in a series of consultations on the subject of the Communist psychological warfare which the Committee on Un-American Activities has inaugurated. We are pleased to welcome to the consultation today Mr. Edward Hunter, whose distinguished career as foreign correspondent, author, editor, world traveler, and specialist in psychological warfare eminently qualifies him to speak authoritatively on the subject at hand. MR. ARENS: How would you characterize the Communist Party in the United States? MR. HUNTER: It is superficially a joke; but behind the façade are the real Communist operators. They know exactly what they are doing, and they adapt exactly what they are doing to the requirements and strategy of world communism. The Communist Party of America is simply one of the fingers on the two hands of world communism, and operates just as obediently to the mind of communism. We are again engaging in doubletalk when we talk of the Communist “Party.” There is no such thing as a Communist Party, if by party we mean what our dictionaries call a party. It is a communist conspiracy, a Communist psychological warfare organization. The Communists derive their strength in America from their unity with world communism, and from their ability both in clandestine and overt circles to pull the strings for the non-Communists alone. Communists have never been able to achieve anything without a front. The communism that wins is always the communism that makes the non-Communist its ally; by non-Communist I don’t necessarily mean fellow travelers. I mean non-Communists who allow themselves to be trapped by Communist strategy. We see that operating today in official and business circles, which are essentially anti-Communist. The business circles that do so have the false hope that there will be tremendous trade available, that the entire automobile industry of America will find great new markets in Red China, and that two families of nations, Communist and non-communist, can work together. That is merely a restoration under different terminology of what was so disastrous to us at the end of World War II when we were told that Mao Tse-tung and the Communists of China were not really Communists, but only agrarian reformers, sort of Chinese New Dealers, who thought and reacted the same as we. MR. ARENS: On the basis of your background and experience, please tell us what part of this total warfare is psychological? MR. HUNTER: Since man began, he has tried to influence other men or women to his way of thinking. There have always been these forms of pressure to change attitudes. Atrocities were the simplest changes through which people were forced in the old days to change their minds. Often they didn’t change their minds, but acted as if they did, which had the same result, and, as time went on, the new thoughts often actually came to be believed. There has been a remarkable difference developing in the last 30 years or so, which makes this as different from modern psychological warfare as the airplane is from the canon; it merely brings a shell a longer distance before dropping it somewhere. That is sheer sophism. The moment we discovered how to rise and remain above the earth, we had achieved something fundamentally new. It was no longer a cannon. It was an airplane. The same is true with modern psychological warfare. We discovered in the past 30 years a technique to influence, by clinical, hospital procedures, the thinking processes of human beings. (The basis for the modern psychological warfare, which makes it different from whatever was done in the past, are the findings of the Russian physiologist, Pavlov. He is not a Communist. He had completed his most important discoveries before the Communists took power. His first discovery was the effectiveness of using a living animal in experiments, rather than a dead animal. His second great discovery was that the instincts of an animal, that we call reflexes, were of two kinds. One was the reflexes which the animal was born with, its unconditioned reflexes. The other was its conditioned reflexes, which man can train into the animal. Most of us have heard of Pavlov’s experiments with dogs and lights. He first provided a bowl of food and turned on a light of a certain color, then an empty bowl and turned on a different colored light. After he had done this a number of times, he turned on the light that accompanied the food, but presented an empty bowl to the animal, and the dog deposited just as much saliva as when the bowl was full. When he presented a bowlful of food with the wrong light, the animal did not eat. After he switched the lights and bowls of food, the animal became neurotic, barked, was driven into a state, which among human beings we call insanity.) —————————————————————————————————————————————– When the Communist hierarchy in Moscow discovered that it was unable to persuade people willingly to follow communism, when they found that they could not create what they wanted, the “new Soviet man” in which human nature would be changed, they turned to Pavlov and his experiments. They considered people the same as animals anyway, and refused to recognize the role of reason or divinity in a human being. They took over the Pavlovian experiments on animals and extended them to people. They did so with the objective of changing human nature and creating a “new Soviet man.” People, they anticipated, would react voluntarily under Pavlovian pressures, in the way the dog does, to Communist orders, exactly as ants do in their collectivized society. The Alien Registration Act passed by Congress on 29th June, 1940, made it illegal for anyone in the United States to advocate, abet, or teach the desirability of overthrowing the government. The law also required all alien residents in the United States over 14 years of age to file a comprehensive statement of their personal and occupational status and a record of their political beliefs. Within four months a total of 4,741,971 aliens had been registered. The main objective of the Alien Registration Act was to undermine the American Communist Party and other left-wing political groups in the United States. It was decided that the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), that had been set up by Congress under Martin Dies in 1938 to investigate people suspected of Nazi sympathic, unpatriotic behavior, would be the best vehicle to discover if people were trying to overthrow the government. In 1947 the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), chaired by J. Parnell Thomas, began an investigation into the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. The HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These people attended voluntarily and became known as “friendly witnesses”. During their interviews they named nineteen people who they accused of holding left-wing views. One of those named, Bertolt Brecht, a playwright, gave evidence and then left for East Germany. Ten others: Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Samuel Ornitz,, Dalton Trumbo, Edward Dmytryk, Ring Lardner Jr., John Howard Lawson and Alvah Bessie refused to answer any questions. Known as the Hollywood Ten, they claimed that the 1st Amendment of the United States Constitution gave them the right to do this. The House of Un-American Activities Committee and the courts during appeals disagreed and they all were found guilty of contempt of congress and each was sentenced to between six and twelve months in prison. Larry Parks was the only actor in the original nineteen people named. He was also the only person on the list who the average moviegoer would have known. Parks agreed to give evidence to the HUAC and admitted that he had joined the Communist Party in 1941 but left it four years later. When asked for the names of fellow members, Parks replied: “I would prefer, if you would allow me, not to mention other people’s names. Don’t present me with the choice of either being in contempt of this Committee and going to jail or forcing me to really crawl through the mud to be an informer.” The House of Un-American Activities Committee insisted that Parks answered all the questions asked. The HUAC had a private session and two days later it was leaked to the newspapers that Parks had named names. Leo Townsend, Isobel Lennart, Roy Huggins, Richard Collins, Lee J. Cobb, Budd Schulberg and Elia Kazan, afraid they would go to prison, were also willing to name people who had been members of left-wing groups. In June, 1950, three former FBI agents and a right-wing television producer, Vincent Harnett, published Red Channels, a pamphlet listing the names of 151 writers, directors and performers who they claimed had been members of subversive organisations before the Second World War but had not so far been blacklisted. The names had been compiled from FBI files and a detailed analysis of the Daily Worker, a newspaper published by the American Communist Party. A free copy of Red Channels was sent to those involved in employing people in the entertainment industry. All those people named in the pamphlet were blacklisted until they appeared in front of the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) and convinced its members they had completely renounced their radical past. Edward Dmytryk, one of the original Hollywood Ten, had financial problems as a result of divorcing his wife. Faced with having to sell his plane and encouraged by his new wife, Dmytryk decided to try to get his name removed from the blacklist. On 25th April, 1951, Dmytryk appeared before the House of Un-American Activities Committee again. This time he answered all their questions including the naming of twenty-six former members of left-wing groups. Dmytryk also revealed how people such as John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott and Albert Maltz had put him under pressure to make sure his films expressed the views of the Communist Party. This was particularly damaging to those members of the original Hollywood Ten who were at that time involved in court cases with their previous employers. If people refused to name names when called up to appear before the HUAC, they were added to a blacklist that had been drawn up by the Hollywood film studios. Over 320 people were placed on this list that stopped them from working in the entertainment industry. This included Larry Adler, Stella Adler, Leonard Bernstein, Marc Blitzstein, Joseph Bromberg, Charlie Chaplin, Aaron Copland, Hanns Eisler, Carl Foreman, John Garfield, Howard Da Silva, Dashiell Hammett, E. Y. Harburg, Lillian Hellman, Burl Ives, Arthur Miller, Dorothy Parker, Philip Loeb, Joseph Losey, Anne Revere, Pete Seeger, Gale Sondergaard, Louis Untermeyer, Josh White, Clifford Odets, Michael Wilson, Paul Jarrico, Jeff Corey, John Randolph, Canada Lee, Orson Welles, Paul Green, Sidney Kingsley, Paul Robeson, Richard Wright and Abraham Polonsky. It was now decided to use the Alien Registration Act against the American Communist Party. Leaders of the party were arrested and in October, 1949, after a nine month trial, eleven members were convicted of violating the act. Over the next two years another 46 members were arrested and charged with advocating the overthrow of the government. Other high profile spy cases at the time involving Alger Hiss, Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, helped to create a deep fear in the United States that a communist conspiracy was taking place. —————————————————————————————————————— On 9th February, 1950, Joseph McCarthy, a senator from Wisconsin, made a speech claiming to have a list of 57 people in the State Department known to be members of the American Communist Party. The list of names was not a secret and had been in fact published by the Secretary of State in 1946. These people had been identified during a preliminary screening of 3,000 federal employees. Some had been communists but others had been fascists, alcoholics and sexual deviants. If screened, McCarthy’s own drink problems and sexual preferences would have resulted in him being put on the list. McCarthy also began receiving information from his friend, J. Edgar Hoover, head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). William Sullivan, one of Hoover’s agents, later admitted that: “We were the ones who made the McCarthy hearings possible. We fed McCarthy all the material he was using.” ———————————————————————————————————— With the war going badly in Korea and communist advances in Eastern Europe and in China, the American public were genuinely frightened about the possibilities of internal subversion. McCarthy, was made chairman of the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate, and this gave him the opportunity to investigate the possibility of communist subversion. For the next two years McCarthy’s committee investigated various government departments and questioned a large number of people about their political past. Some lost their jobs after they admitted they had been members of the Communist Party. McCarthy made it clear to the witnesses that the only way of showing that they had abandoned their left-wing views was by naming other members of the party. This witch-hunt and anti-communist hysteria became known as McCarthyism. Some left-wing artists and intellectuals were unwilling to live in this type of society and people such as Joseph Losey, Richard Wright, Ollie Harrington, James Baldwin, Herbert Biberman, Lester Cole and Chester Himes went to live and work in Europe. At first Joseph McCarthy mainly targeted Democrats associated with the New Deal policies of the 1930s. Harry S. Truman and members of his Democratic administration such as George Marshall and Dean Acheson, were accused of being soft on communism. Truman was portrayed as a dangerous liberal and McCarthy’s campaign helped the Republican candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, win the presidential election in 1952. After what had happened to McCarthy’s opponents in the 1950 elections, most politicians were unwilling to criticize him in the Senate. As the Boston Post pointed out: “Attacking him is this state is regarded as a certain method of committing suicide.” One notable exception was William Benton, the owner of Encyclopaedia Britannica, and a senator from Connecticut. McCarthy and his supporters immediately began smearing Benton. It was claimed that while Assistant Secretary of State, he had protected known communists and that he had been responsible for the purchase and display of “lewd art works”. Benton, who was also accused of being disloyal by Joseph McCarthy for having much of his company’s work printed in England, was defeated in the 1952 elections. In 1952 McCarthy appointed Roy Cohn as the chief counsel to the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. Cohn had been recommended by J. Edgar Hoover, who had been impressed by his involvement in the prosecution of Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg. Soon after Cohn was appointed, he recruited his best friend, David Schine, to become his chief consultant. McCarthy’s next target was what he believed were anti-American books in libraries. His researchers looked into the Overseas Library Program and discovered 30,000 books by “communists, pro-communists, former communists and anti anti-communists.” After the publication of this list, these books were removed from the library shelves. For some time opponents of Joseph McCarthy had been accumulating evidence concerning his homosexual activities. Several members of his staff, including Roy Cohn and David Schine, were also suspected of having a sexual relationship. Although well-known by political journalists, the first article about it did not appear until Hank Greenspun published an article in the Las Vagas Sun in 25th October, 1952. Greenspun wrote that: “It is common talk among homosexuals in Milwaukee who rendezvous in the White Horse Inn that Senator Joe McCarthy has often engaged in homosexual activities.” Joseph McCarthy considered a libel suit against Greenspun but decided against it when he was told by his lawyers that if the case went ahead he would have to take the witness stand and answer questions about his sexuality. In an attempt to stop the rumours circulating, McCarthy married his secretary, Jeannie Kerr. Later the couple adopted a five-week old girl from the New York Foundling Home. In October, 1953, McCarthy began investigating communist infiltration into the military. Attempts were made by McCarthy to discredit Robert Stevens, the Secretary of the Army. The president, Dwight Eisenhower, was furious and realised that it was time to bring an end to McCarthy’s activities. The United States Army now passed information about Joseph McCarthy to journalists known to be opposed to him. This included the news that McCarthy and Roy Cohn had abused congressional privilege by trying to prevent David Schine from being drafted. When that failed, it was claimed that Cohn tried to pressurize the Army to grant Schine special privileges. The well-known newspaper columnist, Drew Pearson, published the story on 15th December, 1953. Dwight Eisenhower also instructed his vice president, Richard Nixon, to attack Joseph McCarthy. On 4th March, 1954, Nixon made a speech where, although not mentioning McCarthy, made it clear who he was talking about: “Men who have in the past done effective work exposing Communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply.” Some figures in the media, such as writers Freda Kirchway, George Seldes and I. F. Stone, and cartoonists, Herb Block and Daniel Fitzpatrick, had fought a long campaign against Joseph McCarthy. Other figures in the media, who had for a long time been opposed to McCarthyism but were frightened to speak out, now began to get the confidence to join the counter-attack. Edward Murrow, the experienced broadcaster, used his television programme, See It Now, on 9th March, 1954, to criticize McCarthy’s methods. Newspaper columnists such as Walter Lippmann and Jack Anderson also became more open in their attacks on McCarthy. The senate investigations into the United States Army were televised and this helped to expose the tactics of Joseph McCarthy. One newspaper, the Louisville Courier-Journal, reported that: “In this long, degrading travesty of the democratic process McCarthy has shown himself to be evil and unmatched in malice.” Leading politicians in both parties, had been embarrassed by McCarthy’s performance and on 2nd December, 1954, a censure motion condemned his conduct by 67 votes to 22. McCarthy lost the chairmanship of the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. He was now without a power base and the media lost interest in his claims of a communist conspiracy. As one journalist, Willard Edwards, pointed out: “Most reporters just refused to file McCarthy stories. And most papers would not have printed them anyway.” Although some historians claim that this marked the end of McCarthyism, others argue that the anti-communist hysteria in the United States lasted until the end of the Cold War. “INDUBITABLE JUST GROUNDS FOR VIOLENT REVOLUTION” EMPIRICALLY DEMONSTRATED TO BE NOT ONLY UN-CONSTITUTIONAL, BUT ANTI-CONSTITUTIONAL USURPATION! Usurpation by The Executive Branch in unjustly seizing dominant power over the Legislative Branch of our government. Usurpation by The Federal government in unjustly seizing dominant power over the States Rights of our government. Usurpation by Suffrage an unjust cause for Political Enfranchisement in unjustly seizing dominant power over the Original 98 percent Majority of the informal moral & ethical and intellectual abstract reasoning literate, Protestant Christian Men. and reducing them to 30 percent of the political electorate, thereby Subjugating them by the informal moral & ethical and intellectual abstract reasoning illiterate Secular men & Woman with a 70 percent electorate majority Usurpation by International Psychological Warfare propaganda of Dialectic Materialism - Revisionism Psychological Warfare induced Cognitive Dissonance against we the people to be seized and dominated with a inverted perceptual reality power over them. And unjustly Persecute them by Unjustly Scientifically Shaming them into Submission. Usurpation by Federal government Conspiracies to intentionally create an extreme economical crisis in order to seize economic power to further the finalization of the Communist Socialist ideology implementation in America. Usurpation by The Federal Judicial Branch in seizing dominant power over the Executive and Legislative with intentionally inverted Empirical Self Evident Truth Propositions with Formal Revisionism negatively antithetical Re-interpretations of our U.S. Constitution. And their dissemination into our States and Counties and Cities by Unjust Coercive Federal Enforcement. Usurpation by Anti-Constitutionally Transforming our Republic into a democratic scientific socialist Democracy form of civil government Maximus Publius

I Agree With Ann Coulter Phil Brennan, NewsMax.com Wednesday, July 9, 2003 As might have been expected, Ann Coulter has created a firestorm with her sensational new best-selling book, "Treason – Liberal Treachery from the Cold War to the War on Terrorism." Naturally, liberals and Democrats – pretty much the same thing – are infuriated at being indicted as a class of dedicated anti-Americans who, beginning with the Cold War, found much to be admired in the international communist conspiracy and much to be hated in their own United States of America. Unexpected has been the reaction of such conservatives as Andrew Sullivan who are offended by Ann’s no-holds-barred polemical style and appear to have been infected by the anti-Joe McCarthy virus. This virus has spread thanks to the leftist media and socialist dons in academia. Now several generations of Americans who weren’t there when Joe McCarthy was battling to expose hordes of subversives nestled in the bosom of the United States government think he was a bad guy. For them, it’s simply not stylish to join forces with the very much déclassé Wisconsin senator. McCarthy was not a certified gentleman with all the right Ivy League credentials and club memberships – like Alger Hiss, for example. He was a tough Mick, an ex-Marine street fighter who loved his country and hated its enemies. To their dismay, instead of wielding a thin dueling rapier in skewing disloyal liberals, Ann uses a heavy Claymore to bash the skulls of a class of people who, at the very least, hung around the fringes of treachery or were knee deep in the muck and mire of treason. As they always do when challenged by facts, her liberal critics settled on a handful of responses, daring Miss Coulter to explain how certain prominent liberals now considered in the common wisdom to have been fiercely anti-Communist come off in Ann’s book as less than fervent enemies of Communist subversion. How can you say Harry Truman or Jack Kennedy or Lyndon Johnson, all of whom fought shooting wars against Communist aggression, were witting abettors of treason? she’s asked every time she faces a liberal critic. Or how can she defend Joe McCarthy when he conducted a war of terrorism and repression against hordes of innocent loyal American liberals. And again, using that old tactic of admissions against interest, allow that sure, a lot of liberals acted against America’s best interests, but it isn’t fair to lump these unfortunately mistaken liberals in with all the good liberals. Let’s take these criticisms one at a time. How can Coulter make a case that liberals were busy betraying America when such well-known Americans as Harry Truman, Lyndon Johnson and John F. Kennedy were such dedicated anti-Communists? Easy. As Coulter repeatedly states in her book, Joe McCarthy was not running around with a red catching net, seeking to find Communists under the White House beds, in Hollywood, in the media or in academia, where they abounded. McCarthy was seeking solely to uncover people who fit the profile of security risk as identified under President Eisenhower’s Executive Order 10450, which stated plainly that should extensive investigations reveal that if any questions existed concerning the fitness of a government employee from the standpoint of national security, that person should be discharged. Even prior to that order, evidence that an official of the U.S. government was a security risk would have demanded that person be barred from any government post in the interests of national security. As Coulter reveals in her book, Harry Truman not only ignored strong evidence that Alger Hiss and Harry Dexter White were agents of the Soviet Union and thus dedicated to the overthrow of the United States and Soviet victory in the Cold War, but also actually advanced their careers. Moreover, his administration was honeycombed with secret Communist agents. And when Truman was advised of the existence of the Venona documents, which showed the extent of Soviet penetration of the government, he allegedly dismissed the decoded Soviet cables as a "fairy story," just as he called the charges against Hiss a "red herring." Dedicated anti-Communists don’t defend Communist subversion of the United States government. Truman did. He may have been a foe of armed Soviet aggression and dragged America into a war he would not allow his generals to win, but the record shows he was soft on Communist subversion within his administration. President Kennedy is also paraded out by Coulter’s critics as another fierce anti-Communist – after all, he took us into Vietnam, another war all those loyal Democrats would not allow us to win. Moreover, Kennedy continued to allow people, about whom serious doubts concerning their loyalty would have kept them out of government service, to infest his administration at the highest levels. And when one genuine anti-Communist government official sought to enforce EO 10450 and keep unsuitable appointees from working at the State Department, he was parboiled and hung out to dry. Kennedy’s election gave the liberals an opening to bring a lot of old discredited security risks back into government service. Not long after the election, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Bobby Kennedy met with State Department security chief Otto Otepka to discuss the possibility of obtaining security clearance for one Walt Whitman Rostow, a one-worlder who had once written a book calling for "an end to nationhood," and had been chosen to be JFK’s chief foreign-policy planner. Otepka was stunned. Rostow, he knew, had been denied security clearance three times during the Eisenhower administration. He told Rusk and Kennedy about Rostow’s background: that he was the son of a socialist revolutionary and had long consorted with Communist Party members, including known Soviet spies, and that two of his aunts had been identified as members of the Communist Party. Otepka also explained that U.S. Air Force intelligence had branded Rostow a security risk, and the CIA had dropped him from a sensitive contract. Under the strictures of Executive Order 10450, Otepka explained, security clearance could not be given to Rostow – not, at least, without a new, full-fledged FBI investigation. In his book, "The United States in the World Arena," Rostow wrote: "It is a legitimate American national objective to see removed from all nations – including the United States – the right to use substantial military force to peruse their own interests. Since this residual right is the right of national sovereignty and the basis for the existence of an international arena of power, it is, therefore, an American interest to see an end to nationhood as it has been historically defined." He wrote about a "convergence" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and ridding the vocabulary of such formulations as capitalism vs. communism. He was one of the principle advocates of escalating the troop buildup in Vietnam while at the same time contributing to the "Rules of Engagement" declassified in 1985, which insured that we could not win the war. Instead of sending Rostow back into exile, Rusk and the Kennedys began a long-running brutal campaign designed send Otepka into exile. Kennedy would simply ignore this derogatory information and appoint Rostow special adviser in 1961, where he influenced the Bay of Pigs operation, Vietnam policy and military disarmament. Rostow would remain with Johnson until 1967. But the Rostow case was just the beginning of the Kennedys' war on national security. One hundred fifty-two waivers of security approvals were signed, in contrast to the mere five waivers issued under the eight years of the Eisenhower administration. Many security clearances simply bypassed Otepka's Division of Evaluations. Rusk's new security chief, John Reilly, rubber-stamped them. Walt Rostow was slipped into the State Department, heading its policy-planning council. There he authored the infamous "Rostow Papers," which laid out these goals for American foreign policy: unilateral disarmament, world government and accommodation with the Communist world. With Rusk, he would help engineer the Bay of Pigs disaster as well as the Vietnam War – a war calculated to dispirit America and embroil it in turmoil. When in October 1963 JFK was questioned about the treatment accorded Otepka (he was being charged with violating department policy by cooperating with a Senate Committee investigating security breaches at the State Department) he had this reaction: QUESTION: Mr. President, sir, there seems to be some connection between the attempt of the State Department to discharge Mr. Otto Otepka, the Security Officer, and there seems to be some connection between the fact that he gave much information to the Senate Internal Security Committee about various employees of the State Department – William Arthur Wieland and Walter W. Rostow and many others. Also Secretary Rusk has now put forth an order that employees of the State Department cannot talk or give information to this congressional committee. Isn't that a direct violation of law? THE PRESIDENT: No, it isn't. QUESTION: That government employees are allowed to give information to Members of Congress and to committees? PRESIDENT: By what means? You mean secret dispatches? QUESTION: Well any information. The law doesn't say what it will be. It says that any government employee can give information to Members of Congress or to the committees. THE PRESIDENT: Well, let me just say that the Secretary of State has been prepared to testify since August before the Internal Security Committee and discuss the case very completely – QUESTION: Well, but – THE PRESIDENT: Excuse me. There was a hearing scheduled for early September, but because of the Labor Day weekend that hearing did not take place. The Secretary of State stands ready, and he is the responsible officer. Now the best thing to do is to give the Secretary of State a chance to explain the entire case; because in all frankness, your analysis of it is not complete. QUESTION: Would you like to complete it, sir? THE PRESIDENT: I will be glad to have the Secretary of State talk to the Internal Security Committee about what it is that has caused action to be taken, administrative action to be taken, within the Department of State, to be taken against the gentlemen you named, the kind of actions he carried out, what the law said, how he met the law, how he didn't meet the law: This is all a matter that is going to be heard by the State Department Board. Then it will be heard by the Civil Service Commission for review. Then it can be discussed in the courts. [End of transcript] That little exchange showed how complicit JFK was in this attempt to silence a real anti-Communist government officer. Sorry, critics, JFK was not anti-Communist – he allowed security risks to serve in his administration at the highest level. Much the same can be said about Lyndon Johnson. He followed the lead of fellow liberal Democrat presidents, refusing to rid the government of men like Rostow and other security risks. And he continued the persecution of Otto Otepka. In another press conference on March 13, 1965, there was this exchange between LBJ and a reporter. Mr. President, sir, I would like to change the subject to another matter. Mr. Otto Otepka, a top security officer in the State Department, faces dismissal for answering the questions of some Members of Congress who were investigating the security of the United States. I would like to know if you can't stop this dismissal. THE PRESIDENT: I have had some conversations with Secretary Rusk concerning that case, and I have complete confidence in the manner in which he will handle it. Johnson knew it was Rusk who launched the get-Otepka campaign almost as soon as he took office at State, and he knew how Rusk would " handle it." He would get rid of Otepka but not the security risks. During the mid-1950s, Otepka reviewed the files of all State Department personnel and found some kind of derogatory information on 1,943 persons, almost 20 percent of those on the Department payroll. He testified at Senate Internal Security Subcommittee hearings years later that of the 1,943 employees, 722 left the department for various reasons, but mostly by transfer to other agencies, before a final security determination could be made. Otepka trimmed the remaining number on the list to 858 and in December 1955 sent their names to his then boss, Scott McLeod, as persons to be watched because of Communists associations, homosexuality, habitual drunkenness or mental illness. Wrote Coulter: "Everyone says liberals love America, too. No they don’t. Whenever the nation is under attack, from within or without, liberals side with the enemy. This is their essence." That, liberals say, is slander. They say it confuses good liberals with bad liberals. But Coulter maintains that all liberals are the same, and the record shows she’s right. One only needs to look at what defines liberals: They universally attack America’s foreign policies. When the U.S. is at war, no matter who or what we are fighting, liberals attack the U.S. and side with our enemies. It was that way in Vietnam and it’s that way today in Iraq. Hear what liberal Gary Kamiya of the left-wing Salon.com has to say. "I have a confession: I have at times, as the war has unfolded, secretly wished for things to go wrong." He wished, he said, that the Iraqis would resist the U.S. attack more vigorously, that "the Arab world would rise up in rage" – he wished for "all the things we feared would happen." And, he added, he was not alone – "a number of serious, intelligent, morally sensitive people [read "liberals"] have told me they have had identical feelings." He dismissed the idea that once the shooting started liberals should get on board and support the troops. "But there is one argument against this: what if you are convinced that an easy victory will ultimately result in a larger moral negative – four more years of Bush, for example. ..." Better that American soldiers should die than that Bush should be re-elected. What defines liberals? They are universally in favor of abortion (killing unborn babies is OK, killing Ho Chi Minh’s or Saddam’s thugs is wrong), gay rights and homosexual marriage and socialism, and universally against the kind of society handed down to us by the founding fathers (dead white Europeans) or the strict interpretation of the Constitution. There are no good liberals, because liberalism as it has come to be in the United States is inherently bad. In "Treason" Coulter tells us that everything we know about Joe McCarthy is a lie. She lays out the evidence for this assertion but her critics ignore it. It is, to them, an article of faith that Joe was the devil incarnate, and no one can be allowed to shatter that illusion. "The myth of 'McCarthyism' is the greatest Orwellian fraud of our times," she wrote. "Liberals are fanatical liars, then as now. The portrayal of Senator Joe McCarthy as a wild-eyed demagogue destroying innocent lives is sheer liberal hobgoblinism. Liberals weren't hiding under the bed during the McCarthy era. They were systematically undermining the nation's ability to defend itself, while waging a bellicose campaign of lies to blacken McCarthy's name." It is claimed that McCarthy was wrong in claiming that there was a plague of Communist subversion afflicting the government. Release of the Venona intercepts and other documents concerning the extent of communist subversion disproved that lie. It is claimed that Joe McCarthy persecuted innocent people and that Americans trembled in fear that they would be caught up in Joe’s net, but the record shows that no such reign of terror ever existed. The only people who trembled were those with secrets concerning their flirtations with Communism or who had something else to hide. And the liberals can’t point to a single one of those people Joe ever attacked. As Coulter insists, McCarthy’s only targets concerned subversives in the government. McCarthy was castigated for attacking Gen. Ralph Zwicker, who was portrayed by the media and the liberals as a staunch and honest Army officer. But in testimony before the McClellan Committee on March 23, 1955, Zwicker denied giving McCarthy aide George Anastos derogatory information about Irving Peress, – who McCarthy charged had been promoted despite the fact he was a communist – in their telephone conversation of Jan. 22, 1954. When Anastos and the secretary who had monitored the conversation both testified under oath and contradicted Zwicker, the McClellan Committee forwarded the transcript of the hearing to the Justice Department for possible prosecution of Zwicker for perjury. McCarthy had been investigating lax security at Ft. Monmouth, N.J. He was attacked on the grounds that there was no security problem there, where Zwicker held a command. In his 1979 book, "With No Apologies," Barry Goldwater wrote that "Carl Hayden, who in January 1955 became chairman of the powerful Appropriations Committee of the United States Senate, told me privately Monmouth had been moved because he and other members of the majority Democratic Party were convinced security at Monmouth had been penetrated. They didn’t want to admit that McCarthy was right in his accusations. Their only alternative was to move the installation from New Jersey to a new location in Arizona." McCarthy’s Senate colleagues allegedly censured him for his reckless activities and smearing of innocent people, to hear the libs tell it. That’s not quite the story. The campaign to destroy McCarthy began on July 30, 1954, when Sen. Ralph Flanders introduced a resolution accusing McCarthy of Conduct Unbecoming a Member of the United States Senate. Flanders, who had told the Senate two months earlier that McCarthy's anti-Communism so completely paralleled that of Adolf Hitler that he struck fear into the hearts of any defenseless minority, had been given a laundry list of charges from the far-left National Committee for an Effective Congress. McCarthy's enemies ultimately accused him of 46 different counts of allegedly improper conduct and a special committee was set up – the fifth one to investigate McCarthy – under the chairmanship of Sen. Arthur Watkins, to study and evaluate the charges. After two months of hearings and deliberations, the committee recommended that McCarthy be censured on just two of the 46 original counts. At a Special Session of the Senate convened on Nov. 8, 1954, these were the two charges to be debated and voted on: 1) That Sen. McCarthy had "failed to cooperate" in 1952 with the Senate Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections, which was looking into certain aspects of his private and political life in connection with a Resolution for his expulsion from the Senate. 2) That in conducting a senatorial inquiry, Sen. McCarthy had "intemperately abused" Gen. Ralph Zwicker. But too many senators were unhappy about the Zwicker count, because the Army had shown contempt for then committee chairman McCarthy by ignoring his letter of Feb. 1, 1954. and then going ahead and giving Maj. Irving Peress an honorable discharge the very next day. Believing that McCarthy's conduct toward Zwicker on Feb. 18 was at least partially justified, they dropped the Zwicker count at the last minute and replaced it with the charge that he had called the Watkins Committee an "unwitting handmaiden of the Communist Party" and described the special hearings as a "Lynch Party" and thus he had acted in a manner contrary to Senate ethics and "tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute, to obstruct the Constitutional processes of the Senate, and to impair its dignity." On Dec. 2, 1954, the Senate voted to "condemn" Sen. Joseph McCarthy on both counts by a vote of 67 to 22, with the Democrats unanimously voting in favor and the Republicans split down the middle. In choosing to explode the McCarthy myth, Ann Coulter took on one of the liberals’ most cherished articles of faith. Had she simply accepted that myth, the furor over "Treason" would be more or less muted compared to what it is now. Instead she took the hard choice and in so doing infuriated the left, which will now treat her as they treated Joe. She’s given them a new hobgoblin – Coulterism – that they can now rant and rave about for years to come. Editor's note: See NewsMax's Special Offer for Ann Coulter's "Treason" – Click Here Now. * * * * * * Phil Brennan is a veteran journalist who writes for NewsMax.com. He is editor & publisher of Wednesday on the Web (http://www.pvbr.com) and was Washington columnist for National Review magazine in the 1960s. He also served as a staff aide for the House Republican Policy Committee and helped handle the Washington public relations operation for the Alaska Statehood Committee, which won statehood for Alaska. He is also a trustee of the Lincoln Heritage Institute and a member of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers. He can be reached at phil@newsmax.com.

George DeM was working for The White Russian Solidarists, Jean deMenil and their world vojhd, Anastase Vonsisatsky.

Gordon Hall, along with his friend, Grace Hoag, were long time..er...monitors of the right and left wing extremists. Gordon was very close to some of them. Hell, when George Lincoln Rockwell was arrested, who was the first person he called? Gordon Hall. Gordon was also very much aware of Oswald, most likely through Banister. Otepka was close to Julien Sourwine, Robert Morris, and Ray Rocca. The curator of the Hall-Hoag Collection at Brown University, even told me that Gordon Hall almost got elected as President of an American Nazi Party affiliate. He was that convincing. Or maybe he was THAT convinced. Gordon Hall also said he had debated Robert J. Morris several times in the past. While Hall debunked the possibility that Edwin A. Walker could have organized the JFK hit, he did not dismiss the possibility that Robert Morris could have been the one along with Charles Willoughby which I thought was an amazing admission. Hall was basically an FBI employee who spent about $250,000 of someone's money to purchase subscriptions to the collection he donated to Brown University which weighed well over a ton and dated back to the early 1950's. It was taxpayer money, given to him by the FBI. Billy James Hargis and others feared and hated Gordon Hall who was profiled in The Age of Surveillance in the 1950's as a snoop, a spy and a likely FBI agent provocateur. John Judge knew the name, Gordon Hall of Arlington, MA as a long-time subscriber to the COPA journals. And some idiot from MIT who ran a leftist publication admitted that Gordon Hall offered to "organize his files" for free. And the guy let him have free reign for days. Gordon Hall read each and every document, to determine where to file it. He was just a grandfatherly, believable and ostensibly harmless looking guy, who reveled in exposing either the Far Right or the Far Left for a buck. A snoop, a snitch and a sneak. What a way to earn a living. I guess someone had to do it. I helped him profile, the Unabomber in the latter part of the 20th Century when he asked me why I did not spend my efforts on a case like that. I did and told him that publishing the manifesto was the only way to catch the Unabomber. I had a feeling he was an FBI contact even at that time. They did and my theory that someone would eventually say "That sounds just like my crazy Uncle Harry or whomever" actually came to fruition. Boy I am good at this stuff. Stay tuned for more. McCarthyite in Camelot: The “Loss” of Cuba, Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal Monday, May 21 2007, 12:00pm - 1:30pm McCarthyite in Camelot: The "Loss" of Cuba, Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal in the Kennedy State Department By Eric Paul Roorda Eric Paul Roorda is a Professor of History and Political Science, Bellarmine University, and Co-Director, Frank C. Munson Institute of American Maritime Studies, Mystic Seaport. He is the author of The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, Duke University Press, 1998, winner of the Herbert Hoover Book Award and the Stuart L. Bernath Book Prize from the Association of Social Historians and American Foreign Policy; and Cuba, America and the Sea, 2006. Otepka was the chief of the State Department Office of Internal Security, which was the creation of the anti-communist Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS). In 1961, Kennedy tried to gain control over the State Department security program, and ended up firing Otepka, which caused a scandal and Senate hearings. The dispute demonstrates the bureaucratic struggles fought between the legislative and executive branches to control United States foreign policy. This study examines the homophobic assumptions of the senators on the SISS, their staff, and various newspapers and magazines around the country. These critics equated the culture of the Foreign Service with homosexuality, and homosexuality with Communism. The analysis also emphasizes the social setting of Havana between the 1930s and the 1950s as a determining factor in shaping the attitudes and personal actions of the most prominent figures in the SISS "loss" of Cuba hearings, which triggered the Otepka scandal. This presentation is cosponsored by the Working Group on Ethnicity and Difference, Latin American Institute, the American History Colloquium, and the LGBT Studies Program. A light lunch will be served. Click here for flyer Location: Rolfe Hall 4302

Here is another article I might purchase shortly. It is $30 unfortunately. Anyone have access to a library with this jounal? "Diplomatic History - Sept 2007" McCarthyite in Camelot: The “Loss” of Cuba, Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal Monday, May 21 2007, 12:00pm - 1:30pm McCarthyite in Camelot: The "Loss" of Cuba, Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal in the Kennedy State Department By Eric Paul Roorda Eric Paul Roorda is a Professor of History and Political Science, Bellarmine University, and Co-Director, Frank C. Munson Institute of American Maritime Studies, Mystic Seaport. He is the author of The Dictator Next Door: The Good Neighbor Policy and the Trujillo Regime in the Dominican Republic, Duke University Press, 1998, winner of the Herbert Hoover Book Award and the Stuart L. Bernath Book Prize from the Association of Social Historians and American Foreign Policy; and Cuba, America and the Sea, 2006. Otepka was the chief of the State Department Office of Internal Security, which was the creation of the anti-communist Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS). In 1961, Kennedy tried to gain control over the State Department security program, and ended up firing Otepka, which caused a scandal and Senate hearings. The dispute demonstrates the bureaucratic struggles fought between the legislative and executive branches to control United States foreign policy. This study examines the homophobic assumptions of the senators on the SISS, their staff, and various newspapers and magazines around the country. These critics equated the culture of the Foreign Service with homosexuality, and homosexuality with Communism. The analysis also emphasizes the social setting of Havana between the 1930s and the 1950s as a determining factor in shaping the attitudes and personal actions of the most prominent figures in the SISS "loss" of Cuba hearings, which triggered the Otepka scandal. This presentation is cosponsored by the Working Group on Ethnicity and Difference, Latin American Institute, the American History Colloquium, and the LGBT Studies Program. . Click here for flyer Location: Rolfe Hall 4302

Since I was unsure where to post this, I chose the Gerry Hemming page. I grew up within 5-6 blocks of the home once rented by Gerry Hemming and Dick Whatley in Grapeland Heights. I am a firm believer in the version of events described by Marita Lorenz and E. Howard Hunt whom I once personally saw at a likely CIA safe house occupied by anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Miami also frequented by Frank Sturgis. A person named Robert W. Morris, the father of Robert J. Morris also lived in Grapeland Heights, Miami, using an address part of which Oswald accidently wrote on his P.O. Box Application in Dallas: "3610 North...." instead of "1026 North Beckley" Morris lived at 3610 North West 15th Street and my conclusion is that Oswald spent some time there in Miami. Was Robert Morris, really Maurice Bishop. (I was told that Cubans always pronounced "Morris" as "Maurice" by a Cuban expert. This is the html version of the file http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/IDEAS/pdf..._Paper_LSE3.pdf. The Shadows of the Cold War over Cuba.The roots of the American diplomatic reaction to Castro’s nationalism, 1956-1958.Vanni Pettinà,Humanities and Social Sciences Research Centre (CCHS-CSIC), Madrid.vpettina@ih.csic.es(please do not distribute or cite.)Abstract.Scholars have addressed the problem of the Eisenhower Administration’s opposition to Castro’snationalist movement during the 1956-1959 Cuban insurrection following two main perspectives.Some authors have perceived it in terms of a response to the threat that Castro’s radical programposed to American interests in Cuba, while other scholars have claimed that, in the fifties,Washington did not have a clear view of the differences between nationalism and socialism. Inboth cases, Washington’s opposition to Castro would have naturally evolved into support forFulgencio Batista’s dictatorship. By contrast, this paper argues that the intersection between theCold War and the decolonization process played a crucial role in changing the US’s perception ofLatin American nationalism. Specifically, the Soviet Union’s ability to interact with developingareas’ nationalism pushed the Republican administration to perceive it as a device for Sovietexpansionism. During the fifties, this perception influenced Washington’s diplomatic strategy inthe Latin American context, driving the Eisenhower Presidency to adopt a hostile position towardnationalist governments or nationalist inspired political movements. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 2 2IntroductionIn January 1959, after two years of guerrilla warfare against Fulgencio Batista’s army, the 26of July Movement’s leader, Fidel Castro, entered triumphant into Havana City. Castro’s victory notonly meant the end of Batista’s regime but it also brought the beginning of an unexpected socialistrevolution just off the coast of Florida1. The conversion of his nationalist insurrection, originallyaimed to overthrow a dictatorship and to restore the 1940 Constitution which had been treaded outby Batista’s coup in 1952, deeply shocked the Dwight Eisenhower Republican Presidency. In 1960,after the revolution had taken its definitive path toward socialism, the Administration decided tosever its diplomatic relations with the new revolutionary Government. However, even if formal tieswere broken in 1960, American diplomacy had been critical of Castro’s movement almost since1957. Existing literature has mainly tried to tackle this problem using a local perspective. Somescholars have focused on the issue represented by the US’s determination to defend its historicaleconomic hegemony in Cuba from Castro’s radical nationalism2. Other scholars have addressed theproblem in terms of Eisenhower’s inability to clearly differentiate between communism andnationalism, the latter of which essentially represented Castro’s ideological source during theinsurrection3. This paper will argue that the Eisenhower’s reaction to Castro was part of a broaderprocess that, in the early fifties, affected the Republican Administration’s perception of nationalismon a global scale. Particularly, it argues that Soviet post-Stalinist leadership was able to create aperception of superiority regarding its capacity of interaction with nationalist elites in decolonizedareas but also in developing countries, such as Latin American ones. In this context, during theEisenhower years, a sense of failure to cope with the quest for modernization pursued by nationalistleaders of the decolonized and developing areas of the world took over the RepublicanAdministration. This perception rapidly transformed itself into a defensive policy of containment ofthe nationalist phenomena worldwide. In Asia, the Middle East and North Africa the effort to averta merge between progressive nationalism and communism produced either increasing militarysupport for conservative leaderships or more economic aid to nationalist elites4. In Latin America, it1For a general overview of the history of the Cuban insurrection see Hugh Thomas, Cuba or The Pursuit of Freedom,London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1971; Jaime Suchlicki, Cuba: from Columbus to Castro and beyond, WashingtonD.C., Brassey’s INC; Marifeli Pérez-Estable, The Cuban Revolution: origins, course, and legacy, New York, OxfordUniversity Press, 1999;2Morris H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: the United States and Cuba, 1952-1986, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1987.3Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the Origins of Cuban Revolution. An Empire of Liberty in an Age ofNational Liberation, Princeton (N.J.), Princeton University Press, 1990, p. 158.4Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War. Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times, New York,Cambridge University Press, 2007; Salim Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism. The Eisenhower Doctrine and theMiddle East, Chapel Hill and London, The University of North Carolina Press. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 3 3produced a radical departure from Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s policy of non intervention and italso brought support to local dictatorships. Marines no longer landed on Latin American shores, butCIA covert operations substituted them while the Republican Administration flirted with manyregional caudillos. In Cuba, the result was that, even if the American diplomats were split over thepossible alternatives to Batista’s dictatorship, nobody, as a State Department officer once reported,“wanted Castro to get in”5.The roots of the debate.To date, histories of the US-Cuban relationship have offered different explanations forAmerica’s opposition to Castro’s movement, even before his nationalist insurrection took the pathto socialism. Some authors have stressed that the US’s opposition to Castro was basically aprosecution of Washington’s traditional policy in Cuba. This, since the Cuban independence in1902, had been broadly based on the defence of the steadily growing American economic interestsin the country. Given the fact that Castro’s radical nationalism would have threatened themaintenance of this kind of hegemony, the American response since the beginning of theinsurrection would have been one of clear opposition6. This kind of interpretation derives from awell consolidated historiographical tradition that we could probably label as the “revisionist”paradigm. Inspired by such authors as William Appleman Williams and strengthened in hispositions by the drama of American involvement in the Vietnam War, revisionism has painted avery critical portrait of American foreign policy. Mainly focused on the issue of the responsibilitiesfor the beginning of the Cold War, it has interpreted American foreign policy as having been drivenby a constant, aggressive, quest for economic and political hegemony7. Applied to the LatinAmerican context, the revisionist paradigm has firmly associated American aggressive behaviourwith the proactive defence of its narrowly economic interests8. Thus, for the period we areconcerned with, revisionist authors have claimed that both protection of the American trade and ofits financial interests abroad would have soon led Washington to a direct clash with Latin American5Morley, Imperial State and Revolution , p. 63.6Morris H. Morley, Imperial State and Revolution: the United States and Cuba, 1952-1986, Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press, 1987.7William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, New York, The Free Press, 1972; Geir Lundestad,“How not to Study The Origins of the Cold War” in Odd Arne Westad (ed.), Reviewing the Cold War. Approaches,Interpretations, Theory, London and New York, Frank Cass, p. 66; Melvyn P. Leffler, “The interpretative wars over theCold War, 1945-60”, in Gordon Martel (ed.), American Foreign Relations Reconsidered, 1890-1993, London and NewYork, Routledge, 1994, pp. 106-124.8James F. Siekmeier, Aid, Nationalism and Inter-American Relations: Guatemala, Bolivia, and The United States1945-1961, Lewiston (N.Y.), The Edwin Mellen Press, 1999: Jan Knippers Black, Sentinels of Empire. The UnitedStates and Latin American Militarism, Westport, Greenwood Press, 1986. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 4 4countries’ road to development. This, since late 1930’s, had been deeply rooted in industrializationprocesses and imposing protectionist tariffs9. Indeed, according to Matthew Loayza, during theEisenhower Administration (1953-1961) this type of confrontation reached one of its peaks.Eisenhower’s conservative approach to fiscal measures, his hostility toward “political aid” and hisbet on “trade not aid” as guidelines for Latin American economic development brought theRepublican Administration to a harsh conflict with the economics of nationalism and hence withnationalism as political phenomena tout court10. Likewise, this perspective would explain not justthe support given by American diplomacy to Fulgencio Batista, but it would also shed some lighton CIA involvement in the 1954 Guatemalan coup that led to the overthrew of Jacobo Arbenz’sgovernment and to the installation in power of General Castillo Armas11. Given the fact thatArbenz’s agrarian reform meant a direct threat for the United Fruit Company’s tropical fruitplantations, strongly concentrated in Guatemalan lands, the CIA would have decided to interveneagainst the nationalist government12. In the end, dictators such Fulgencio Batista or Carlo CastilloArmas would have represented a useful tool to contain the spread of nationalism and whereby todefend American interests abroad.The same sort of liaison that seems to connect the Eisenhower Administration’s opposition toLatin American nationalism with its support for dictatorships has been underlined by Stephen G.Rabe13. But unlike revisionism, Rabe has suggested in one of his latest books that a possible sourcefor this approach could have been the inability of American diplomacy to distinguish betweenprogressive nationalism and communism14. Regarding the Cuban scenario, Jules Benjamin has putforward a similar interpetation. According to Benjamin, the conservative elements inside theRepublican Administration were eager to support Batista’s dictatorship as a result of their inabilityto draw a distinction between Castro’s progressive nationalism and communism15.It is clear that both interpretations underscore an important factor in the shaping ofEisenhower’s Latin American policy and therefore of its Cuban derivative. The overt conflict with9Marcello Carmagnani, América latina de 1880 a nuestros días, Barcelona, Oikos-Tau, 1975, pp. 16-17. Tulio HalperinDonghi, Historia Contemporánea de América Latina, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1969 (The Contemporary History ofLatin America, Durham, Duke University Press, 1993), pp. 295-296; pp. 323-333.10Matthew Loayza, “An ‘Aladdin’s lamp’ for free enterprise: Eisenhower, fiscal conservatism, and Latin Americannationalism, 1953-1961”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, Vol. 14, No. 3 (September 2003), pp. 83-105.11Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán had been elected Guetemalan president in 1950 on the basis of a nationalist-reformistprogram and assumed the presidency in 1951.12Stephen Schlesinger, Stephen Kinzer, Bitter Fruit. The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala, HarvardUniversity, 1999, pp. 65-173. A different interpretation of the events, more focused on the political issues that led toCIA involvement into Arbenz’s overthrown, has been given by Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope. The GuatemalanRevolution and the United States, 1944-1954, Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1991, pp. 294-342;13Stephen, G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism, Chapel Hill and London,University of North Carolina Press, 1988.14Stephen, G. Rabe, U.S. Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story, Chapel Hill, University of North CarolinaPress, 2005.15Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the Origins of Cuban Revolution. An Empire of Liberty in an Age ofNational Liberation, Princeton (N.J.), Princeton University Press, 1990, p. 158. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 5 5nationalism was a main feature of the Republican Administration and the process of“authoritarization” that effectively took place in Latin American during those years was probablyone of its main consequences. In fact, there is an evident link between the opposition to progressivenationalism, and Washington’s support for dictatorships which would come to characterise theUnited States’ Latin American policies during the early Cold War. Nonetheless, the explanationsgiven in order to account for the sources of this policy do not seem completely satisfactory.Firstly, the economic centred perspective fails to address the fact that Eisenhower’snomination in the 1952 July primaries had symbolized the victory of the Republican moderate andinternationalist front, as opposed to that of Senator Robert A. Taft, that represented the moreconservative sectors of the party16. In this sense, both in terms of domestic and foreign economicpolicies, the new Administration was probably closer to its democratic antecedents than to theRepublican most conservative hardcore17. During the first federal budget scheme discussion at theWhite House, Taft ferociously accused Eisenhower of simply continuing the Democrat’s highpublic spending policy, especially in the field of foreign aid18. Indeed, in 1957, by analyzing thedomestic economics of the Republican Presidency, the New York Times concluded that theAdministration had ultimately increasingly embraced the domestic policies of the New Deal. In theelectoral campaign, Eisenhower had championed the idea of a radical cut to the federal budget.However, even if during his first term some decrease occurred, his last federal budget proposal for1962 fiscal year was around 84.6 millions of dollar, only 4 million less than Truman’s last budget in195319. But, the considerable difference is that the Truman’s budget reflected the costs produced bythe Korean War and that Eisenhower’s one was a peace time budget. Even more interesting is thefact that the Republican Administration used as its main tool for cutting the budget the reduction ofmilitary expenditure20. At the end of 1960, the American National Defense Spending was only onemillion dollars more that in 195121. In the end, far from reducing the federal budget, Eisenhower’spolicies resulted in an extension of social security to sectors of the population previously excludedand, more importantly, maintained the foreign aid flow at the same high level as DemocraticAdministrations22. At the same time, it is true that, as underlined by revisionists, Eisenhowerstressed the need to resort to trade liberalizations in preference to governmental aid, as a device for16Steve Neal, The Eisenhower’s Reluctant Dynasty, Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1978;Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower. Soldier and President, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1983.17“President Tries Middle Way on the Budget”, The New York Times, 3 May 1953, p. 3, Section 4; Burton I. Kaufman,Trade and Aid. Eisenhower’s Foreign Economic Policy, 1953-1961, Baltimore and London, The John HopkinsUniversity Press, 1982, pp. 12-13.18John W. Sloan, Eisenhower and the Management of Prosperity, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence (KA), 1991,p. 79.19Sloan, Eisenhower and the Management..., p. 74.20Sloan, Eisenhower and the Management...., p. 81.21Samuel Huntinghton, The Common Defense, New York, Columbia University Press, 1961, p. 281.22“Eisenhower Embraces more of the New Deal”, The New York Times, 13 January 1957, p. 7. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 6 6the economic development of third world countries. But, in many cases, this policy led him moretoward national business discontent than to a clash with nationalism. Commenting on these “tradenot aid” policies, and referring to the views of the President and of his Treasury Secretary, GeorgeHumphrey, the NYT reported that “they think it is our national interest to lower tariffs. They want ourtrade policy to be based on the national interest instead of the interest of particular groups or interest”23.Eisenhower had to fight long and hard in order to see the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act beinggranted an extension in time by the Congress. The norm, that had represented the end of theHawley-Smoot protectionist peak, had been enforced by Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1934. AfterEisenhower’s election, it had been the object of bitter criticism from many small and medium sizeAmerican businesses linked to the Republican party. Concerned about the increasing internationalcompetition that marked the fifties, small national enterprises were keen to see the enactment of aprotectionist policy24. In spite of this opposition and making use of his extraordinary personalpopularity, the ex Army General was able to make Congress extend the tariff legislation throughouthis two presidential terms. Thanks to this norm the pace of American foreign trade policy was kepton the liberal gear, avoiding many conflicts with Latin American countries over a new wave ofAmerican protectionism. In this context, as we will see below, the main divergence with LatinAmerican Governments grew around the issue of the reduction of US economical aid rather thanover the problem represented by the intrusiveness of American private capital25.If the above possibly helps to modify the image of an ideological ultra-liberalist RepublicanPresidency, as suggested by revisionists, a quick analysis of some of its Latin American policies iseven more revealing. In 1952, after a revolutionary process the Nationalist RevolutionaryMovement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, MNR) took power in Bolivia. By followingits strongly nationalist program the MNR, led by his charismatic leader Victor Paz Estenssoro,decided to enact agrarian reform and to take over the foreign ownership of the mining enterprises26.After some hesitations and having analyzed the possible communist connections of the revolution,the Republican Presidency decided to support the new government with an 18.4 million dollar aid23“Trade and Aid: President’s Dilemma”, The New York Times, 10 May 1953, p. 1, Section n. 4.24“Hull The Father of Tariff Policy”, The New York Times, 11 December 1955, p. 17. The Reciprocal Trade AgreementAct first approved in 1934, granted the president a three year period to negotiate trade agreement with other countries.The president had the faculty to decide a 50% tariff reduction on the new agreement and another 50% tariff cut on theexisting rates, Kaufman, Trade and Aid. Eisenhower’s Foreign………, pp. 16-17.25The most representative cases of this phenomena are probably Brazil and Cuba, where throughout the thirties and theforties the economic bilateral cooperation with the US had strongly increased. The beginning of the Cold War and theshift of US aid toward Asia and the Middle East created many reasons of complaints in both countries. Stanley E.Hilton, “The United States, Brazil, and the cold War, 1945-1960: End of the Special Relationship”, The Journal ofAmerican History, Vol. 68, No. 3, 9 Dec., 1981, pp. 599-624; Charles D. Ameringer, The Cuban democraticExperience. The Auténtico Years, 1944-1952, Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2000.26American capital owned the 25% of the Patiño Mines Enterprise, “Tin Mining Rate is now an Enigma”, The NewYork Times, 7 January 1953, p. 52. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 7 7plan27, nine million dollars of which was entirely assigned to the support of the agrarian reform28. Inthis sense, what made the difference in Bolivia was the very peculiar ideological orientation of theMNR. During the thirties, the nationalist Bolivian movement had flirted with Hitler’s Germany,sharing many of its ideological assumptions29. If during WWII this had constituted a problem fordiplomatic relations between Washington and La Paz, in Cold War days it was considered anefficient anticommunist fence. Washington looked at Latin American political features through anideological lens rather than narrowly focusing on the interest of its national enterprises. In fact, inspite of revisionist interpretations, the 1954 Guatemalan golpe was also supported by CIA agentsfollowing an ideological interpretation of the events. Just immediately before the coup was carriedon, paraphrasing some concepts expressed by John Foster Dulles during a news conference, theNYT had underlined very clearly the reasons for which American opposition to Arbenz’sgovernment was based:It becomes more evident daily that Guatemala has a basic misconception of the causes of UnitedStates concern over her. Most officials seem unable to realize that this concern is rooted in theCommunist problem. (...) Most officials here appear to have convinced themselves that if the troubleover the United Fruit Company could be straightened out, everything else would fall neatly into place.They are mistaking effect for cause, and no amount of pointing this out has made them see it. Even if aworking agreement between the fruit company and the Government were to be reached tomorrow,nothing would be changed unless the agreement was accompanied by steps to halt the Communist’stightening grip on the land reform Administration, worker-peasant union and the Government’spropaganda machinery30.Not only was the Eisenhower Administration not simply following the interests of Americanenterprise, but in Guatemala’s case it clearly clashed with them. After Arbenz’s overthrow, theEisenhower Administration accused the United Fruit Company land concentration of being one ofthe most serious responsible for the social unrest that had favoured communist infiltration inGuatemalan nationalist revolution. The most important national newspapers recorded theunevenness of the in-fight between the Administration and the company and finally, in the summerof 1954, the Justice Department sued the United Fruit Company for violating the Sherman AntiTrust Act and the Wilson Tariff Act31.27Kenneth Lehman, “Revolutions and Attributions, Making Sense of Eisenhower Administration Policies in Boliviaand Guatemala”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 21, no. 2, (Spring 1997).28“Bolivia Land Reform is aided by U.S. Loan”, The New York Times, 11 January de 1953, p. 12; Cole Blasier, TheHovering Giant. U.S. Responses to Revolutionary Change in Latin America, 1910-1985, Pittsburgh, University ofPittsburgh Press, 1985, p. 88.29Loris Zanatta, “The Rise and Fall of the third position. Bolivia, Perón and the Cold War, 1943-1954”, DesarrolloEconómico, Vol. I, no. se., 2006, p. 2; Halperin Donghi, Historia contemporánea....., p. 429.30“Guatemalans Fail to Grasp Concern of U.S. Over Reds”, The New York Times, 26 May 1954, p. 1 and p. 13.31“United Fruit President Says U.S. Seek To Penalize Company for Its Good Work”, The New York Times, 4 de Julio1954, p. 10. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 8 8This short analysis shows that there is not a clear economic incentive that seems to justify thedeepening phase of confrontation between the Eisenhower administration and Latin Americannationalism during the fifties. The Republican administration was neither particularly radical in itseconomics policies nor blindly followed the interests of its national companies. In this sense, duringthe Eisenhower Administration the clash with Latin American nationalism represented a real issuebut it followed a political path and was part of a broader context in which Washington was gettingincreasing worried about the possible connection between developing Third World nationalism andthe Soviet Union’s foreign policy.From the “Break-Up of the Colonial Empires” to the Cold War, the new global powersversus nationalism.The problem concerning the American reaction to Latin American nationalism during thefifties needs be addressed from a global perspective. In fact, the Eisenhower Administrationperceived the Latin American nationalist movements as part of a tricky and broader politicalprocess that, during the fifties, was running all through the decolonized and developing world. Fromthe American perspective, the critical points were represented by the interconnection between thisnew wave of nationalism and the bipolar conflict scenario. Indeed, in Asia, Africa and LatinAmerica the quest for modernization articulated by nationalist elites was dangerously interactingwith the Competitive Coexistence policy launched by the post-Stalinist Soviet leadership. Duringthe fifties, Washington had to face an increasing number of crises that took place on the peripheryof the World and that seemed to underscore the American uneasiness about dealing with them. InEgypt in 1955 and 1956, in Vietnam almost in the same period, but also in Guatemala and in Cubain 1954 and 1956-1959, the Eisenhower Administration gave the impression of being unable toavert a strong interaction between nationalist movements and Soviet foreign policy. In this sense,this paper argues that the interconnection of three different processes during the early fiftiesincreased the American difficulties at dealing with third world nationalism. This scenario quicklydrove the Eisenhower Administration to adopt a critical view of decolonized-developing countriesnationalism on a global scale and, therefore, in Latin America. The first two elements of thisprocess are structural or, as Fernand Braudel would have argued, “longue durée” historicalprocesses: the emergence of anti-colonialism nationalism as a consequence of the Europeanimperial collapse and the directly connected issue of the transformation of the United States and theSoviet Union into global contending powers. The third, relevant “short term conjuncture” is the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 9 9“cooling” of the Cold War after Josef Stalin’s death and the consequent transformation of thebipolar conflict in a struggle between competing models of modernization.Two American documents are pivotal for the understanding of the American perception ofthese processes: the very well known National Security Council 68 (NSC68), drawn up in 1950, anda less notorious Central Intelligence Department (CIA) paper, tilted The Break-up of the ColonialEmpires and its Implications for U.S. Security, published in 1948. For a better understanding of thehistorical meaning of the two documents we should set apart, for a moment, the chronologicalperspective and analyze these sources on the basis of their political hierarchy.In 1950, Paul Nitze, Director of the State Department Policy Planning Staff, delivered a reportto the democratic President Harry Truman that would be remembered in history as NationalSecurity Council 6832. The document was conceived as a comprehensive strategic analysis of thefactors that had driven the international system toward the bipolar conflict and of the challenges thatAmerica would have to face in the next decades. The central part of the document affirmed:Within the past thirty-five years the world has experienced two global wars of tremendous violence. Ithas witnessed two revolutions -the Russian and the Chinese- of extreme scope and intensity. It hasalso seen the collapse of five empires -the Ottoman, the Austro-Hungarian, German, Italian, andJapanese- and the drastic decline of two major imperial systems, the British and the French. Duringthe span of one generation, the international distribution of power has been fundamentally altered. Forseveral centuries it had proved impossible for any one nation to gain such preponderant strength that acoalition of other nations could not in time face it with greater strength. The international scene wasmarked by recurring periods of violence and war, but a system of sovereign and independent stateswas maintained, over which no state was able to achieve hegemony. Two complex sets of factors havenow basically altered this historic distribution of power. First, the defeat of Germany and Japan andthe decline of the British and French Empires have interacted with the development of the UnitedStates and the Soviet Union in such a way that power increasingly gravitated to these two centers.Second, the Soviet Union, unlike previous aspirants to hegemony, is animated by a new fanatic faith,anti-thetical to our own, and seeks to impose its absolute authority over the rest of the world. Conflicthas, therefore, become endemic and is waged, on the part of the Soviet Union, by violent or non-violent methods in accordance with the dictates of expediency. With the development of increasinglyterrifying weapons of mass destruction, every individual faces the ever-present possibility ofannihilation should the conflict enter the phase of total war33.This document mirrors the end of the first part of what British historian Eric Hobsbawm haslabelled the “short century”, mainly monopolized by European imperial powers, and the shifttoward its second part in which Washington and Moscow would have been the new protagonists.From the American point of view, the document underscored the assumption of a global perspectiveregarding the perception of foreign policy issues. Nitze considered the European imperial collapseon the Atlantic side and the Japanese eclipse on the Pacific one, as the main causes of the newbipolar shape assumed by the international system. In Nitze’s view, this structural and systemic32Ernest R. May (ed.), American Cold War Strategy, Interpreting NSC 68, Boston, New York, Bedford-San Martin’s,1993.33NSC68, Analysis. I. Background of the Present Crisis, May, American Cold War…, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 10 10transformation together with Soviet expansionist ideology now made Washington responsible forworld order. Henceforth “a butterfly wing shake” in Asia or North Africa would provoke seriousconsequences in Washington.Nitze had mainly focused his analysis on the military threat that the Soviet atomic bomb,(finally achieved by USSR scientists in 1949), posed to American hegemony. However, nuclearequality and the dramatic improvements achieved by both powers in terms of massive destructivecapacity almost excluded the likelihood of a military resolution of the conflict between them. In1953, the Soviets tested their first hydrogen bomb and in 1954 Eisenhower clearly underlined howthe probability of a nuclear war had decreased:This concern is based, of course, on the general belief that, while Moscow may not be willing to riskall-out nuclear holocaust to achieve its ends, it has not surrended to its desire for world domination-itsbelief that in the twentieth century “all roads lead to communism”. To achieve that goal without all-out war, the Kremlin has available a variety of means of infiltration: military, political, economic, andpropaganda34.In fact, the strategic problem represented by what would come to be known as MutualAssured Destruction dilemma suddenly changed the nature of the challenges and progressivelypushed the bipolar conflict toward the peripheries of the world. It was here that what James Mayallhas defined as the third wave of the nation-state building process, was quickly taking form35. It is inthis context that the CIA 1948 document assumes a central importance. In fact, The Break-up of theColonial Empires and its Implications for U.S. Security identified the decolonization process andthe Soviet ability to interact with it as the main future main challenge to western hegemony. In thedocument, American intelligence analysts stressed the risk that recently decolonized countries ornationalist movements still struggling for independence could adopt a pro-Soviet orientation:The growth of nationalism in colonial areas, which has already succeeded in breaking up a large partof the European colonial Systems and in creating a series of new, nationalistic states in the Near andFar East, has major implications for US security, particularly in terms of possible World conflict withthe USSR. This shift of the dependent areas from the orbit of the colonial powers not only weakensthe probable European allies of the US but deprives the US itself of assured access to vital bases andraw materials in these areas in event of war. Should the recently liberated and currently emergentstates become oriented toward the USSR, US military and economic security would be seriouslythreatened36.The second interesting point was that the CIA, already in 1948, regarded the anti-colonialismmovement as a vector capable of transforming the bipolar conflict into what Odd Arne Westad has34“Infiltration a Danger in <Coexistence Policy>”, The New York Times, 12 January 1954, p. 5.35James Mayall, Nationalism, in Richard W. Bulliet (ed.), The Columbia History of the 20thCentury, New York,Columbia University Press, 1998.36CIA FOIA, The Break-up of the Colonial Empires and its Implications for U.S. Security, 9/3/1948, estimateinternational estimate, indexf199400566, Case Number SC-1999-00005, Confidential, p. 1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 11 11defined as the Global Cold War37. Moreover, the American intelligence agency considered that theinjection of independence and nationalist movements into the broader scenario represented by theEast-West conflictive relationships, in the end, could strongly benefit the Soviet Union expansioniststrategy:The colonial independence movement, therefore, is no longer purely a domestic issue between theEuropean colonial powers and their dependencies. It has been injected into the larger arena of worldpolitics and has become an element in the broader problems of relations between Orient and Occident,between industrialized and “underdeveloped” nations, and between the Western Powers and theUSRR. (…) The USSR is effectively exploiting the colonial issue and the economic nationalism ofthe underdeveloped areas as a means of dividing the non-Soviet world, weakening the WesternPowers, and gaining the good will of colonial and former colonial areas38.In conclusion, American intelligence had correctly forecasted what, in the next thirty years,was going to represent the focus of the Cold War: the struggle between the East and the West forinfluence and control of the decolonized and developing world. In this sense, the nationalist issuewas the political vector that globalized the Cold War.Even if the CIA had warned that decolonization and nationalism could represent a realadvantage for the Soviet Union, in 1948 the path that Third World and developing nationalism wasgoing to follow was still not clear. In fact, as underlined by Westad, the NSC51 had shown that atthe beginning of 1950 Washington still believed that the best way to avert communist infiltration ofnationalist movements was to cooperate with them39. However, throughout the fifties, thisperception started changing, as Moscow gained some advantage in interacting with the developingworld. The launch of Peaceful Coexistence during Georgy Malenkov’s “collective premiership” andits strengthening during the Nikita Khrushchev years represented an important strategic move.Worried about the expensiveness of Stalin’s foreign policy in terms of poor domestic commoditiesproduction, the new Soviet rulers seemed eager to use Third World nationalism as a way to reducethe costs of the foreign policy while sustaining its ambitious objectives. During the 1955 PartyPlenum, Khrushchev openly criticized Soviet involvement in Korean war, stressing both itsexpensiveness and its lack of clear utility40. Probably started as a policy aimed at reducing the costof Stalin’s foreign policy, under Khrushchev the Peaceful Coexistence quickly transformed itselfinto a different project: Competitive Coexistence. The difference was substantial because, if thePeaceful Coexistence had only a rhetoric flavour, under Competitive Coexistence Khrushchevwould have really tried by means of economic and political cooperation to orient developing37Westad, The Global Cold War…,38CIA FOIA, The Break-up of the Colonial Empires and its Implications for U.S. Security, 9/3/1948, estimateinternational estimate, indexf199400566, Case Number SC-1999-00005, Confidential.39Westad, The Global Cold War..., p. 114.40Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire. The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev, Chapel Hill, TheUniversity of North Carolina Press, 2007, p. 101. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 12 12nationalism toward the Soviet Union. The reaction of the American political establishment, bothDemocratic and Republican, highlights how seriously Washington spotted the new Soviet strategy.In 1953, the leader of the Democratic majority in the American Congress, William F. Knowland,defined the Coexistence Competition as the Soviet Union’s “Troy Horse” in the developing world41.Then, 1955, during a gathering with Illinois manufacturers, John Foster Dulles underlined thereasons that made Moscow more competitive in terms of interaction with the developing world:The Soviet rulers have an advantage in that they find it easy to neglect the needs of their own peopleand have trained a large number of scientists and technicians whom they can send abroad “as a symbolof promises which are alluring”42.Likewise, in 1956, the democratic candidate at the presidential elections, Adlai Stevenson,epitomized the kind of preoccupation that the Soviet “peaceful offensive” was generating in theAmerican political establishment. As the New York Times reported:Stevenson calls a “tragic irony” that the United States, which has always stood for peace, freedom andindependence should have come to be regarded as a threat to peace, and enemy of nationalistaspirations; whereas the Soviet Union, which had always stood for oppression and tyranny, shouldbecome identified with the struggles of the oppressed and former colonial people43.In the US, the Cold War ‘thaw’ Malenkov and Khrushchev pursued was evidently regardedwith suspicion and considered only a tactical change in a strategic plan that kept expansion as itsfinal purpose44. In this sense, the point made by Stevenson is particularly useful for understandingof our problem. Washington, which since the time of the Woodrow Wilson administration hadplayed an important role in shaping the decolonization process, was now rapidly shifting toward amore conservative approach to the issue. For Stevenson, the Soviet peaceful offensive wasproducing a powerful and attractive call for nationalist elites, generating, at the same time, theimpression that Washington had forgotten its anti-colonialist policies. Stevenson’s remarks wereprobably right. In fact, there were many reasons that justified the growing American uneasinessregarding its relations with nationalism. It is obvious that, as is well illustrated by John LewisGaddis, the necessity to preserve the alliance with European powers, at the same time colonialmetropolis and key partners in the struggle against the Soviet Union, represented an obstacle forestablishing a constructive relationship with anti-colonial movements and decolonized countries. In1956, during a news conference and using that easy speaking tone that had made him so popular,41“Views on Coexistence Idea in Washington”, The New York Times, 17 November 1954, p. 3.42“ Dulles Condemns <Guile> of Soviet on Aiding Underdeveloped Areas”, The New York Times, 9 December 1955 pp.1 and 8.43“Policy for US? Stevenson’s View”, The New York Times, 22 April 1956, p. 1, Section n. 4.44“Soviet is Pushing <Coexistence> Line”, The New York Times, 14 March 1953, p. 4. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 13 13Eisenhower summarized the complexity of elements that was hampering the American diplomaticinteraction process with nationalism in one of the “hottest” area of developing world, the MiddleEast:My view on Middle East has been very clear. I think. I believe that this is one of the strategicallyimportant areas of the World. I believe that its safety, access to it; are both very important; first of allto western Europe. And because they are to western Europe that means to the whole free world.Consequently, we must do everything, first to preserve the peace, and we are going to preserve peaceonly as we give all the people in that area opportunity to achieve their legitimate aspirations,economically, socially, and politically. Now, this becomes a very easy thing to say: it becomes a verydifficult thing to do because of the antagonism and cross antagonism. They are not always runningeven the one direction. They seem to cross here and there. It is very difficult thing45.In this sense, a good example of what Eisenhower had labelled as “antagonism and crossantagonism” was the Egyptian scenario where, in 1955, the Republican Administration had to dealwith his nationalist leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. Facing increasing requests from Nasser in order toreceive military supplies, Washington had to balance his response taking into account Britishopposition46. At the end, Nasser turned to the Soviets in order to obtain his military equipment. Asimilar problem occurred in the early fifties in Vietnam. In this context, Washington had to choosebetween supporting France’s imperial ambitions in order to maintain its loyalty in terms of ColdWar struggle or Ho Chi Minh quest for independence47. As is well known, Washington chose tosupport France and the result was a quick shift of Vietnamese nationalism toward the communistblock.However, if the “European” factor represented an American handicap, the Soviet Union couldcount, on its side, on some other proactive advantages that were going to widen the gap betweenWashington and Moscow when it came to interacting with the developing Third World. When,during the fifties, the inexorable process of imperial collapse gave life to an increasing number ofnew nations in Asia and in Africa, the focus of the nationalist elites rapidly switched from the issueof political independence toward the quest for economic independence and, therefore, to the sourcesfor achieving it. As underlined by Alain Touraine, the new anti-colonialist nationalists conceivedindependence not simply as a rupture of the colonial chains but also as a process of modernizationwhereby economic emancipation from its metropolis came to be perceived as a cornerstone of thedecolonization process48. In this context, industrialization was considered the only practicable wayto fix the gap between the third developing and the developed world. Around the issue of economic45“The Transcript of Eisenhower’s News Conference on Foreign and Domestic Issue”, The New York Times, 5 April,1956, p. 10.46Aleksandr Fursenko, Timothi Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War. The inside Story of an American Adversary, NewYork and London, W. W. Norton & Company, 2006, p. 65.47Gaddis, We now Know: rethinking Cold War History, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997, p. 157.48Alain Touraine, Come liberarsi del liberismo, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 2000. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 14 14modernization, Asian and African newly independent countries met with Latin American republicsthat, even if freed from Spanish imperial domination since 1815, had been generally unable tomanage a model of economic development apt to create a stable and shared national welfare. Thepolitical manifestation of this ideological encounter was, in 1955, the Bandung Conference and,later, the foundation of Non-Aligned movement. The concurrent presence in this political body ofYugoslavia, India, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana and, in the sixties, Cuba, offers a picture of the politicalarch that developing nationalism, driven by the common quest for modernization, had been able toconsolidate extending its range from East Asia, running through the Mediterranean Sea, the MiddleEast and North Africa, finally reaching Latin America.In terms of a capacity to interpret the developing nations’ quest for modernization, the Sovietshad some crucial advantages. First of all, it should be considered that until Walt Whitman Rostow’sproposal for a non-communist road to modernization, Washington had no clear model to sell49.During the Truman and the Eisenhower Administrations, the target of the American propaganda hadbeen the issue of democracy. The main tools of the American effort to underscore the Stalinisttotalitarian barbarisms had been the Voice of America, a radio station transmitting worldwide, andthe United States Information Agency50. These kind of operations had been very successful in theEuropean context, where the democratic question represented, after the tragic totalitarianexperience, a crucial issue. Nevertheless, this sort of propaganda was not able to meet the needs ofthe developing world. And, in fact, in this context the Soviet Union’s conversion from a mainlybackward country, whose economy had been largely based on agricultural production, into aleading industrial power able to launch rockets and satellites was in itself a very powerful passport.Indeed, as underlined by Eric Hobsbawm, the main attraction of the Soviets model was the mostgifted invention achieved by its social scientists during the twenties and the thirties: a scientificmethodology for economic modernization51. In 1955, two leading Kremlinologists clearlysummarized the problem of the competition between West and East in terms of industrializationmodels:The communist appeal in underdeveloped areas is still formidable. In particular, it holds an attractionfor those groups of the population who prefer drastic industrialization “from above” to the gradualist,evolutionary tradition of the West (…). For these groups, it is the USSR and China, not the Westernindustrial countries, which- to borrow a phrase from Marx- present to other underdeveloped areas animage of their own future52.49Westad, The Global Cold War..., p. 33; Michael E. Letham, Modernization as Ideology. American Social Science and“Nation Building” in the Kennedy Era, Chapel Hill and London, The University of North Carolina Press, 2000.50Laura A. Belmonte, Selling the American Way. U. S. Propaganda and the Cold War, Philadelphia, University ofPennsylvania Press, pp. 50-70.51Eric J. Hobsbawm, I Rivoluzionari, Torino, Einaudi Editore, 2002, p. 68.52“Current Communist Strategy in Non industrialized Countries”, Problem of Communism, September-October 1955,n. 5, Vol. IV, United States Information Services, Washington D.C. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 15 15In 1955, the CIA had issued a special report on Soviet bloc economic activities whichalarmingly underlined the rapid expansion of the its economic ties with many developing countries:Soviet Bloc countries, especially the USSR, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, havegreatly expanded their offering of capital equipment and technical aid to Certain Free World countries.The most extensive bloc programs are with Afghanistan, India and Indonesia; stronger economicrelations are fast developing with Yugoslavia and Egypt; in addition to Egypt, other Arab states,notably Syria and Lebanon, have been object of the recent concerted trade activities53.Thus, during the fifties the strengthening of Khrushchev’s leadership in the Kremlin brought,on one hand, important and partially successful efforts to increase light commodities production inthe Soviet Union. On the other hand, these reforms and the very same process of de-Stalinizationstrengthened Soviet Union’s capacity to promote its model and to fulfil the aid compromises signedwith third world countries54. As underlined by Zubok, Khrushchev was able to restore the pre-Stalinist ideological romantic internationalism in the Soviet foreign policy that had beenundermined by Stalin’s stress on Russian chauvinism55. This change quickly had its consequencesin terms of Soviet credibility and hence of foreign policy projection capacity. Between 1953 and1956 Soviet trade agreements with developing countries increased from 113 to 20356. The value ofSoviet trade with Third World countries increased from 850 million dollars in 1954 to 1.44 millionsin 195657. In this same year, during the Twentieth Congress of the CPSU, Khrushchev restated theimportance of this strategy and proudly underlined its achievements:Although they do not belong to the socialist world system, these countries can nevertheless draw on itsachievements to build independent national economies and raise the living standards of their people.Today they need not go begging to their former oppressor for modern equipment; they can get it in thesocialist countries, free of any political and military obligations58.It could be argued that the Soviet shift was, in the end, based on very fragile premise, that is,its structurally limited production capacity. But, in the fifties, the internal improvement caused byKhrushchev’s reform process and the launching of his ambitious Third World policy definitivelyshook the feeling of security that had marked the United States after the end of World Word II.And, in this process, the flirtation between Moscow and the developed world played a major role.53CIA FOIA, Special Survey of Select Soviet Bloc Economic Activities in Certain Free World Countries (September1955), Pub Date, 4/23/1955, Case Number CSI-2000-00019, Secret, p. 3.54Zubok, A Failed Empire. The Soviet..., p, 96.55Zubok, A Failed Empire. The Soviet..., p, 104.56Kaufman, Trade and Aid…, p. 64.57Idem.58Pravda, February 15, 1956, cit. in Communism in the Underdeveloped Countries, Soviet Economic Expansionism,“Problem of Communism”, July-August 1958, n. 4, Vol. 7, p. 31, United States Information Services, Washington D.C. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 16 16Shadows of the Cold War over Latin America.The American diplomatic response to Fidel Castro’s insurrection between 1956 and 1959epitomizes the sort of problems that the Eisenhower Administration had while interacting withnationalist movements in the broader context of the Global Cold War. As we will see, the Americandiplomats could clearly draw a difference between Castro’s nationalism and communism. However,they believed his movement could easily been infiltrated by communist forces and hence been usedas a device for Soviet expansionism. In fact, in the Latin America scenario, Washington found thatMoscow was using similar tools and a similar strategy when it came to nationalism as those used inother developing areas of the world. Therefore, the Eisenhower administration perceived the LatinAmerican context and hence the Cuban one, as part of a broader picture where the Soviet Unionwas constantly playing the nationalist card in order to achieve more influence. In fact, in LatinAmerica, the Eisenhower Administration rather than opposing nationalism for the threat itrepresented to its economic interests in the region, was increasing getting worried about its possibleconnection with the Soviet Union expansionist foreign policy.In October 1958, just a few months before Castro conquered the last Batista’s last strongholdin Cuba, the Central Intelligence Agency issued a 109-pages report focused on the problem ofsocialism in Latin America. In the first part of the document, American intelligence analystsunderlined the destabilizing role that the powerful association between nationalism and socialismwas playing in international affairs. The most striking aspect of the paper was the connection thatthe CIA established between developing nationalisms in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Economicindependence, modernization and industrialization processes had created a common base for aworldwide nationalist movement that crossed the entire developing world, offering Moscow anunmatched opportunity to extend its influence. The following fragment is considerably long but,given its importance, it seems useful to quote it almost entirely:Out of the varied and complex situations in the underdeveloped areas of the Free World, two mainforces are developing, the growth of which is leading to profound political and economic changes. Thefirst and more important of these forces is nationalism, the intensity of development and politicalmanifestation of which depend upon the conditions prevailing in a given area. The second force issocialism which embodies the aspiration of the people for industrialization and a higher standard ofliving and which connotes certain economic measure, principally economic planning andnationalization, to effect this goal. Socialism additionally has political overtones, and, as nowdeveloping in Asia and the Middle East, not only complements nationalism but is developingconcurrently with it. This complementary nature is evident in the political sphere where thenationalistic desires for freedom from foreign political and economic influence coincides withsocialism’s broad goal of man’s emancipation. It is also evident in the economic views held bynationalists in many of the underdeveloped countries. The main thread running through these -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 17 17nationalist views is that socialism offers the means whereby the resources of a country can bemobilized for rapid industrialization without jeopardizing the country’s independence throughacceptance of foreign economic aid” Yet it is noted that many of the elements which are contributingto the concurrent development of nationalism and socialism in Asia and the Middle East are alsopresent in Latin America. The area is generally underdeveloped; the great majority of the people livein ignorance and poverty. The strong anti-USA sentiment is akin to anticolonialism in Asia and theMiddle East, in which the US is blamed for Latin America’s general backwardness and lack ofindustrial development in major areas.(....) The indigenous Communist parties are fanning this anti-USsentiment and calling for a “Democratic Front of National Liberation” to effect liberation fromgovernments supported by ”US imperialism” or regimes responsive to “New Style U.S. colonialism”.The USSR is intensifying its economic program in Latin America in efforts to detach these countriesfrom the United States. The spectre thus appears of nationalistic and socialistic regimes eventuallyarising in Latin America which would, as in Asia and the Middle East, advocate a third force if not apro-soviet neutralist position in the Communist-Free Word conflict”59.The CIA then identified two broad axes in the Soviet strategy in Latin America. The first onewas the economic offensive that Khrushchev had launched on the continent at the beginning of1956. In fact, in January 1956, Nicolai Bulganin, Malenkov’s successor to the post of Soviet PrimeMinister and Khrushchev’s trusted aide, had formally launched an offer for economic assistance toLatin American countries60. The Soviet initiative seriously concerned the EisenhowerAdministration, more for the political meaning caused by its timing than for its real, practicaleffectiveness. In fact, since the end of World War II, Washington had faced increasing complaintson the behaviour of Latin American leaders, troubled by the decline of US aid to the continent.During the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Administration, Latin America had been the main focus ofAmerican international aid. Through Export-Import Bank loans, Washington had got involved inmany development plans all around the continent61. This trend was first reversed during HarryTruman Administration. Between 1945 and 1950, under the Four Point Program for technicalassistance only 2% of total US aid went to Latin America62. For the 1951-1953 fiscal years, of atotal amount of $188.835.000, $163,521,922 went to Asia, $75,500,000 to Middle East and only amere $37.592.500 to Latin America63. In an editorial column published in 1949, the prestigiousCuban intellectual, Herminio Porter Villa, epitomized the view point of many Latin Americansregarding the perception of US’s foreign policy in the continent:59Retrospective Collection, CIA Digital Reading Room, CIA Declassified Documents, Library of CongressWashington D.C., Operation General Intelligence Aid, CSHB-F 52-890-2, (Est. Pub Date) Principal aspects ofsocialism in Latin America, October 1958; published 13/02/2001, Secret.60Bevan Sewell, “A Perfect (Free Market) World? Economics, the Eisenhower Administration, and the SovietEconomic Offensive in Latin America”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 23, No. 5 (November 2008), pp. 841-868, p. 855.61William H. Becker, William M. McClenahan Jr., The Market, The States, and the Export-Import Bank of The UnitedStates, 1934-2000, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 32-39.62Leslie Bethell, Ian Roxborough (eds.), Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948,New York, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 22.63“Where U.S. has sent Economic and Military Aid since the World War II”, The New York Times, 1 March 1953, p. 3,Section 4. “Point 4 Cost for 2 Years is Placed at 276 Million”, The New York Times, 12 January 1953, p. 10. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 18 18(...)la actual política exterior norteamericana se ha alejado muy mucho de la que Roosevelt puso enpráctica en cuanto a las relaciones de los Estados Unidos con la América Latina y ha olvidado todaslas promesas que se hicieron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial acerca de la colaboración en la luchacontra el totalitarismo que había conducido al fomento de empresas industriales, agrícolas, mineras,etc. En los países latinoamericanos, que respondían a conveniencias estratégicas de los EstadosUnidos, se continuaría en la paz para estimular la industrialización y el desarrollo económico integralde todos los países. Inclusive, los ofrecimientos y hasta los acuerdos de la Conferencia de Chapultepecrelacionados con estas cuestiones o se han convertido en letra muerta o han sido simplementearrojados por la borda.....Las república latinoamericanas ya no somos, ni tan importantes ni tanpopulares, ni tan necesarias, ni tan dignas de disfrutar de un bienestar adecuado, como fuimos o como,por lo menos, se nos decía que éramos de 1933 a 194564.In a memorandum sent to the American Ambassador in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian foreignminister, Raul Fernandes, also complained about the US’s approach to the aid problem. Fernandesscored a point when he wondered why Brazil, that had been militarily involved against the Axispowers in both the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean, was not receiving the same amount of aid asGermany, Italy and Japan did under the Marshal Plan scheme65.In 1956, Adolfe Berl, ex Assistant to the Secretary of State during the TrumanAdministration, again denounced the aid problem in Latin America, underlining that under theEisenhower Administration aid had dramatically decreased to an astonishing 1% of the totalamount66. Finally, as observed by Bevan Sewell, the Soviet economic offensive was probablyineffective from a material point of view, due to the low quality of the material offered and to thesmall lending capacity of Moscow67. But it was able to hit a critical political point in the broadercontext of intercontinental relations. As we saw, during his electoral campaign Eisenhower hadcompromised itself to cut the federal budget. But, once in power, the Republican Administrationhad not been able to deliver on it. The President had to fight hard to persuade the Republican Partythat, for security reasons, cutting the budget or reducing taxes were unfeasible:“I see, so far, nological reason for reducing taxes, and I really believe it would not be in the good interest of America toreduce them at the moment”68. The issue of international aid had played a central role in determiningthe Administration’s incapacity to cut the budget. For the 1957 fiscal year, the Administration hadplanned for $3.500.000 aid plan but it had been forced to increase it to $4.500.000 to meet itsagreements in turmoil regions in Asia and Middle East69. An articulated aid plan aimed to supportLatin American development was not possible given Eisenhower’s budget limitation and, in fact,was not going to occur until John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s “Alianza Para el Progreso” initiative.64Bohemia, “Política Interamericana”, 2 de Enero 1949, núm. 1, p. 19.65Hilton, “The United States, Brazil…, p. 605.66The New York Times, 8 April 1956, p. 27.67Sewell, “ A Perfect (Free Market) World? Economics…,68“Transcript of the President’s News Conference on Foreign and Domestic Matters”, The New York Times, 26 April1956.69“Eisenhower Joins Dulles in Pushing Foreign Aid Plan”, The New York Times, 1 May 1956, pp. 1 and 12. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 19 19Finally, the Soviets had launched a provocation aimed to underscore Washington’s inabilityto deal with Latin American’s quest for modernization, and even more importantly, they wereshowing the America’s inability to play in the complex and globalized decolonization anddeveloping chessboard. All this was happening at a time when many Latin American economieswere going through a complicated stage of readjustment due to the lack of internal and externalcapital to finance the consolidation of their industrialization processes. Increasing internationalcompetition in terms of primary production was adding even more problems to the traditionalcommodities price instability. Indeed, in 1953, a fall of international prices for main exportingcommodities caused waves of inflation that undermined the fragile position achieved by the thinLatin American middle class70. In fact, a nationalist phenomena that had its origin in 1929economic international crisis was a trend that was replicated in the 1950s. After 1929, the focus onstate control of economic processes and the strong bet on industrialization had become central tomany new political parties or movements that had flourished between the end of the twenties andthe beginning of the thirties. Nationalism had its main point of reference in the United NationsEconomic Commission for Latin America (ECLA or, CEPAL, using his more well known Spanishacronym), created in 1948 led by the prestigious Argentinean economist Raul Prebisch. ECLAprescribed industrialization as the only way for Latin American republics to develop and achieve areal independence. In fact, Prebisch, and generally speaking new nationalist elites of the fifties,considered that political independence achieved in the nineteenth century had been frustrated byeconomic reliance on a production model mainly based on primary exports71. This issue had itspolitical counterpoint. In fact, nationalists accused the rich exportation oligarchy of using itseconomic power to monopolize the political system and thereby avoiding social and politicalreforms72. In 1953, John Cabot, Assistant to the Secretary of State for Latin America, had warnedthat social unrest was on the increase in the continent. Cabot criticized the American inability tofoster modernization and reforms and warned that in the continent liberal elements were rapidlyshifting toward communist positions. As the New York Times reported:70“South America is Beset by Internal Inflation as World Prices Fall”, The New York Times, 7 January 1953, p. 47 and72.71Frederick Stirton Weaver, Latin America in the World Economy, Oxford and Boulder, Westview Press, 2000, p, 127.72Antonio Annino, “Ampliar la Nación”, Annino Antonio, Luis Leiva Castro, Xavier François Guerra (coord.), De losimperios a las naciones: Iberoamérica, Zaragoza, IberCaja, 1994, p. 550; Marcello Carmagnani, América latina de1880 a nuestros días, Barcelona, Oikos-Tau, 1975, pp. 16-17. Tulio Halperin Donghi, Historia contemporánea deAmérica Latina, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1998, pp. 295-296. Alan Knight, “Democratic and Revolutionary Traditionsin Latin America”, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 147-186, 2000. Jaques Lambert, AméricaLatina. Estructuras Sociales e Instituciones Políticas, Barcelona, Ediciones Aires, 1973. Dietrich Rueschemeyer,Evelyne Huber Stephens, John D. Stephen (eds.), Capitalist Development and Democracy, Chicago, University ofChicago Press, 1992, p. 185; John J. Johnson, Political Change in Latin America. The emergence of the middle sectors,Stanford, Stanford University Press. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 20 20Social reform is coming in Latin America, and may come by evolution or revolution. Reactionaryelements, he said, do not want social reform, but are willing to tie down the safety valve and wait forthe boiler to burst. Liberals element faced with such opposition have become increasingly susceptibleto communist influence73.Cabot’s views led directly to the second point that the CIA had highlighted as a cornerstone ofSoviet strategy in Latin America: the “United Front of National Liberation”. This policy ofinterclass alliance seemed to perfectly fit with Cabot’s warnings. Liberal elements in LatinAmerican societies, facing conservative opposition to reforms, were beginning to be sensitive tocommunist influence. In this sense, the testimony of General C. P. Cabell, Deputy Director of theCIA between 1953 and 1962 and Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff between 1951 and 1953, infront of a Senate Committee that investigated the modalities through which the Americandiplomacy had treated the Cuban insurrection, is of particular interest. During his session, Cabellaffirmed that, in Latin America, the CIA had been constantly concerned about the capacity thatcommunists had developed in order to infiltrate nationalist movements through a precise strategy,that is, the national liberation strategy:The so call national liberation strategy seeks to offset Communist numerical and political weaknessthrough international organizational support and clandestine techniques of infiltration and coordination. Theimmediate objective of the strategy is to provoke political or revolutionary actions by sympathetic nonCommunist, but politically influential elements, for the purpose of establishing an environment within whichthe Communist Party is free to organize and expand(..)It is within such a framework that the Communiststhen hope to achieve the so-called peaceful transition to socialism which will find a temporary alliance withthe national bourgeoisie within a new government of national unity gradually replaced by a communistcontrolled “people’s democracy”. (..) The program of Communism in Latin America is designed to developunity of action around popular issues such as antipathy to dictatorship, inflation, a desire for greaterindustrialization, nationalization of resources and wider and more stable markets74.The roots of this Soviet strategy were long and had been improved over the years. Karl Marxhad not maintained a stable position regarding nationalism. At the beginning, he had labelled it as areactionary ideology but, then, he positively evaluated the German Zolverein and the ItalianRisorgimento considering them steps toward the industrialization process and, thereby, to theformation of an industrial proletariat in those countries75. With Lenin, when the theoretical debateswitched from the production models to the means to achieve power, the Soviet approach toward73“Cabot Points Way in Latin America”, The New York Times, 18 March 1953, p. 47.74Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Session, Communist Threat to theUnited States trough the Caribbean, hearings before the subcommittee to investigate the administrations of internalsecurity act and other internal security laws, part. III, testimony of General C.P. Cabell, Deputy Director, CentralIntelligence, Agency, November 5 1959, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1960. Library OfCongress, Washington D.C.75Shlomo Avieri, “Marxist and Nationalism”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No.3/4 (Sept.,1991), 637-657,p. 644. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 21 21nationalism radically changed76. Lenin considered the colonized world as the West’s weak point,the place where capitalism’s contradictions would have suddenly exploded and thereby decided tofocus Soviet attention on these areas77. Reputing that communist parties were still too weak to leadthe initiative, Lenin proposed at the Second Comintern Congress (July 1920) the possibility oftactical alliances with the anti-imperialist bourgeoisie. The Soviet leader had to challenge theopposition of many local communist parties. The most relevant critics to the Soviet leader camefrom M. N. Roy, the Indian Communist Party Secretary, that asked for massive support to the localcommunist parties and rejected the option of tactical alliances. In 1922 during the Fourth Congressof the Third International, the “United Anti-Imperialist Front” strategy was officially adopted as themain tool of Soviet foreign policy in colonized world78. It plainly affirmed that in the colonial worldthe main objective of communist parties was to support the anti-imperial struggle, cooperating withthe progressive bourgeoisie. During 1940, the Bulgarian communist Georgi Dimitrov improved themodel, shaping the new People’s Democracy concept. Dimitrov recovered Leninist positions,stating that where communist parties were not ready to take the power a sort of compromise had tobe found with agrarian, industrialist or commercial bourgeoisie79. Needles to say that this sametactic had represented the main device through which Moscow had absorbed, in the months thatfollowed the end of WWII, many Eastern countries into the new Soviet block80. In colonial areas,this tactic was basically carried on during the thirties and interrupted only briefly after World WarTwo, when Soviet initiative in some cases rested on military activities, as in Korea. But, after theend of the war in Korea, Moscow had gone back to it, as interestingly underlined by the Bureau ofIntelligence and Research at the State Department:Beginning in 1948, armed struggle became an increasingly important revolutionary tactic in Asia andin 1948 it was proclaimed the main force of struggle. The defeat of Communist effort to take overSouth Korea by force brought to about the abandonment of this policy of violence in favour of themore long-term tactic of infiltration and manipulation of “temporary allies”. The Communistscontinue to follow, in the main, the tactics on revolutionary activity in under-developed areas laiddown by the Comintern before the war-tactics which stress the importance of exploiting localnationalist movement, but only on a selective basis where their activities can be useful in weakening76Roger E. Kanet, The Soviet Union and the Colonial Question, en Roger E. Kanet (ed.), The Soviet Union and theDeveloping Nations, Baltimore and London, The John Hopkins University Press, 1974, p. 5.77Francis Fukuyama, El fin de la historia y el último hombre, Barcelona, Editorial Planeta, 1992, p. 151.78William T. Shinn Junior, “The National Democratic State: A Communist Program for less Developed Areas”, WorldPolitics, Vol. 15, No.3, (Apr. 1963), pp.377-389, p. 379; Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations,New York, St Martin’s Press, 1988, pp. 80-90.79Fernando Claudín, The Communist Movement. From Comintern to Cominform. Part Two, The Zenith of Stalinism,New York and London, Monthly Review Press, 1975, p. 461.80Hugh Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution, Boulder and London, Westview Press 1985, pp. 169-171; withspecial attention to Hungary see, for example, Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, Nationalism in Eastern Europe, Seattleand London, University of Washington Press, 1969, pp. 299-301. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 22 22the established authority. The point is stressed that these nationalist movements can be only“temporary allies” to be jettisoned when they have served their purpose81.At the 19thCongress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (October 1952), the “Anti-imperialist United Front or its other label, the “National Liberation Front” was officially adoptedalso for the American continent. Indeed, in 1952, for the first time the INR identified the “NationalLiberation Front” strategy as a device for Soviet expansionism also in the Latin Americancontinent: “The Latin American Communist Parties, which are a part of the “colonial and dependentsector” of the Communist world picture, have for the past several years pursued a “nationalliberation front” program82”.This broader context, for instance, helps to understand why, in Guatemala the increasingconnection between the Arbenz’s nationalist government and the Guatemalan communist party wasnot perceived and challenged by the Eisenhower administration as a local crisis. Washington knewperfectly well that Arbenz was not a communist, even if he was associated with the fledglingGuatemalan Communist Party, the PGT. In fact, a 1953 NSC paper had recognized the difference,stating that the Guatemalan president simply considered communists as temporary allies in hisinternal struggle83. But, from the American point of view, what Arbenz thought was not important.What really mattered for Washington was the fact that communists were eager to exploit Arbenz’snationalist movement to expand their influence in the country and, possibly, in the region. Indeed,the Guatemalan issue simply reinforced the American perception of the problem, establishing acrucial precedent for the future. In an remarkable document titled “Comment on <Lessons ofGuatemala>”, one CIA officer stated that:It is quite true that Communism in Latin America thrives on poverty, economic maladjustment, anti-Americanism and desire for national independence. (…) This tactic, which aims at the completeisolation of the United States, calls initially for Communist “penetration” of power groups and strata(even if bourgeoisie) opposed to the United States. (..) The implied exploitation of nationalismdefinitely strengthens the tactics of the CP movement in Latin America. (..) This is exactly whathappened in Guatemala84.81Record Group (RG) 59 National Archives (NARA) Washington D.C., Records of Component Offices of the Bureauof Intelligence and Research, 1947-1963, LOT87D33.82Brtish National Archives, Foreign Office Department, American Department, General, A 1015/13, 1953, Communismin Latin America. Department of State, Intelligence Report No. 5180.12. Communism in the Other American Republics,Quarterly Survey, October-December, 1952, p. 10 Scret.83Rabe, Eisenhower......, p. 46.84CIA FOIA, Comment on “Lessons of Guatemala” by Daniel James, SS-2003-0002, published 8/19/1954, p. 1. Secret. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 23 23The Cuban Case.In 1952, the Prío Socarrás Government was overthrown by a coup carried on by GeneralFulgencio Batista. The coup dramatically brought a period of more than ten years of uninterrupteddemocracy in Cuba to an end. But, given the gentle chaos that had marked this democraticexperience until 1952, the overthrown of the Socarrás Presidency went almost unopposed by Cubancivil society. In an article published only a few days after the coup, The New York Times journalist,Herbert Matthews, pictured the sense of liberation with which many Cubans had received theinterruption of the democratic course:The attitude of a majority of the Cubans toward Maj. Gen. Fulgencio Batista‘s coup March 10 seems tobe a mixture of confusion, resentment and hope. Putting it into words that they might say: “we shouldhave had elections, as planned, on June 1. It is too bad this happened, but the Prio regime was prettydisgraceful and maybe Batista will carry out his promises to make things better and then restoredemocracy. Since the damage is done, let’s wait and see what comes next85.During the first years of the Batista’s regime, the economic situation constantly bettered. Thedictator carried on a vast plan of diversification of the Cuban economy that since 1955 had began toproduce interesting results86. Moreover, the strong alliance that Batista kept with the main Cubantrade union, the Confederation of Cuban Workers (CTC), averted major challenges for his regime.In fact, a document published by the CIA in 1957 identified these two factors as the main sources ofthe stability that marked the first stage of the dictatorship: “Batista’s ability to cope with threats tohis regime has stemmed largely from economic prosperity that Cuba has enjoyed for the pastseveral years, the continued loyalty of most key personnel within the armed forces, the support ofthe Confederation of Cuban Workers (Confederación de Trabajadores de Cuba-CTC), and the lackof public confidence in the leadership of opposition political groups”87.Notwithstanding the initial welcome, Batista was unable to accomplish his promises. Thepolitical repression carried on by Cuban police increasingly stirred up social unrest. Initially limitedto the student opposition, mainly rooted in the University of Havana, the hostility to the regimerapidly spread through the country. The brutalities committed by the police against the oppositionand Batista’s determination to keep power until 1958, quickly threw the country in a state of openconflict. In 1956, the young Fidel Castro landed on Cuban shores leading a small guerrilla force.85The New York Times, “Cubans Are Confused, Resentful But Hopeful Over Batista’s Coup”, 17 April 1952, p. 3.86Julio Alvarado, La Aventura Cubana, Madrid, Artes Gráficas y Ediciones, S.A., 1977.87CIA, Country: Cuba, Report Title: Political Dynamics, NIS Series Number: 78, Chapter Number: 5, Section Number:53, Box Number: 297, Volume Number: 19. Publication Date: 01-Jun-57. Confidential, p. 53-3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 24 24The group was ambushed by the Cuban Army and almost defeated. Castro took shelter in themountains of Sierra Maestra where he started a guerrilla warfare that in a short time grew inintensity. In the meanwhile, the Movement of Civic Resistance (Frente Cívico Revolucionario,FCR) led the urban side of the insurrection, causing increasing damage to the regime’s stability.Given the general mobilization that marked the Cuban political scene at the end of 1957, thechances for Batista’s regime to survive were minimal. In May 1957, a report issued by the StateDepartment Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the INR, plainly underlined it:MIE 30-57, which surveyed the political situation in Cuba through about mid-April 1957, gave theBatista regime only an even chance to survive through 1958. This estimate was based on theweakening of the Batista government by growing military unrest, particularly among lower echelonpersonnel; the inability of Administration to suppress the Fidel Castro movement; the intensificationof antigovernment sets and ruthless counterterrorist activities; the repeated suspensions ofconstitutional guarantees; the shifting of revolutionary activity to the capital; and the cooperationbetween insurrectionists and some wealthy businessmen and professionals88.While Batista was drowning in the contradictions of his regime and Fidel Castro was seeinghis victory draw nearer, Earl T. Smith, the American Ambassador in Cuba, and William Wieland,chair of the Middle American Affairs Desk at the State Department (MID), were steadily divergingover the possible diplomatic alternatives to Castro’s victory. Smith argued that a feasible alternativeto Castro was not possible at that moment and hence argued it important to maintain Washington’ssupport to Batista’s regime. Wieland, observing the complete lack of support that the regime had inCuban society, tried to strengthen the moderate middle class sector that in those years stillrepresented a crucial ally for Castro89.But, even if American diplomacy dramatically fell apart on the issue of whether or not fullsupporting Batista’s regime, it shared an imperturbable common position regarding the opportunityfor avoiding Castro’s victory. The source of their opposition to the young rebel leader was neithereconomic nor motivated by the fact that Castro was considered a communist. From the Americanpoint of view, the real issue was represented by the seductive power and the infiltration capacitiesthat the communist could exercise over his political movement. In 1957, this was considered only apossibility but, during the 1958, the American diplomacy appreciated a constant increase in theinteraction between the 26 of July Movement and the Cuban communist party, the PSP. Theexistence of this relationship during the Cuban crisis represented the main source of the Americanopposition to Castro. But, as we will see, the ambiguous nature of this connection preventedWashington from a direct action as occurred in Guatemala in 1954.88National Archives (NARA) RG 59 Washington DC, Intelligence and Research. Division of Research for AmericanRepublics. Special Paper No. 132. (INR) LOT75D242 CU22 17 May 1957, Secret, p.1.89José María Cuesta Braniella, La Resistencia Cívica en la Guerra de Liberación de Cuba, La Habana, Editorial deCiencias Sociales, 1997. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 25 25Facing the same Senate Committee that after the 1960 revolution was investigating thediplomatic strategy employed by the American diplomats during the insurrection, Ear T. Smith haddeclared that:After I had been in Cuba for approximately 2 months, and had made a study of Fidel Castro and therevolutionaries, it was perfectly obvious to me as it would be to any other reasonable man that Castrowas not the answer; that if Castro came to power, it would not be in the best interests of Cuba or in thebest interests of the United States90.During the same session, Smith had also affirmed that the reason why he considered Castrounfit to rule Cuba was that he had regarded him as a Marxist since the beginning of theinsurrection91. However, Ambassador Smith was not being truthful about the sources of his earlyhostility to the guerrilla leader92. A small diplomatic accident that occurred in the summer of 1957between the Ambassador and Daniel M. Braddock, military Attaché at the Cuban Embassy inHavana City, is revealing. In this respect, on 22 of July 1957, Braddock had written a special reportfor the Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles. In his telegram, Braddock had manifested hisdisagreement with the contents of some reports, previously issued by Smith, and related toideological inspiration of the 26 of July Movement. In these analyses, Smith had explicitly rejectedthe eventuality of Castro’s communist affiliation. Now Braddock wanted the State Department toknow that, contrary to what had been stated by the Ambassador, he had been informed by someinfluent Cuban army officers that Castro was a communist:Regarding paragraph 2 of Fidel Castro Comments USARMA is in disagreement. Personal contactswith Barquin elements reveal that they not desire any contact or affiliation with Castro whomeveryone except the US Embassy claims is a communist93.90Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean. Testimony of Earl T. Smith, Hearings Before theSubcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of theCommittee on the Judiciary United States Senate, eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, Part 9, August 27, 30, 1960,p. 689.91Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean. Testimony of Earl T. Smith, Hearings Before theSubcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of theCommittee on the Judiciary United States Senate, eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, Part 9, August 27, 30, 1960,p, 692; in a book published in 1962, (The Fourth Floor. An Account of Castro Communist Revolution, Washington DC.US-Cuban Press), the Ambassador restated this thesis.92The best explanation leads to a comparison with the Senate Commission created by Senator Patrick McCarran that in1949 investigated the “Loss of China”. The investigation marked the beginning of McCarthyism and was clearly used todelegitimize State Department officers accusing them of being communists. In this sense, Smith’s statements almostresponded to the same scheme. In the Commission, Smith accused Castro of being communist and affirmed thatWilliam Wieland, chair of the Middle American Affairs Desk at the State Department (MID), had helped him to get thepower due to his communist sympathies; Eric Paul Roorda, “McCarthyte in Camelot: The “Loss” of Cuba,Homophobia, and the Otto Otepka Scandal in the Kennedy State department”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 31, No. 4,(September 2007), pp. 723-754; William J. Gill, The Ordeal of Otto Otepka, New Rochelle NY, Arlington House, 1969.93Telegram DA Intelligence Report R-68-57, quoted in NARA RG59, Washington DC, 737.00/10-457, Department ofState Instruction, From Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to AmEmbassy La Habana, Fidel Castro Ruz, Secret, 4October 1957. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 26 26In October, with a striking delay, the Secretary of State requested a clarification of thestatement released by Braddock that, if confirmed, would have obviously been alarming. On 8 ofOctober, probably after an unpleasant meeting with the military Attaché, the Ambassador answered:The Department requested a clarification of a statement by the Army Attache (DA Intelligence ReportR-68-57) which seemed to indicate that the Army Attache was in a disagreement with the rest of theEmbassy on the subject of whether or not Fidel Castro Ruz is a communist. The Embassy does notknow whether Castro is or is not a communist; it has received no satisfying evidence to date that he is.Those who support Castro say, and those other opposition group that are associated with him, stoutlymaintain that he is not. The Army Attache has no different view from the rest of the Embassy in thisregard and did not intend to convey by the statement in question that he regarded Castro ascommunist94.Again in 1958, Smith wrote to the State Department refusing the idea of a Castro’s possiblecommunist membership:It will be noted that, although there have been numerous accusations by both the Cuban Governmentand the Colombian Government in 1948 that Castro is a Communist, there is no direct evidence in thefiles of this office to substantiate this claim95.The State Department worked with similar data. Throughout 1957 the INR had constantlymonitored the problem connected to Castro’s possible communist affiliation. Notwithstanding theaggressive campaign launched by the Batista Government in order to convince Washington that the26 of July Movement was Marxist inspired, the INR had stated his inability to confirm thataffirmation:The Batista Government has constantly charged that the 26 of July Movement is Communist-inspired.In spite of the efforts to substantiate these allegations, however, the DRA has been unable to confirmcommunist infiltration in the movement or among its leadership96.The INR still had some doubts about Castro’s brother, Raul, and the Argentinean physicianErnesto Guevara, but even in these cases it had not been able to confirm a clear interaction withcommunists. However, even if the information managed by the MID excluded the communistinspiration of 26 of July Movement, Wieland was outright opposed to the eventuality of a Castro’svictory. During his testimony in front of the same Senate Investigation Committee, the MIDdirector had been very clear regarding this point:94NARA RG59, Washington DC, 737.99/10-857, Foreign Service Despatch, From AmEmbassy La Habana, to TheDepartment of State, Fidel Castro Ruz, Secret, 8 October 1957.95NARA RG59 Washington DC 737.00/3-1058 Foreign Service Despatch, From AmEmbassy, Habana to theDepartment of State, Washington. Fidel Castro Ruiz; Documents Concerning Him and His Activities: Appraisal, Secret.96NARA RG59, Washington D.C., Records of Component of Offices of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research 1947-1963, Lot 75D242 Box 15, INR Ambassador Hugh S. Cuming; DRA Robert A. Stevenson; Background Information onthe Cuban Political Situation, Confidential, 7 April 1958, p. 1. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 27 27Chairman Eastland. Were you favourable to Castro during the revolution in Cuba?Mr. Wieland. No sir.Chairman Eastland. Did you know Castro was Communist?Mr. Wieland. No, sir.Chairman Eastland. Why were you against him at first?Mr. Wieland. Because I regarded Mr. Castro as a very irresponsible, radical demagogue who was adangerous man, and certainly represented no good to the United States or to Cuba, sir97.Like the Ambassador, Wieland did not consider Castro a possible alternative to Batista’sregime. But unlike Smith, the chair of the American Desk thought that a third way between thedictatorship and Castro was a feasible alternative. In fact, since the end of 1957, Wieland had beenworking on an exit strategy for the Cuban impasse. In this context, the chief of the American Deskhad tried to foster the forging of a broad alliance between the moderate sectors of the insurrectionistband to exclude or, at least, to reduce as much as possible Castro’s influence. The MID correctlyconsidered the insurrection sector as a heterogeneous political body and hence decided to threw hissupport behind its moderate elements98. However, as we have seen, even for the MID the oppositionto Castro was not based on the belief that he was a communist.A similar point could be made regarding the other possible source for the Americandiplomatic opposition to Castro, that is, the economic threat represented by his program. The kindof information received by the American Embassy and the MID about Castro’s political programwas not sufficient to identify what sort of threat it could have brought against the American assetsin the country. In many cases these informations had been simply reassuring. In this resepct, theonly “official” source was represented by the defence harangue delivered by Castro while facing thetribunal that, in 1953, was judging him for the Moncada barrack assault99. In that occasion, theleader of the 26 of July Movement had only touched upon the issue of a moderate agrarian reformand the need to regulate public utilities companies. Lacking official information, the MID held acertain number of meetings with some Cuban relevant political and economic actors. In 1957,during one of these gatherings, Joaquín Meyer, a representative of the Cuban Sugar StabilizationInstitute in Washington100, reported a conversation held with Felipe Pazos, the Cuban NationalBank ex-director, prestigious international economist and, since 1957 summer, a Castro supporter:97SISS Hearings, State Department Security, The Case of William Wieland, Washington D.C., 1962, p. 104.98NARA RG59 Washington DC 737.00/11-2157 Office Memorandum, United States Government. To ARA-Mr.Rubottom, Form MID Mr. Wieland and Mr. Stewart. Possible United States Courses of Action in Restoring Normalcyto Cuba, Secret.99The 26th of July 1953, Fidel Castro had assaulted Moncada Cuban Army Barrack in the Oriente Province. Castro waseasily defeated by the Army and, after a process, jailed in the Pine Island Prison. He was released in 1955 thanks to anamnesty law promulgated by Fuglencio Batista.100The Sugar Stabilization institute had been founded by President Gerardo Machado in the twenties. It had grew inimportance after Fulgencio Batista’s 1937 land reform. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 28 28His economic ideas, according to Dr. Pazo’s, are not extremely nationalistic as sometimes depicted inthe press. Castro recognizes the importance of foreign investment and would only encourage nationalindustries which Cuba can legitimately support. Dr. Meyer mentioned that he still has his ownreservations about Castro, but that the word of Dr. Pazos came as a fresh breath of spring to him101.On February 1958, the American Consul in Santiago de Cuba wrote a report to the StateDepartment assuring that Castro was receiving political and economic support by many wealthyCuban families: “The Castro movement has an unusual appeal to all sectors of Cuban society eitherlegitimate or convenient. Monetary support for Castro and his movement comes from the wealthierclasses102”.In a CIA special report issued in November 1958, the American intelligence confirmedthe lack of clarity of Castro’s political program besides some references to the agrarian reform andthe regulation of public utilities.Castro’s lack of clarity about his objectives, beyond the elimination of Batista, has raised doubts abouthis long-range intentions among many non-26 of July opposition leaders who at the moment supporthim. Castro’s infrequent pronouncements reflect no well-developed program, although they indicatedefinite concern for agrarian reform and the regulation of public utilities103.The CIA was not able to raise more information over Castro simply because these information didnot exist.Immediately after Castro’s entrance into Havana City, the INR admitted its inability todraw a clear picture of 26 of July Movement in terms of its political program due to the nebulouspolitical background of the members of the movement:The lack of convincing information (i.e. “hard intelligence”) about the character and motivation of itsleaders proved a grave handicap. Though the Department did obtain additional information concerningthem, by the end of the Batista regime, it had not been able form more than tentative conclusionsabout the top rebel leaders. The fact that most of them were youths with nebulous political andrevolutionary backgrounds, and many had in the past some connection with persons and groups ofdubious ideologies and moral concepts made the task of assessment particularly difficult. There wasalso the virtual isolation of Castro and the others leaders of the Movement during the militarycampaign104.Finally, the best description of Castro’s political profile came in January 1959 from a StateDepartment paper that while confirming that he was neither a communist nor an ideological anti-101NARA RG59 Washington DC, 737.00/11-1457. Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation. Participants:dr. Joaquin Meyer, Washington Representative, Cuban Sugar Stabilization Institute; Mr. Terrance G. Leonhardy, MID.Cuban Political Situation, p. 1. Confidential.102Foreign Relation of United States (FRUS) Vol. VI 1958-1960 Cuba p. 30, RG59, 737.00/2-2158. Foreign ServiceDespatch From AmConsul Santiago to The Department of State, Washington. Fidel Castro, 26 of July Movement.Confidential.103Retrospective Collection, CIA Digital Reading Room, CIA Declassified Documents, Library of CongressWashington D.C., Special National Intelligence Estimate, The Situation in Cuba, SNIE 85-58, 24 November 1958, n.292, p. 2.104NARA RG59 Washington DC, 611.37/1-1559, State Department. Draft White Paper on Cuba, Official Use Only. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 29 29American defined him as nationalistic and somewhat socialistic105. This sketch confirms what onceunderlined by the Italian historian Antonio Annino: during the insurrection struggle Castro’sdiscourse had been politically vague but ideologically very clear106. Indeed, what was known by theAmerican diplomacy at that time was that Castro’s guerrilla movement did not have an articulatedpolitical program but that his ideological perimeter was deeply rooted in a kind of progressivenationalism that Washington, since the early fifties, had started to perceive as a threatening variablein the Cold War scenario. In this sense, if the ambiguity of Castro’s political program wasconsidered to be a problem, the attractiveness of communism and, even more, communistinfiltration of his nationalist movement were reputed to be the real dilemma. In fact, regardingCastro, the MID was seriously concerned over the possibility that communists could infiltrate hismovement and that, once the regime was gone, they could strongly benefit from the situation ofgenerated chaos. In fact, during 1957, the State Department had come to the conclusion that Castrowas neither a communist nor too radical in his economic views but that his insurrectional activitywas giving to the communists a chance to expand their influence over the country. WilliamWieland, wrote this down in a report to Roy Rubottom, Under Secretary of State for LatinAmerican affairs, at the end of 1957:In addition to endangering the safety of our citizens and investment, the breakdown of the democraticprocess in Cuba not only sets a bad example for the rest of the hemisphere, not to mention the world,but also provide a fertile ground for a resurgence of communist in the island. The communists, for themost part, are biding their time in the current crisis, letting other resort to violence, but in event of thebreakdown of authority they would intensify their activity107.Just in these same months, the Socialist Popular Party had begun to increase his pressure onCastro’s group in the Sierra Maestra. The PSP had been initially very hostile toward the 26 of JulyMovement and Fidel Castro himself. Communist leaders had at first labelled the young rebel leaderas a bourgeoisie adventurist and during the first year of the insurrection the PSP had played animportant role in boycotting his insurrectional initiatives108. But, during 1957 the PSP had shiftedits position towards a more flexible one. Some communists joined the guerrilla force and in thesummer of the 1958 a communist group commanded by Félix Torres opened a new small guerrillafront in the Yaguajay area, very close to where Raul Castro had opened a second insurrectionary105Library of Congress RG59 State Department Records, Staff Summary Biographic Supplement. Fidel Castro, CubanRevolutionary Leader, January 9 1959, p. 2. Confidential.106Antonio Annino, Dall’Insurrezione al Regime, Politiche di massa e strategie istituzionali a Cuba, 1953-1965,Milano, Franco Angeli Editore, 1984, p. 71.107NARA RG59 Washington DC 737.00/11-2157 Office Memorandum, United States Government. To ARA-Mr.Rubottom, Form MID Mr. Wieland and Mr. Stewart. Possible United States Courses of Action in Restoring Normalcyto Cuba, p. 1, Secret.108Ramón Bonachea, Marta San Martín, The Cuban Insurrection 1952-1959, New Brunswick, New Jersey, TransactionBook, 1974, pp. 220-221. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 30 30front109. The lack of official Cuban documents does not allow to determine if the change in PSPstrategy was a product of a direct Soviet input. At the same times it is not completely clear whatdetermined Castro’s decision to partially open the insurrection to the communist participation. So,as far as it is known, from the communist point of view the switch was mainly produced by Castro’sguerrilla increasing strength. The PSP started to perceive the guerrilla as an effective political actorin the Cuban environment and as the possible future alternative to Batista’s regime. At the sametime, Castro seemed to need the communists in order to strengthen his presence in terms of tradeunion organization and as an ally against the moderate sector of the insurrection110. But, again, as itwas occurring in many other parts of the developing world, nationalism and socialism seemed tocomplement themselves. In November 1958, a Special National Estimate paper, issued by the CIA,perfectly pictured the state of the relationship between Castro and the communists. The PSP, theCIA stated, had been previously excluded both from the 26 of July Movement and from the FCR.But, nationalism and opposition to dictatorship were becoming powerful point of contact betweenthe 26 of July Movement and the Communist party. Indeed, the CIA considered that the PSP wasstrongly riding both issues in an effort to infiltrate the insurrection:Fidel Castro’s control over his far-flung guerrillas is not so firm that he can prevent Communistinfiltration even if he should so desire. A few alleged Communist sympathizers hold moderatelyimportant positions in the movement, especially among the troops led by Raul Castro. SomeCommunists have undoubtedly penetrated its lower levels and its organization in Mexico. Moreover,the nationalistic and anti-dictatorship line of the movement is a horse which the Communists knowwell how to ride. If the revolution fails to make headway against the Batista regime, both Castro andthe FCR will be under increasing pressure to accept any help they can get111.In the last months of the insurrection, communist pressure on Castro’s movementconsiderably increased and one of its top leaders, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez, had been sent to theSierra Maestra to join the 26 of July guerrilla. Even if the core of the movement dislikedcommunists due to the strict collaboration that they had held with Batista’s governments during the1940’s, throughout 1958 the PSP become part of the opposition to the regime112. In December1958, Christian Herter, Assistant Secretary, sent a top secret memorandum directly to Presidentstating that:We also know that the communists are utilizing the Castro movement to same extent, as would beexpected, but there is insufficient evidence on which to base a charge that the rebels are Communists109Ibidem, p. 221.110Annino, Dall’insurrezione al regime...,111Retrospective Collection, CIA Digital Reading Room, CIA Declassified Documents, Library of CongressWashington D.C., Special National Intelligence Estimate, The Situation in Cuba, SNIE 85-58, 24 November 1958, n.292, p. 3.112Thomas G. Patterson, Contesting Castro. The United States and the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, New York,Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 185-186. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 31 31dominated. Hence there seems to be not basis for invoking the Caracas Resolution of 1954 whichwould call OAS to action113.Like Guatemala in 1954, independently from what Castro was planning in his mountainshelter in the Sierra Maestra, in Cuba in 1957-1958, what mattered for American diplomacy wasthat his nationalist movement could be used as a device for communist expansion in the island. InCuba, Washington did not have sufficient proof to clearly demonstrate that Castro’s movement wasactually controlled by communists. And, in fact, this lack of information prevented a directintervention under the Caracas Resolution that, adopted in 1954 by the Organization of AmericanStates, had represented the legal frame for the American intervention in Guatemala. Therefore, theRepublican Administration did not follow the Guatemalan path but its response to Castro during theinsurrection was equally strongly negative.Conclusions.It is a matter of fact that since the end of 1957, Castro and the PSP’s contacts had effectivelygrown closer. In this sense, the information that American diplomats possessed was punctual andsubstantially precise. But, the judgments expressed both by the CIA and INR and on which theAmerican strategy was based on, gave to Castro a somewhat passive role in the relationship. ForAmerican diplomats, during the insurrection stage of the Cuban crisis, the main problem wasrepresented by the possibility of an infiltration of the 26 of July Movement by the communists.However, unbeknownst to the Americans, Castro was playing a central role in the strengthening ofthis alliance. The young rebel leader was probably using the communists exactly as they were doingwith him. Crucially, the substantial difference between his alliance before 1959 and his move tocommunism later on was probably given by the fact that, during the insurrection, for Castro, thecommunists were still only an internal ally. In other words, the 26 of July Movement leader wasplaying the communist card in order to gain the entire control of the insurrection, not yet to shelterhis revolution with the Soviet mantle. In an interview released to the CNN in 1998, Fidel Castro,recalling the days of the insurrection, probably gave one of the more acute evaluations of theAmerican strategy toward his movement ever made:Como te decía, creíamos que teníamos derecho a hacer eso y que seríamos respetados; la vida nosdemostró cuán equivocados, realmente, estábamos. Entonces digo que no fuimos nosotros los que nos113Retrospective Collection, CIA Digital Reading Room, CIA Declassified Documents, Library of CongressWashington D.C., Department of State, Washington, Memorandum for the President, Subject Cuba, 23 December 1958,p. 3. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 32 32introdujimos en la guerra fría; realmente, la guerra fría, Estados Unidos, o el gobierno de EstadosUnidos, la trajo a Cuba114.Castro was right, throughout the fifties, the Cold War literally fell upon on Latin America. Hisdecision to use the communist card in the internal front immediately connected the insurrection tothe global enviroment, where since the end of the World War II, Moscow and Washington weredisputing over the nationalist issue. Even if Washington had traditionally maintained a friendlyposition toward the decolonization process and developing nationalism, during the early fifties theAmerican perception of the problem had started to change deeply. This alteration was mainly aconsequence of the improved Soviet capacity to interact with decolonized and developingnationalism. In fact, regarding this issue, Moscow could count on a certain number of advantages.First of all, it did not have to deal with allies simultaneously involved in the Cold Was struggle and,as colonialist powers, in the decolonizing process. Yet more importantly, it was the very samehistory of Soviet industrial development that seemed to meet the modernization quest articulated bynationalist elites better than the Western one did. Finally, Leninism had produced a useful interclasskind alliance that was skilfully pursued on over time and applied in many different contexts,including decolonized areas and Eastern Europe after WWII. In Latin America, the combination ofboth factors, the economic and the political offensive, seriously increased American concerns aboutits capacity to keep Soviet influence out of the continent. In fact, Washington quickly adopted adefensive response regarding Latin American nationalism. In this sense, the EisenhowerAdministration’s reaction to Arbenz’s nationalist Government and to Castro’s insurrection shouldprobably be read as a sign of the American weakness in the continent rather than as a brutal exerciseof its rough hegemony. Incapable of articulating a broad aid plan for the continent andoverwhelmed by a feeling of uneasiness to cope with the nationalist quest, Washington forced itselfto address the problem only in terms of security. Politics was set apart, and the Eisenhoweradministration’s policy in Latin America completely discarded the non-interventionist policypursued by Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman.The Cuban case perfectly mirrors this problem. Facing a nationalist insurrection, Washingtonlet the Castro’s movement to shift progressively toward an alliance with the communists. Castrowas considered a passive factor, a mere vector for the communist expansion in the island and in theregion. As we have underlined, the PSP had a clear strategy toward the 26 of July Movement butthe reverse was also true and the American diplomacy could have try to interact with it instead ofsimply excluding the possibility of a dialogue. But, as Castro said the Cold War had suddenly fell inLatin America and, hence, in Cuba.114Fidel Castro, Guerra Fría. Alerta para un Mundo Unipolar, Melbourne, New York, La Habana, Ocean Press, 2006,p. 15.

Scenes from the Postwar Reemergence of the Nazi Party By Alex Constantine We Germans should be realistic. We lost two wars to the Jews. Why should we lose another? - Former Nazi propagandist Werner Naumann to British intelligence agents, July, 1953 In September 1944, Sims Carter, assistant chief of the Economic Warfare section of the Justice Department, testified before the Kilgore Committee that despite military defeat, the industrial cartels of German had renewed activity from bases in Argentina: "All the machinery," he said, "is ready for safeguarding German supremacy in the steadily expanding South American market." Much of that market had been quietly incorporated by I.G. Farben and other financial backers of Hitler well before the war began. In the 1930s, as German factories tooled up for the onslaught, German entrepreneurs quietly built factories, railroads and chemical and steel plants throughout South America. The munitions industry was all but monopolized by Farben and Krupp, providing business fronts for the Nazi fifth column. The insinuation of Nazism into Caribbean politics was directed by Alfred Becker and Arnold Margerie, officers of Farben La Quimica Bayer in Caracas. Down in Argentina, Axel Wenner-Gren, a Swedish millionaire and crony of Herman Goering, Hitler's propaganda minister, established subsidiaries and gracefully snatched up key industrial plants. After the war, Nazis quietly assumed new posts within the German government. The Konrad Adenauer government adopted an anti-Nazi facade in public while reelevating war criminals to prominence. By 1951, 134 former members of the National Socialist Party held senior positions in the West German Foreign Office. Attorney Hans Globke, author of the legal rationale underlying the Third Reich's racial laws, was placed in charge of Konrad Adenauer's Federal Press and Chancellory bureau. On January 19, 1953, the New York Times took notice: "Nazism is not dead in Germany." Given time and opportunity, "a form of Nazism could again rise to power. Materially speaking, Nazism was smashed into a pulp by 1945," but the "vigorous roots remained." A national priority was made of economic recovery. A memo from the German Press Department of B'nai B'rith to officials of the Jewish organization on July 1, 1953 detailed a meeting of the former Waffen SS in Verden, once a Nazi garrison town: "The reason this little alumni club exists is, one might way, plausible, even sentimental - to care for those in their ranks who survived and to locate lost comrades. The reunion, their first since the war, brought five thousand men to Verden. Mufti-clad, they marched through the cramped, flag-bedecked streets to the rally with all their famous and former military precision." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "For America!" "Democracy is an attack upon God!" - Werner Naumann Among their contacts in the United States, the Nazi "elite" could rely on the generous assistance of a well-connected patron, Pedro Del Valle, who went on to become a vice president of ITT. In 1954, Del Valle, a retired Marine Corps lieutenant general, was soundly defeated in his run for the Republican gubernatorial nomination. His campaign was spiced with public endorsements of a foaming aniti-Semitic tract, Know Your Enemy. Twenty years later, Del Valle and ITT consultant John McCone, formerly a CIA director, threw in to overthrow Allende in Chile's 1970 elections. ITT funnelled $350,000 into event, and when the brutal dictatorship of Pinochet was installed, the conglomerate conspired with other "conservative" companies to pirate the country's natural resources. As a hedge against the fall of the Third Reich, German industrialists had made provisions in 1944 for protecting their loot from confiscation by the U.S and England. On the instruction of Martin Bormann, the surviving SS, soon to be known as ODESSA, established hundreds of corporations abroad, donated handsomely to extreme right-wing political candidates in the U.S. and cleared the path for the reconstruction of the Reich on foreign soil. All of this was accomplished by chanelling the loot through a labyrinth of secret bank accounts to non-belligerent countries, and under Bormann's direction financed 750 news companies worldwide to direct the Nazi Party reconsruction. Over 100 of those companies were based in the United States. Funds materialized in the bank accounts of Germany's agents around the world. They were instructed to invest in selected businesses, propaganda mills in the U.S. and elsewhere, give legal aid to indicted Nazis, purchase out-of-the-way estates for Nazi leaders in foreign lands, and so on. These funds also supported the "rat lines," escape routes from the Allied advance set up every 40 miles along the German border. Fascist opinion in the United States was fomented by American contacts. For America, a spin-off of the America First Committee, was formed in 1954, ran by some of the leading WW II "isolationists." One of the organization's leading lights was Colonel Robert McCormick, publisher of the Chicago Tribune. The chairman of For America was Clarence Manion, formerly dean of law at Notre Dame University. Manion once sat on Eisenhower's Commission on Inter-Governmental Affairs. Robert Wood, then head of Sears, Roebuck, was a blustering propagandist for the bund. The stated aim of For America was the support of political candidates sympathetic to the Nazi cause. Three congressmen made up the recruiting arm of the organization: Burton K. Wheeler, Hamilton Fish and Howard Buffett. Fish, a Republican Party leader, had as his greatest ambition the start of a third party based on principles of National Socialism. The others were already in disrepute for involvement in "non-interventionist" America First chapters and other enclabes of domestic Nazism during the war. "What will it take to disband this group?" asked the Atlanta Journal, "World War III?" Confiscated Jewish assets were poured into the Nazi rebirth and turned up in the oddest places. On September 20, 1996, a half century after the fact, the Associated Press at long last noticed: "Tons of gold looted by Nazis during World War II - some of it possibly taken from the fillings in Holocaust victims' teeth - are stored in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and the Bank of England in London. Recently declassified federal documents show that 6 tons of gold looted by Nazis are stored in the two banks, the World Jewish Congress said. The group's president has written to the two countries asking that the gold be returned to Holocaust survivors." Elan Steinberg, speaking for the World Jewish Congress, based his allegations on declassified State Department documents that confirm two tons of Nazi gold had turned up in New York vaults (worth about $28 million) and four tons ($56 million) in London. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Un-American Activities During the early '30s, in Washington, Congressman Hamilton Fish's life was changed by a reading of Communism in Germany, published by a Nazi propaganda front. Inspired by the book, he joined forces with George Sylvester Viereck, the ranking Nazi agent in the United States. Viereck was graciously given the run of Rep. Fish's suite at the House Office Building. Albert Kahn, in High Treason, reports that Fish's office clerk, George Hill, was arrested and charged by authorities of being an agent of the Nazis. Well before Martin Dies took the reins, Congressman Fish conducted the first full-blown federal "investigation of Communism." widely known as the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) hearings. Between the pair of hooting panels came the McCormack-Dickstein Committee, formed in 1934 to stamp out Nazi propaganda in the United States. The committee unearthed "a fascist plot to seize the government." Shortly thereafter, HUAC was disbanded and its successor turned a deaf ear to any mention of fascist coups. In The Yahoos (Marzani and Munsell, 1964), a study of Aryan Nations-type groups in America, author Mike Newberry provides the backgrounds of HUAC investigators: EDWARD SULLIVAN, HUAC's first "Chief Investigator," a man with a record of nine arrests [from sodomy to larceny], was co-editor with James ["Kike Killer"] True's hate sheet, addressed German-American Bund rallies prior to his concern with "un-Americanism," and was director of an admittedly fascistic Ukrainian group. Dr. J.B. MATTHEWS, HUAC's second "Chief Investigator," declared in his autobiography: "America's answer to Communism will be fascism, or something so closely akin to it that the difference will not greatly matter." His autobiography was published by a veteran anti-Semite, John Cecil. His writings were reprinted by the "Contra-Komintern," the official organ of the Nazi Foreign Office. At present, he is a close advisor of Robert Welch of the John Birch Society. DR. FRED SCHWARTZ, currently one of HUAC's most favored "experts," is head of the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade. FULTON LEWIS, III, leader of the Young Americans for Freedom, earned his spurs on the HUAC staff. [He] wrote for the anti-Semitic American Mercury, then under the editorship of Harold Lord Varney, a former paid propagandist of the Italian Fascisti. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mrs. Nixon's Conservative Cloth Coat & Walt Disney's Nazi "When it is necessary to kill an enemy, it is also necessary to leave a good impression for other enemies to see. The dead body did not care whether it had a head or not, but psychologically the individual faced with such a sight can see himself in the same decapitated condition and the heart is filled with terror. Therefore,such a principle should be adopted by guerillas for just such a reason. Not that we need a trophy, but that we might terrorize the invading enemy ["Godless" communists], always leaving bodies with some mark which would be universally understood by the guerilla fighting force." - Liberty Lobby Pamphlet, 1962 The propagandists at CIA's House of Secrets proceeded to mold collective opinion with heavy hands. The infiltration of the media and the spread of disinformation would cost taxpayers $90 million a year by 1978, according to university of Paris economist Sean Gervasi. The CIA's assimilation of old guard Nazis was overseen by the CIA's Operations coordination board, directed by C.D. Jackson, a former executive of Time magazine and Dwight Eisenhower's "special assistant for cold war strategy." In 1954, Jackson was succeeded by Nelson Rockefeller. Rocky quit a year later, repulsed, he said, by the administration's political infighting. Vice President Nixon succeeded Rockefeller as the country's key cold war strategist." "Nixon," writes John Loftus, at one time an attorney for the Justice Department's Office of Special Investigations, took "a small boy's delight in the arcane tools of the intelligence craft - the hidden microphones, the 'black' propaganda." Nixon especially enjoyed his visit to a Virginia training camp to observe Nazis in the "special forces" learning the arts of "spycraft" he so admired. One of the fugitives recruited by the American intelligence establishment was heroin smuggler Hubert von BlŸcher, the son of a German ambassador. Hubert often bragged that he'd been trained by the Abwehr, the German military intelligence division, while still a civilian in his twenties. He served in a reconaissance unit of the German Army's 2nd Battallion until forced out for medical reasons in 1944, according to his wartime records. He worked briefly as an assistant director for Berlin Film on a movie entitled One Day ..., and finished out the war flying with the Luftwaffe - not to engage the enemy, but to smuggle Nazi gold bullion out of the country. In 1948, he flew the coop to Argentina. Posing as a photographer, now named Huberto von Bleucher Corell, he immediately paid court to Eva Peron, presenting her with an invaluable Gobelin tapestry (doubtless a sample from the wealth of artifacts confiscated by SS from their prey). Hubert then met with Martin Bormann at Argentina's Hotel Plaza and handed over German marks worth $80 million. He later told investigators that the loot financed the formation of the National Socialist Party in Argentina. Three years later Hubert migrated to El Norte. The Nazi landed a position with the Color Corporation of America in California, and eked out a living writing scripts for Hollywood's thriving movie industry. His voice graces a film set in the Amazon, produced by Walt Disney. In 1951 he returned to Buenos Aires, then DŸsseldorf, West Germany. He established a firm that developed not movie scripts, but anti-chemo-warfare agents for the German government. At the posh Industrie Club in Dusseldorf in 1982, Von Blucher crowed to journalists, "I am chief shareholder of Pan American Airways. I am the best friend of Howard Hughes. The Beach Hotel in Las Vegas is 45 percent financed by me. I am thus the biggest financier ever to appear in the Arabian Nights tales dreamed up by these people over their second bottle of brandy." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- General Wedemeyer's Ultraconservative, Lonely-Hearts Club Bund & Dr. Becher's Beltway Brotherhood "If the military is infected with this virus of right-wing radicalism, the danger is worthy of attention." - Senator J.W. Fulbright Had the government slapped an embargo on I.Qs? The fascist war machine had been pounded to scrap in Europe and Japan, only to resurface in San Antonio, Texas ... and the American proletariet greased the gears. The 1961 "Let's Look at America" seminar, sponsored by the Fourth Army and the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce Jaycees, drew a crowd of 3,500 strong. Retired General Alfred Wedemeyer, a supporter of the John Birch Society, railed at President Kennedy's "appeasement" of the Soviet Union. Cleon Skousen, formerly an FBI agent and a ramrod of the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade, demanded the end of all diplomatic relations with the Eastern Bloc. Dr. Gerhart Niemeyer, a writer for the National Review, spoke at the event. So did Senator Strom Thurmond and Donald Jackson of HUAC. The "seminar" violated the direct orders of then Secretary of the Army Elvis Stahat - a "violation of Army policy," Stahat warned. Unmoved by orders from the Pentagon, Colonel William Blythe of the Fourth Army's G-2 Division went insubordinate: "We are not interested in politics," he shot back. "The Army intends to stand up and be counted!" General Wedemeyer flew from the San Antonio session to Dallas, where he met with oil baron H.L. Hunt, one of Joseph McCarthy's most beneficient financial sponsors (Borger, Texas News Herald on September 25, 1961). A platoon of military personalities threw in with a host of American fascist front organizations, figureheads for the domestic cause, among them: Generals Nathan Twining, J.B. Medaris, Rear Admiral Chester Ward and Admiral Radford - The Military-Industrial Institute. Admiral Arleigh Burke - Featured speaker of the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade. General Charles Willoughby and General Peyton Campbell - Christian Anti- Communist Crusade. General Stratemeyer - Liberty Lobby, Christian Crusade. General Bonner Fellers - Endorsed the Birch Society and Americans for Constitutional Action. Admiral Strauss and General Wedemeyer- National Advisory Board, Young Americans for Freedom. And so on, a platoon of others who joined forces with hooting ultracons and Aryan Nationals alike. While ranking military officials raised the rabble against Soviet "expansionism," the Nazis sought influence in Washington, D.C. One of the most influential Nazi spies in the U.S. was Dr. Walter Becher, an anti-Communist "refugee leader" from the Hitler regime. Becher joined the Nazi Party in December, 1931, and became an editor of Die Zeit, a Nazi propaganda sheet in 1937. He was a Brown-Shirt for a spell and a member of the National Socialist Student Bund. He editorialized for the purge of all Jews from state-owned radio in Prague. During the war, Becher worked in the Goebbels Propaganda Ministry and for the Wehrmacht as a war correspondent. Soon after the war, he founded a newspaper in Germany that agitated for the restoration of National Socialism. Becher had his advocates in Washington, D.C. In 1957, Congressman Usher Burdick inserted one of Dr. Becher's propaganda pieces in the Congressional Record, and in August 1959, seven more appeared in the pages of the Record. When he junketed to the States, conferences were arranged for him by the State Department. His geopolitical opinions were trumpeted by scores of newspapers and the Mutual Broadcasting Network's 600 affiliates. Dr. Becher's early contacts in Washington were McCarthy and William Jenner in the Senate, and a handful of congressmen in the House. T.H. Tetens in The New Germany and the Old Nazis, was awed by the Nazi's camaraderie with Beltway politicians, and tracked his movements through the District of Columbia: "During the early fifties, when he first came to Washington, he began to build for himself a formidable political machine. His scheme was very simple. If he could obtain the support of leading politicians in the United States, his prestige and stature would grow enormously at home.... With the help of the McCarthy faction in the United States, he could establish a nationwide reputation as the foremost leader of the anti-Communist crusade." Among the senators who sent personal letters of support to Dr. Becher in Munich in the 1950s: Prescott Bush, Albert Gore, Pat McNamara, William Knowland, Strom Thurmond, Thomas Dodd, Robert Byrd, William Langer and Stuart Symington. House Speaker John McCormack also offered his unblushing public support to the Nazi editor. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Willis Carto & Charles Willoughby/Weidenbach: American Quislings for "Freedom" Ultraconservatives place rhetorical emphasis on "character," a quality all too often absent within their own ranks. An oracal of the militias, Willis A. Carto, is the publisher of Spotlight, a populist newspaper that backed Patrick Buchanon for president and has attempted, since its inception, to emasculate the United Nations. Carto was the protege of Francis Parker Yocky, indicted for sedition during WW II. Yocky's indictment included charges of generously supporting the Nazi Party under Hitler. Carto's organization was one of five "Liberty Lobbies" founded in 1957 at the first WACL conference in Mexico City. The faction known today as the Liberty Lobby was originally run by a steering committee of rad Right leaders, among them: Major Gen. Charles A. Willoughby - real name: Adolf Tscheppe Weidenbach, born in Heidelberg, Germany in 1892, a Nazi agent in the Army Supreme Command; Army Intelligence chief under Douglas MacArthur in Korea; "security director" of the Shickshinny Knights of Malta. Willis A. Carto - Treasurer and founder. Major General Edwin A. Walker - US Army, John Birch Society. Lt. Col. Philip Corso (ret) - US Army Intelligence under Willoughby/Weidenbach. Robert Morris - Birch Society, American Security Council (ASC), Young Americans for Freedom. Senator Strom Thurmond (D-S.C.) - Since, a "defector to the Republican Party, still a Senator at the age of 94. Otto Etepka - Director of Security Evaluations, State Department. Senator James O. Eastland (D-Miss.) - Director of internal security in the U.S. Senate. A profusion of bridges were erected by the Liberty Lobby to German Nazis. Edwin Walker, who once stated in a radio interview that "[Jack] Ruby's name was Rubenstein," was the coeval of Gerhard Frey, publisher of the Neo-Nazi Deutsche National-Zeitung und Soldaten-Zeitung. A bosom ally of Maj. Gen Willoughby/Weidenbach, Theodor Oberlander, was the German commander of the Ukraine's Nightingales during the war and wrote for Frey's newspaper. Dick Russell, in The Man Who Knew Too Much, drew connections between the Munich-based Reinhard Gehlen apparatus under the CIA's Allen Dulles and assorted WACL "Lobbies" under Willoughby: "German veterans were included, notably Fritz Kramer [another German agent, Kramer ran the Plans Division of the DoD during the Vietnam War; his son Sven served in the National Security Council under Reagan] - a former Nazi Abwehr officer who then headed up a private vigilante group that ferreted out German Leftists at the behest of private industry. Its U.S. sister organization was the American Security Council (ASC), a private Washington group set up in 1955 by ex-FBI agents that built an index of over one million alleged 'subversives' for major corporations seeking security checks. Willoughby, a friend of Fritz Kramer, eventually sat on the ASC's board." Researcher William McLoughlin, in a samizdat monograph on Willoughby/Weidenbach (available from Prevailing Winds Research in Santa Barbara), notes that MacArthur's Nordic intelligence chief engaged in a lifetime of acts designed "with the direct intention of facilitating the success of [the] Fourth Reich. The most frightening thing to consider is that he almost succeeded in his intentions on several different occasions. It is my contention that Charles [Adolf] Willoughby [Weidenbach] will eventually be remembered as one of the most prolific mass murderers in the history of mankind, behind only Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler." McLoughlin cites "the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and the ensuing follow-up attack on the U.S. Far Eastern command in the Philippines. Both of these events were under the aegis of MacArthur and Willoughby as head of intelligence for the Far Eastern Command, at that time. Even after he was told of the occurrence of the Pearl Harbor attack, Willoughby declined to suggest a search of the Pacific rim for the Japanese carriers supporting the surprise attack and instead opted for leaving the US Army's entire air strike capability sitting on the tarmac in the Philippines in closely clustered groups, which made them easy targets for the Japanese Zeroes ten hours later." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Here are all the links on FactBites.com for Gen. Bonner Fellers including about a dozen of my own. Fighting Frank Bollinger in The Manchurian Candidate headed "Ten Million Americans Mobilizing for Justice" Brig Gen. Bonner Fellers founded "Ten Million Americans Mobilizing for Tomorrow" - a McCarthyite defense committee of sorts. Related Topics 1896 In the News (Fri 6 Feb 09) Signs Richmond (Ads by Google)Banners, Electronic & Vinyl Signs, Vehicle Lettering & More. Call Us!GarrisSigns.com [CTRL] Fwd: YAMATO DYNASTYFellers was an unusual army officer with interesting connections. Bonner Fellers was a cousin of Terry's American wife, Gwen Harold, who came from a long line of Quakers. In short, Fellers and Terasaki were part of a network of Quaker and near-Quakers that reached from Herbert Hoover at one end deep into the imperial palace at the other, to the personal entourage of Hirohito's mother, Dowager Empress Sadako, and other members of the imperial family.www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg73136.html (4392 words) Bonner Fellers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaBonner Frank Fellers (1896 - 1973), during World War II, was a Colonel who served as the USA military attaché to Cairo, Egypt. He was recalled to the United States when it became known that, possibly due to negligence on his part and that of the American consulate, the Italians were intercepting and passing on all British intelligence that he obtained to Colonel-General Erwin Rommel. One of the main actors in the cover-up of Hiro Hito's criminal responsibility, Fellers had contact with over forty war criminals jailed in the Sugamo prison.en.wikipedia.org /?title=Bonner_Fellers (224 words) Nazi Gold: The Emperor's Golden LilyFellers was a former OSS agent attached to MacArthur's command who had been stationed in Cairo in 1941. Fellers was friends with both and had acquired a reputation of being an expert on Japan. Behind the scenes, MacArthur and Fellers were castigating anyone not falling in line with the opinion that the war was the fault of the military.www.spiritone.com /~gdy52150/goldp10.html (4934 words) Far OutliersDuring their initial reunion meetings, Fellers spoke frankly of his urgent concern to prove that no grounds existed for holding the emperor responsible for the Pearl Harbor attack. With Kawai acting as his consultant and collaborator, Fellers was soon put into contact with her acquaintance, Sekiya Teizaburô, the high palace official who, since late Taishô, had played a leading role as a liaison between the court and government ministries. In their view the principles of psychological warfare that Fellers had implemented in the Battle of the Philippines and elsewhere were solidly correct.faroutliers.blogspot.com /2005/09/psyops-quaker-who-helped-reinvent.html (527 words) FTR#426—Return of the Rising Sun, Part II—(One 30-minute segment) (Sources are noted in parenthesesHerbert Hoover had earlier warned [MacArthur aide] Bonner Fellers that the State Department was sending 'a bunch of communists' to Tokyo, along with some 'fellow travelers.' At the time Fellers was very busy suborning General Tojo and other key witnesses. During this whole period, Hoover continued to lead MacArthur to believe that he had a serious chance of being nominated as the Republican presidential candidate or, at the very least vice-president. One of the few statesmen who had tried to talk Hirohito into seeking an early peace, and who had earlier volunteered to go to Switzerland to arrange secret peace talks, Prince Konoe now was flballed by the Americans and hounded to despair in a vicious campaign of backbiting and innuendo.www.spitfirelist.com /f426.html (3100 words) Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)In Sept. 1945, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution that Hirohito be brought to trial. Fellers could have been informed by Joseph Grew, U.S. ambassador to Japan (1931-41), who had advised keeping the emperor as a symbol of national unity. He argued that the emperor was the living symbol of the race in whom lay the virtue of their ancestors.www.iun.edu /~hisdcl/G369_2002/dower3.htm (357 words) CHAPTEIt XVIBonner F. Fellers; the only medical officer attached to the group was Colonel Smith. Bonner F. Fellers, for the Chief of Staff, 25 July 1944. Bonner F., GSC, General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area: Tentative Plan for Civil Affairs in the Philippines, 22 Sept. 1944.history.amedd.army.mil /booksdocs/wwii/civilaffairs/chapter16.htm (18957 words) Larry Hancock: Someone Would Have Talked - The Education Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)About Robert J Morris and Bonner Fellers, and Annie Vonsiatsky, and Ray Cline and Jim Angleton and Major G. Racey Johnson and Dr. Edward Brainwashing Hunter all the other Cold War Warriors who were ex-McCarthyites and ex-MacArthurites. His point man in Cairo, Egypt was Maj Gen Bonner Fellers who LEAKED Montgomery's every move to Rommell. Check it out man. Fellers was Gen Pedro del Valles buddy and both were closet Nazi sympathizers along with Stratemeryer and Wedemeyer and that whole McCarthy crowd including YAF and the John Birch Society.educationforum.ipbhost.com /index.php?showtopic=693&st=75 (3480 words) fellers - OneLook Dictionary SearchWe found 3 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word fellers: Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "fellers" is defined. Phrases that include fellers: buddy wasisname and the other fellers, fairy fellers master stroke, the fairy fellers master stroke, thinking fellers union localwww.onelook.com /?w=fellers (106 words) Truman Library - Joseph L. Rauh, Jr. Oral History Interview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)RAUH: Willoughby was G-2; [Major General Stephen A.] Chamberlain was G-3, that's for operations; [Brigadier General] Bonner Fellers, who later was a public right-winger, one of those Birchers, was G-1. There wasn't any question that he, Bonner Fellers, was interpreting MacArthur's views, that MacArthur hated Roosevelt. You should have seen Feller's face when he walked in to report to his staff, in G-1, what had happened there.www.bonus.com /contour/Truman_Kids/http@@/www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/rauh.htm (17508 words) The United States PSYOP Organization in the Pacific During World War IIPerhaps the most telling report of the real enmity between the rival organizations was when Psywar Chief General Bonner Fellers submitted a plan for secret operations against Japan. Fellers believed that the purpose of psychological warfare was 'to further the military effort by weakening the fighting spirit of the enemy and thus hasten Japan's decision to surrender'." As executive officer, Greene implemented Feller's plans and policies, supervised administration, and coordinated the work of the three section chiefs and the field units.www.psywarrior.com /PSYOPOrgWW2Pac.html (13649 words) nobs: American CaesarWhether he would be as adroit with Eisenhower's generals, not to mention Ike himslef, was another matter. 441}...One of his first acts, he told Bonner Fellers, would be to give women the vote. "The japanese men won't like it," said Fellers, and indeed, as events would prove, many of them regarded it worse than sexual assauly.nobsblog.blogspot.com /2001/03/american-caesar.html (771 words) Philip J. CorsoIn 1963-64 Corso and Willoughby were part of a secret rightwing group, the "Shickshinny Knights of Malta" (so called after their headquarters in Shickshinny, Pennsylvania, to distinguish them from the more famous Roman Catholic Sovereign Military Order of Malta based in Rome). The group provided a home to dissident retired military officers dissatisfied with the CIA's internationalism, many of them, like Willoughby and General Bonner Fellers, veterans of the old Hunt-MacArthur-Pawley coalition in the early 1950s. By 1963 the group's leading asset in their anti-CIA propaganda was a Polish intelligence defector, Michael Goleniewski, who had claimed to audiences inside and outside the CIA that the Agency penetrated by the KGB at a high level.www.virtuallystrange.net /ufo/updates/1997/mar/m10-016.shtml (820 words) Sterling Seagrave: The Yamato DynastyI can't be sure of this because I gave up the practice when I realized that the really interesting stuff was never supported by a source I knew and trusted. As one small example, they quote what seems to me an entirely reasonable memo by Bonner Fellers, presenting the case for not trying the emperor Hirohito as a war criminal. Then they darken it by calling Fellers "one of the exorcists carefully put into place by Joe Grew and Herbert Hoover." Oh, that all-powerful, ever-present VRWC!www.warbirdforum.com /yamato.htm (749 words) Hoover and Truman - Introduction by Richard Norton Smith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)After Truman fired Douglas MacArthur for insubordination in the spring of 1951, Hoover was quick to enter the fray. Telephoning Bonner Fellers, once among the general's closest aides, more recently a mainstay of the Republican National Committee, the former president instructed him to get MacArthur on the phone and tell him to fly back home as soon as possible, lest his stateside enemies smear him beyond recognition. Fellers carried out the assignment, convincing the MacArthurs to abandon their original plan to return by boat.www.bonus.com /contour/Truman_Kids/http@@/www.trumanlibrary.org/hoover/intro.htm (7662 words) Building a New japan IntroductionIncidentally, the Embassy was not far from the Imperial Palace, and the office we found for him, one of the few undamaged buildings of Marunouchi, the Dai-Ichi Insurance Building, overlooked the Palace. Fellers arranged for me to live at the Embassy and to ride to and from the office every day with MacArthur in his rather battered car, the best the Japanese could come up with until MacArthur's pre-war car from the Philippines could be located and sent up to Japan. Fellers said I should carry arms, in case of an attack on MacArthur, and said, "Don't ask the Old Man about whether you should bear arms or not when you're with him.www.javadc.org /building_a_new_japan_introductio.htm (7511 words) Wings for Peace: a Primer for a New Defense - FELLERS, BONNER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)Wings for Peace: a Primer for a New Defense - FELLERS, BONNER FELLERS, BONNER Wings for Peace: a Primer for a New Defense They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs.www.antiqbook.com /boox/sbc/028376.shtml (63 words) The Great Tokyo Air Raid - An Enormous War Crime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)But he was duly relieved of his duty as ineffectual and replaced by LeMay. And LeMay, switching from high explosives to incendiaries, went on to carry out what Gen. Douglas MacArthur's aide, Brigadier Gen. Bonner Fellers, called "one of the most ruthless and barbaric killings of noncombatants in all history." Equally important, the victors of World War II did not just expand the definition of "war crimes," but introduced the new concepts of "crimes against peace" and "crimes against humanity." And these ideas have gained support in recent years.www.rense.com /general29/asdi.htm (1110 words)

Only those brainwashed by the right-wing media could judge the Israeli government to be "a civilized people". The UK never once bombed Ireland. We did some unpleasant things in Northern Ireland but it was the IRA and not the UK government that targeted civilians. It is Israel that should be compared to terrorist groups such as the IRA. I can't help but to remind myself that my list of suspects in the JFK hit included some of the most rabid anti-Semites in the history of mancruel: Rev. Gerald L K Smith: "The Kennedy brothers are nothing but whore-mongering, whisky-swigging, fake Catholics, trying to take this Country away from the God-fearing, White Christian Patriots, like you and me and hand it over on a Silver Platter to all the niggers, the kikes and the spics." Dr. Revilo P. Oliver: "I had a beatific vision last night. I dreamed that all the Jews had been vaporized." The other pro-Fascist, Nazi supporters in my list like Hugh and James Angleton, Charles Willoughby, Major Racey Jordan, Bonner Fellers, William F. Buckley, Jr., E. Howard Hunt, George Lincoln Rockwell, Anastase Vonsiatsky, etc. probably were either closet or blatant anti-Semites as well. I believe that Israel has totally over-reacted with this Gaza retaliation issue as well, but just find it ironic that even someone like Mr. Case Closed, Gerald Posner, even though he wrote a scathing indictment of Mengele, and is himself a Jew, still indirectly exonerates this crew of Nazis and pro-Fascists when he had a chance to sink a nail into their coffins once and for all. I asked "Chip" Berlet the same question once about the benefits to all of mankind from exposing the JFK conspiracy, in order to destroy the Reich Wing forever and he just looked at me quizically and dubiously. Berlet and those who rely on this Right vs. Left conflict, is out of a job once the Reich Wing is crushed and destroyed, I finally realized in retrospect. Hey, even the US Military is out of a job once peace is established in the Middle East. The US used to sell older F-13s and F-14s to Iran and Iraq then shoot them out of the sky using the newer F15s and F16s just as target practice. Neat idea and very efficient. Here is Rev. Gerald L K Smith on the question of Israeli and the Palestinian territorial conflicts from way back in 1960 from the StormFront right wing extremist web site. Take it with a grain of salt based on the dates and on the source, but it is amazing to me how in 50 years the tide of public opinion has perhaps swung back into GLK Smith's court to a great extent, especially based on the recent postings on this site. Maybe this guy Smith was some sort of rabble-rousing prophet who was somehow able to predict this tragedy 50 years ahead of time. THE CRIME OF THE CENTURY By: Gerald L.K. Smith (From THE CROSS & THE FLAG magazine, December, 1960) The formation of the State of Israel is a composite of crime, hypocrisy and deceit. Every sacred principle has been violated. Every law and doctrine having to do with property rights has been violated. Here was an area of land which belonged to about two million people. Suddenly without rhyme or reason the Jew-controlled politicians of England, the United States and other Western nations began to supply arms, munitions and money to a heady clique of Zionists with the understanding that they were going into this area (Palestine) with guns, tanks, money, and a wide variety of munitions to steal approximately ten billion dollars worth of property. They stole it. They killed property owners who resisted. They drove home owners, land owners and businessmen out of their properties and off their lands without offering them any compensation and without giving any legitimate reason except that they, the Jews, wanted what the Arabs already possessed. They exploited the sentimentality of a bunch of goofy, misled, mis-informed Christians by reminding them that they, the Jews, were God's chosen people, and therefore they had the right to go back and steal this land and hold it in the name of misinterpreted Holy Scripture. SMOTHERED PRESS They smothered the press of the Western world and so coerced the American newspapers and the British newspapers and others that the average citizen in these countries had no knowledge of what was going on. Humanitarian people did not realize that between one and two million Arabs were being driven out of their homes to die, to starve and suffer and degenerate into tuberculosis and a variety of a thousand diseases of exposure. Those who resisted the well-armed Jews were slaughtered. Whole villages were wiped out merely as examples of terror so that the remainder of the people would realize what would happen to them if they did not flee leaving everything to the Jews. Short-sighted clergymen and stupid blind leaders of the blind failed even to give their people an honest interpretation of the Scripture which reveals that God's covenant with Abraham was fulfilled through Jesus Christ and not by way of the people who crucified Him and still justify His crucifixion and still hate the mention of His name. In fact, the official ruler of the abortive State of Israel so despised the name of Jesus Christ that when Billy Graham, the Evangelist, visited Palestine with the semi-official approval of the United States Government, he was given to understand that he could not speak in any Government-owned property if he mentioned the name of Jesus Christ. Consequently he was compelled to work around the edges and speak in small buildings and to people out of doors with the official disapproval of the Christ-hating rulers of the Israeli Government. Coerced newspapers and mind-washed journalists failed also to tell the American people that BenGurion is not even an Old Testament believing Jew. He is an atheist and a materialist and belongs to no Synagogue. It is men of his character who are running this bandit realm of invaders and assassins. Nothing has reflected on the character and the self-respect of the organized church more than the fact that the big church bureaucracies have stood still with yellow streaks up their backs as wide as a board. Clergymen of prominence have been afraid to expose this barbaric tyranny and this bandit slaughter, because they were afraid that they would be accused of anti-Semitism. In fact, the mind-washers and the Jew manipulators. who control altogether too much of American journalism and ether-wave comment are all set to represent any individual who criticizes the uncivilized conduct of the Zionists in the Middle East as bigots and anti-Semites. ANTI-SEMITIC JEWS A little handful of American Jews organized themselves into a group known as the American Council of Judaism. The leading personalities in this organization are Rabbi Elmer Berger and a handful of prominent Jewish citizens. They have dared speak out against Zionist crimes and have actually been publicized by the Zionist-controlled press as "antiSemitic Jews." When Rabbi Berger toured the West Coast some years ago warning the Jewish communities that they must not endorse this thievery in the Middle East, he was dubbed by some Jewish journals as the "Gerald Smith of Jewry." Any Fundamentalist Christian who understands his Bible should be smart enough to know that when the time comes for God to restore His kingdom on this earth and to redeem the Holy Land, He will restore it and redeem it in fulfillment of the Abraham covenant via the people who love Christ rather than via the people who curse Christ. If, on the other hand, a church member does not accept the Fundamentalist viewpoint and prefers to think of the restoration of the kingdom of Christ as a spiritual structure separated from geography and politics, the very ethics of his faith should lead him to condemn the practices which have been carried out officially by Zionist thugs and terrorist gangs in the Middle East. Few Americans are aware of the fact that the publicized smear of Mr. Nasser, head of the United Arab Republic, has been based on his very natural opposition to the Ben-Gurion conspiracy to invade Egypt and steal enough land for the Zionist Jews to run another million people into the bleak desert to starve and die. A COURAGEOUS CLERGYMAN It should be noted that the Rev. Dr. Edward L. R. Elson, Pastor of the National Presbyterian Church in Washington, the church to which President Eisenhower belongs -- it should be noted that Dr. Elson is one of a group of very prominent clergymen in the United States who has taken a stand in defense of the abused and banished and looted citizens of Palestine, who were run out of their homes and off their property. Dr. Elson has been the victim of no small amount of persecution and smear and undercover innuendo on the part of mind-washers and propagandists. He deserves much credit for the courageous stand he has taken. I am not dragging Dr. Elson's name into this comment to create the impression that he and I are buddies, or that his position on certain matters would be as extreme as some people think my position is, but I do give him much credit for courageous Christian statesmanship in the way he has associated himself with both Jews and Christians who have been opposed to the barbaric practices imposed upon the helpless Mideastern refugees by the Zionist invaders. A BLOOD-THIRSTY EXAMPLE The reader might be tempted to think that my viewpoint of this situation is a bit extreme and exaggerated. Therefore, I am quoting from a much read periodical known as the JEWISH NEWSLETTER, published by William Zukerman, who does not hesitate to condemn Zionists where they deserve condemnation for their aggressive and uncivilized practices. Mr. Zukerman quotes from a book published by Simon and Shuster entitled "The Faithful City" by Dr. Dov Joseph, former military governor of Jerusalem. A paragraph found on pages 71-72 of the book is enough to shock any decent citizen of any faith anywhere in the world: "We suffered a reverse of a different nature on April 9 when combined Etzel (Irgun) and Stern Gang units mounted a deliberate and unprovoked attack on the Arab village of Deir Yassin on the western edge of Jerusalem. There was no reason for the attack. It was a quiet village, which had denied entry to the volunteer Arab units from across the frontier and which had not been involved in any attacks on Jewish areas. The dissident groups chose it for strictly political reasons. It was a deliberate act of terrorism The event was a disaster in every way. The dissidents held the village for two days and then abandoned it. They earned the contempt of most Jews in Jerusalem, and an unequivocal public repudiation by the Jewish Agency. But they gave the Arabs a strong charge against us, and the words "Deir Yassin" were used over and over again both to justify their own atrocities and to persuade Arab villagers to join the mass flight which was now taking place all over Palestine." Note: Although there was an 'official' condemnation by certain Zionists for the Irgun slaughter, Mr. Werman points out that the mob was not punished and the Zionist politicians did not hesitate to exploit and opportunize on the terror that the massacre had generated. A sidelight to the above massacre by the Zionist gang known as Irgun. is in the fact that one of the chief American supporters of Irgun was Ben Hecht, the Hollywood scenario writer. Hecht formed a committee to raise money for these Jew guerrillas, and in his autobiography, he paid tribute to the notorious Jewish gangster Mickey Cohen who called in his gangster associates and raised large sums of money to be turned over to the Palestine slaughter bund. Note: The vicious animosity of Ben Hecht for the name of Christ is emphasized by his quotation which appeared in one of his books entitled A JEW IN LOVE. "One of the finest things ever done by the mob was the crucifixion of Christ. Intellectually it was a splendid gesture. But trust the mob to bungle. If I'd had charge of executing Christ I'd have handled it differently. You see, what I'd have done was had him shipped to Rome and fed to the lions. They never could have made a savior out of mincemeat." When will men of character in public office, in pulpits, and in positions of great clerical power have the statesmanship, intellectual honesty and the courage to stand out even at the risk of Zionist Jew smear and condemn these barbaric practices? If the religious and patriotic leaders of the Western world do not officially condemn this banditry, generations unborn will inherit a guilt oomplex which might very easily impair the self-respect of whole communities and whole nations. THE PRICE OF CONSCIENCE I thank God that I belong to a fraternity of Christian patriots who have endured the accusation of bigotry, the redhot brand of anti-Semitism, and the propaganda of almost permanent ridicule rather than to cast my lot on the side of cowardice, caution and expediency in such a way as to avoid the smear techniques of the Zionist-controlled press. The average citizen around the world scarcely knows that the abortive state of Israel has not only defied decency and ethics and established precedent, but it has become a United Nations outlaw. Even after the United Nations had partitioned Palestine, contrary to the rights of the Arabs, the Jews refused to accept the borderlines established by an organization which they hoped to control and manipulate. The result has been quite obvious. Even though politicians from every nation on earth have been coerced and high-pressured in an attempt to make them rubber-stamps for Jewish policy, the State of Israel has never experienced a lower position on the 'totem pole' of respect than they now experience in the current session of the United Nations. How can the United States of America and our allies speak with any degree of sincerity concerning the rights of self-determination on the part of peoples seeking independence when we were the underwriters, the financial angels, and the munitions suppliers for the Zionist invaders who took over Palestine and established the abortive State of Israel? Who on this earth with a claim to world-wide respect could possibly justify stealing ten billion dollars worth of property, running between one and two million people out of their homes, off their lands, and away from their places of business, giving them nothing in return and blackmailing the news dispensing agencies to a point where they became afraid to tell the people the truth for fear they would lose favors granted by the international Jewish money changers, the Zionist pressure groups, the department store advertisers, and the 'guerilla' outfits like the Jewish Anti-Defamation League and their ilk? DISILLUSIONMENT Because Mr. Nasser didn't want his nation overrun by Jews while his own compatriots were driven as refugees into the desert to starve and die, he has been smeared in the American press as a 'Hitler of the Nile' and an ally of the Soviets. No people on the face of the earth believed in America more than the Arabs. In the Arab lands we built Christian colleges and many of them became Christians, and those that did not become Christians were educated in colleges which were built by our Christian missionary societies. When we sided with the aggressors for political reasons in a campaign to rob the Arabs even so they made many efforts to remain in our orbit of activity. The British Army went into Palestine before the Zionist invasion and disarmed every Arab to make sure that he was helpless and could not defend his home nor his business while the United'States, France, England and others were furnishing the guns and munitions necessary to drive the Arabs out of their land. Naturally the Arabs were compelled to turn to munition merchants willing to furnish them defensive weapons, and thanks to the Jew-controlled stupidity of American diplomats Nasser was forced to buy munitions of Czechoslovakia. But to prove that he was not proCommunist, he called on his lawmakers to pass legislation making it a criminal offense to organize Communist enterprises within the United Arab Republic. This cowardly and stupid Zionist-controlled behavior of the United States in relationship to the Middle East crisis has caused us much loss of prestige. Don't forget that there are 500 million Moslems who are related sentimentally and. otherwise to the Arabs of Palestine. These Moslems are now suspicious of America where at one time they trusted us. They equate our diplomatic policy with Zionist policy, and they are afraid that in a pinch where we are asked to choose between the wrong thing that the Zionists want, and the right, we will choose to protect our political hides because of the big Jewish vote in the great cities rather than take a stand for truth and righteousness. John Foster Dulles and those who determined our policy in relation to the Egyptian matter deserve some considerable credit even though it was inconsistent with other behaviors when they insisted that the United States should condemn Britain, France and Israel for attempting to invade Egypt. The whole thing was a Jewish manipulation. The shock came to the Jews of the world when they were branded by the United Nations in 1956 as criminal aggressors. Representatives of the Christian Nationalist Crusade take some little credit for having canvassed the membership of the United Nations carefully through committees and agents and the proper literature, to the end that the United Nations delegates were made aware of the real facts concerning the attempted invasion of Egypt. If these Zionist Jews are permitted to get by with this aggression and create the impression on the world that their uncivilized conduct has been approved by America, Britain and others, I doubt seriously if the United States will ever be able to recover the respect and the prestige which we would deserve if we were ruled by the self-respecting majority of our Nation, rather than an aggressive conscienceless clique of Zionist Jews who are determined that they shall not only control our domestic, but our foreign policy. A BLOODY POTENTIAL The average naive reader might be tempted to say: "Oh, why should I be interested in Arabs in Palestine and Zionist Jews?" As indicated above, every decent person should be interested because it is our duty to be mentally, spiritually and academically on the side of right even in relation to matters over which we seem to have little or no control. But there is another reason why every citizen should be interested in the Palestine affair, because it has a life and death relationship to every American home. I am in touch with students of world affairs who have given their whole lives to the study of our relationship to other nations, who are convinced that the big problem today is not Berlin or Formosa or Quemoy or Matsu or the Congo or South Africa or Latin America. They are convinced that the hottest spot in the world is the Middle East and that Jewish controlled propaganda has divided the attention of the American people by creating the impression that the so-called hot spots named above constitute the real hazards for peace and the real hazards for national safety. These highly informed friends tell me that if there is a third World War, it will start in Jerusalem. The Zionists are determined to spend unlimited sums of money lobbying our new Congress in order to accomplish a conspiratorial purpose which thus far has been frustrated and defeated. I am proud to confess that I have been one of the leaders in a subtle and strategic campaign to defeat the purposes of Zionism in relation to the Congress of the United States. Their one great ambition is to force the United States to sign a Mutual Defense Pact. If we were to sign a Mutual Defense Pact with Israel, it would bind us to fight the Arabs the way we are now bound by treaty with Chiang Kai-shek to fight the Communist Chinese. The Jews would find it rather easy to create an incident in the Middle East that would make it appear that they had been attacked by the Arabs. Then when this took place, we would be obligated under a Mutual Defense Pact to go to war on the side of the Zionist Jews in a campaign to slaughter the Arabs. Naturally we would have to win this war, and God only knows how many American lives would be sacrificed to such an immoral victory. We would then be compelled to subdue and enslave the Arabs in behalf of the Zionists, thus giving the Zionists the Middle Eastern empire for which they strive. CHARACTER AND SELF-RESPECT NEEDED God save America, and God save the character and the self-respect of America from ever being diluted or degenerated by any such immoral diplomatic policy. Do not be over-encouraged, however, concerning this matter, because there are some diabolical villains in Washington right now laying the foundation for the consummation of such a policy. I repeat what I have said on so many occasions before in print and in public address. No person can be intelligent concerning world affairs unless he knows what the organized Jew is up to and what the organized Jew has resolved to undertake. My research staff, which includes a large number of volunteers from all over the world, monitors all of the Jewish journals. Editorial positions taken by these journals one season are usually embraced by the Jew-controlled metropolitan press the next season. It is too noticeable to be ignored. Outside of a few maverick journalists and organizations who at the risk of great persecution have taken stands against official policy, these Jewish journals and these Jewish organizations are about 99 % united on the wrong side of the life-and-death issues dealt with and embraced by the Christian Nationalist Crusade. Here are a few samples. 1. They were all against McCarthy. 2. They have all sabotaged by innuendo or down right opposition the Un-American Activities Committee and the Internal Security Committee. 3. They all promote mongrelization. 4. They are almost solidly behind Adlai Stevenson, who was a character witness for Alger Hiss. 5. They are unanimously opposed to a loyalty oath for or the people on the payroll of the United States Government and for students being educated by funds taken out of the United States Treasury. 6. They are almost unanimous in favoring the recognition of Communist China. 7. Even after our State Department urged television stations and networks to avoid giving any extra publicity to the barbaric Khrushchev, it took an obnoxious Jew like David Susskind to violate the strategic request of our State Department and give Khrushchev a forum that would have cost either one of our political parties not less than $50,000, perhaps $100,000. THE PRICE OF HONESTY Of course, when people like the writer points out these facts, the professional Jew carries on a campaign of smear and character assassination which can be scarcely imagined by the private citizen. In fact, one of the most outstanding Jewish journalists of the world said to me some years ago: "Gerald, you're a good fellow and I like you, but because of the stand you have taken we are going to so destroy you and so smear you that when anyone else is tempted to lift his head the way you have, we can point out you and say, 'See what we did to Gerald Smith. That's what we'll do to you.'" It can be understood why I cannot respect the morality of the Zionist Jew when I reflect on the fact that only by the providence of God have I escaped death and prison at the hands of Jewish conspirators and Jewish manipulated lynch mobs. Some years ago when Mrs. Smith and members of my staff and myself barely escaped with our lives after a mob of murderous Jews had attacked us in Chicago and we were escorted to our hotel from the. Woman's Club by police cars 'fore and aft' carrying sawed-off shotguns, the journalistic conscience of the Jewish community in Chicago, which is the largest Jewish journal in America known as the JEWISH SENTINEL carried a vicious editorial attack on me. Previous to the meeting they had joined with the agitators who had precipitated the lynch mob riot resulting in the injury of several of our people. Then after the meeting was over and we had barely escaped with our lives, the JEWISH SENTINEL wrote An editorial. saying: "We intend to make it impossible for Gerald L. K. Smith or any of his ilk to meet in public places anywhere, in Chicago. Let them spew their filth in sewers, in dungeons, in underground basements - not where decent people gather." So you see, dear reader, when I read stories of what the Irgun did to the innocent people of Palestine, I have little difficulty believing in the accuracy of the reports, because in a sense I have been 'Irgunized' myself in the United States. I have no respect whatsoever for the conscience nor the morality of organized Zionism. In some respects their crimes are more vicious than any which were committed by Al Capone. He was a self-confessed gangster and criminal. They pose as fulfillers of Old Testament prophecy. They deceive preachers of the Gospel. They stand in pulpits. They even teach sappy ignorant 'goy' preachers to ape their propaganda; namely, that these the worst enemies Christ has ever had are God's chosen people. No person with enough intelligence to come in out of the rain should be sappy enough to accept this lie. In fact, I consider it one of the most brazen and one of the most unabashed falsehoods ever told to the American people or any people. It may seem unbelievable, but in this Nation of ours we have some sincere Christians who are controlled more by superstition than by fact, and these Zionist Jews have not hesitated to feed these superstitions with some of the most deceptive propaganda ever to come to my attention. A DEADLY SUPERSTITION For instance, I happen to know that there are groups of sincere Christians in America who have been taught to believe to the point of superstition that no matter what wrong thing a Jew does, he must not be criticized, or the critic will be cursed. I could scarcely believe my ears and my eyes when I heard from the lips of certain church members and read in the literature of certain denominations comment supporting this superstition. I was led therefore to prepare a special statement dealing with this subject. This statement has been reduced to a tract and is available free upon request, but I reproduce it below in order that the reader may fit this comment into the facts appearing above. IS IT UNSCRIPTURAL TO CRITICIZE THE JEWS? Abraham was called of God and with Abraham God made a covenant. The purpose of this covenant was to create a special family with a special seed line to be known as Israel. Out of this seed line came a special nation and a special family of mankind. They were protected against the adulteration of their blood line and they were instructed under the school master of God's law summarized by the ten commandments. God assured Abraham that he and his seed would be protected and gave him this assurance with the following words found in Genesis 12:3, "1 will bless them that bless thee and curse him that curseth thee: and in thee shall all the families of the earth be blessed." God kept that covenant and is still keeping that covenant. How did God propose to bless the whole earth through the seed of Abraham? The answer is clear and simple: Through the coming of Jesus Christ. The seed of Abraham by way of the Virgin Mary when matched with the personality of God gave us His Virgin born Son Jesus, the Christ. Thus, God kept His covenant with Abraham by way of the Bethlehem manger, Golgotha's Cross, the open tomb and the coming of the Holy Spirit. Warning! The forces of the anti-Christ and the apostates who not only crucified our Lord and denied His deity, but still perpetuate their anti-Christ teachings, would like to convince the world that the seed line of Abraham and the covenant God made with him is being fulfilled by way of the enemies of Christ and the crucifiers of Christ rather than by way of the believers in Christ and those who have accepted Him as Lord and Saviour. Always remember the Scriptural admonition that "Christ is the end of the law," and we who have accepted Him as our Lord and Saviour are of the true circumcision, as indicated in the Scripture Colossians 2:11, "Ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision, of Christ." This means without doubt that we in Christ are the heirs to God's covenant with Abraham when He said: I will bless them that bless thee and curse him that curseth thee." That promise is for the believing Christian who has accepted Christ as his Saviour. Warning! Apostate Jews and sometimes even blind and misinformed Christian leaders put out the propaganda that if a believing Christian criticizes an unbelieving Jew that he will be cursed. Nothing could be further from the truth. The warning, on the other hand, should go to the enemies of Christ who curse the believing Christian. Upon him is the curse of God. We Christians are of the seed of Abraham by way of the 'circumcision of Christ,' which is indeed not a physical circumcision, but a circumcision of the spirit. Those who curse us will be cursed. Those who bless us will be blessed - that is, as long as we remain true and faithful to our Blessed Lord and Saviour. What bigger lie could Satan tell than to represent the crucifiers of Christ and the organized enemies of Christ as "God's chosen people." Yes, God has a chosen people, but they are the ones who choose Him. God is fulfilling His covenant with Abraham by way of the lovers of Christ, and not by way of the enemies of Christ. We must not be spineless cowards in the presence of those who curse our Lord. We must stand up to His enemies, glorify His name, and resist their Christ-hating techniques. Otherwise, we will forfeit the blessings which He has promised both here and hereafter. Note: Theological mind-washers, operating on the side of the enemies of Christ, have actually stimulated a superstition that it is dangerous to criticize a Jew even though he curses the name of Christ and denies His deity and brands our Lord as the illegitimate son of a lewd woman. Let it be noted that the most successful evangelical preacher in history (Martin Luther) was completely alert to the Jewish question and wrote the strongest book which was ever written on the subject entitled "The Jews and Their Lies" by Martin Luther. His stand against the organized anti-Christ forces was built largely around his understanding of the Jewish question. Extra copies of this tract are available free upon request. Address all orders to the Christian Nationalist Crusade, P. 0. Box 27895, Los Angeles 27, California. A small donation to cover the cost of mailing and handling will be appreciated. The book entitled "The Jews and Their Lies" by Martin Luther may be had at 50c per copy. Thus, ends the tract. Well, what are we Christian Americans going to do? If we have enough gumption to salute the American flag and if we have enough character to stand on the side of truth and righteousness, we are going to see that these Christ-hating Jew Zionists do not determine the destiny of America and do not determine our domestic and foreign policy. They are greedy enough and ambitious enough to assassinate your character and mine. They are greedy enough and conscienceless enough to draw us into an unnecessary war in order to slaughter the Arabs in behalf of their own selfish purposes. In fact, I think they are evil enough to precipitate a war between the Soviets and the Americans if by so doing the Western Christian world can be weakened and they can fulfill the ambitious as outlined in the book. which they hate worse than anything on this earth "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion." Speaking of "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion," it is alleged that this forbidden document contains the recorded minutes of the Zionist organization when they drew up their blueprint for world power. When Henry Ford, Sr., republished these Protocols he brought down upon his head the curse of every professional Jew on earth even to the point of a boycott against his business and numerous threats against the lives of his family. When interviewed concerning his opinion of the Protocols, Mr. Ford said: - "The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on." Wherever the Jews have come to power, as they did in Soviet Russia and behind the Iron Curtain and in other European countries, anyone caught with a copy of "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" referred to above is either shot or imprisoned. In the Communist countries it has been a capital and criminal offense to possess or distribute "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion." I quote below a few paragraphs from this deadly document: "We must force the Gentile governments to adopt measures which will promote our broadly conceived plan already approaching its triumphal goal by bringing to bear the pressure of stimulated public opinion which has in reality been organized by us with the help of the so-called 'great power' of the press. With few exceptions, not worth considering, it has already fallen into our hands." - The Seventh Protocol "We will force up wages, which however will be of no benefit to workers, for we at the same time will cause a rise in the prices of prime necessities, pretending that this is due to decline of agriculture and of cattle raising. We will also artfully and deeply undermine the sources of production by instilling in the workmen ideas of anarchy and encourage them in the use of alcohol, at the same time taking measures to drive all the intellectual forces of the Gentiles from the land." - The Sixth Protocol "It is for this reason that we must undermine faith, eradicate from the minds of the Gentiles the very principles of God and Soul, and replace these conceptions by mathematical calculations and material desires." - The Fourth Protocol "We will so wear out and exhaust the Gentiles by all this that they will be compelled to offer us an international authority, which by its position will enable us to absorb without disturbance all the governmental forces of the world and thus form a supergovernment. "We must so direct the education of Gentile society that its hands will drop in the weakness of discouragement in the face of any undertaking where initiative is needed." - The Fifth Protocol "When we become rulers we shall regard as undesirable the existence of any religion except our own, proclaiming One God with whom our fate is tied as The Chosen People, and by whom our fate has been made one with the fate of the world. For this reason we must destroy all other religions. If thereby should emerge contemporary atheists, then, as a transition step, this will not interfere with our aims." -The Fourteenth Protocol "A world coalition of Gentiles could cope with us temporarily, but we are assured against this by roots of dissension among them so deep that they cannot be torn out. We have created antagonism between the personal and national interests of the Gentiles by arousing religious and race hatreds which we have nourished in their hearts for twenty centuries." - The Fifth Protocol "To each act of opposition we must be in a position to respond by bringing on war through the neighbors of any country that dares to oppose us, and if these neighbors should plan to stand collectively against us, we must let loose a world war." - The Seventh Protocol "The administrators chosen by us from the masses for their servility will not be persons trained for government, and consequently they will easily become pawns in our game, played by our learned and talented counsellors, specialists educated from early childhood to administer world affairs. As we know, our specialists have been acquiring the necessary knowledge for governing . . ." - The Second Protocol "We shall soon begin to establish huge monopolies, colossal reservoirs of wealth, upon which even the big Gentile properties will be dependent to such an extent that they will all fall together with the government credit on the day following the political catastrophe. The economists here present must carefully weigh the significance of this combination. We must develop by every means the importance of our super-government, representing it as the protector and benefactor of all who voluntarily submit to us. "The aristocracy of the Gentiles as a political force has passed away. We need not take them into consideration. But, as owners of the land, they are harmful to us in that they are independent in their sources of livelihood. Therefore, at all costs, we must deprive them of their land. "The best means to attain this is to increase the taxes and mortgage indebtedness. These measures will keep land ownership in a state of unconditional subordination. Unable to satisfy their needs by small inheritances, the aristocrats among the Gentiles will burn themselves out rapidly. "At the same time it is necessary to encourage trade and industry vigorously and especially speculation, the function of which is to act as a counterpoise to industry. Without speculation, industry will cause private capital to increase and tend to improve the condition of Agriculture by freeing the land from indebtedness for loans by the land banks. It is necessary for industry to deplete the land both of laborers and capital, and, through speculations, transfer all the money of the world into our hands, thereby throwing the Gentiles into the ranks of the proletariat. The Gentiles will then bow before us to obtain the right to existence." - The Sixth Protocol "To wear everyone out by dissensions, animosities, feuds, famine, inoculation of diseases, want, until the Gentiles see no other way of escape except an appeal to our money and power." The Tenth Protocol "In order not to destroy prematurely the Gentile institutions, we have laid our efficient hands on them, and rasped the springs of their mechanism. They were formerly in strict and just order, but we have replaced them with a liberal disorganized and arbitrary administration. We have tampered with jurisprudence, the franchise, the press, freedom of the person, and, most important of all, education and culture, the cornerstone of free existence. "We have misled, stupefied and demoralized the youth of the Gentiles by means of education in principles and theories patently false to us, but which we have inspired. "Above existing laws, without, actual change but by distorting them through contradictory interpretations, we have created something stupendous in the way of results." - The Ninth Protocol "To prevent them from really thinking out anything themselves, we shall deflect their attention to amusements, games, pastimes, excitements and people's palaces. Such interests will distract their minds completely from questions on which we might be obliged to struggle with them. Becoming less and less accustomed to independent thinking, people will express themselves in unison with us because we alone offer new lines of thought - of course through persons whom they do not consider as in any way connected with us." _ The Thirteenth Protocol "People of all opinions and all doctrines are at our service, restorers of monarchy, demagogues, Socialists, Communists and other Utopians. We have put them all to work. Every one of them from his point of view is undermining the last remnant of authority, is trying to overthrow all existing order. All the governments have been tormented by these actions. But we will not give them peace until they recognize our super-government." - The Ninth Protocol "When we introduced the poison of liberalism into the government organism, its entire political complexion changed." - The Tenth Protocol "In this divergence between the Gentiles and ourselves in ability to think and reason is to be seen clearly the seal of our election as the chosen people, as higher human beings, in contrast with the Gentiles who have merely instinctive and animal minds. They observe, but they do not foresee, and they invent nothing. (except perhaps material things). It is clear from this that nature herself predestinated us to rule and guide the world." - The Fourteenth Protocol "We shall handle the press in the following manner: (1) We shall saddle it and keep tight rein upon it. We shall do the same also with other printed matter, for of what use is it to rid ourselves of attacks in the press, if we remain exposed to criticism through pamphlets and books? (2) Not one announcement will reach the people save under our supervision. We have attained this at the present time to the extent that all news is received through several agencies in which it is centralized from all parts of the world. (3) Literature and journalism are two most important educational forces, and consequently our government will become the owner of most of the journals. * * * If we permit ten private journals, we shall organize thirty of our own, and so on. This must not be suspected by the public, for which reason all the journals published by us will be externally of the most contrary opinions and tendencies thus evoking confidence in them and attracting our unsuspecting opponents, who thus will be caught in our trap and rendered harmless." - The Twelfth Protocol "Our triumph has been rendered easier by the fact that in our relations with the men whom we wanted we have always worked upon the most sensitive chords of the human mind, upon the cash account, upon the cupidity, upon the insatiability for material needs of man; and each one of these human weaknesses, taken alone, is sufficient to paralyze initiative, for it hands over the will of men to the disposition of him who has bought their activities." -The First Protocol Any student of history knows that when the Bolsheviks came to power 290 of their 300 commissars were Jews. In recent years certain professional Jews have tried to propagandize the United States with the theory that the Jews are no longer in power in Russia, but we noticed that when Khrushchev came to the United States that there was no resistance nor bitterness on the part of official Jewry. In fact, the only person who gave Khrushchev a free expensive television forum was Susskind, the Jew. My point is established by the raising of one question: Could the reader have imagined the Jews of New York sitting still and behaving with polite courtesy the way they did for Khrushchev (the killer of millions of Christians) if Hitler had been invited to the United States even ten years before the war broke out? If even a member of Congress with no authority to extend an invitation had suggested that Hitler be invited to come over and confer with our President and confer with our leaders, anyone who understands the terrorist methods of organized Jewry in America knows that the professional Jews would have immediately demanded the impeachment of that Congressman and his annihilation from public life. If the reader wants to know what the organized Jew in power would do to the United States if he came to absolute control, all he needs to do is to study the morality of the Zionist Jew in the Middle East in which these Christ-hating tyrants have violated all the rules of decency, all established civilized precedent, and all ethics having to do with the relationship of one man to another. God save us from the heirs of the crucifiers of Christ. For those who despise Him today scientifically and dogmatically are as ready to crucify the civilization which grew out of the bleeding heart of our Master as they were ready to crucify Him two thousand years ago. Return to Gerald L. K. Smith Directory Return to Christian Identity Table of Contents Return to Home Page

Wickliffe Draper was Lucie's uncle..... Here are some more details about the Tafts and the Drapers I just discovered. Did not know that the Dukes Tobacco Interests and the Tafts were this closely associated with the Textile interests of the Drapers. Did you folks know that Frank Wisner from Mississippi was also in the 1936 Olympics as a sprinter along with Floyd Draper, Wick Draper's nephew and that they BOTH played 2nd fiddle to Jesse Owens and Roger Metcalf as well. Neither the Drapers, the Wisners, the entire East Coast WASP establishment, nor Adolph Hitler were too excited about how that all played out. Draper started The Pioneer Fund a few months later in 1937, and the rest is history as they say. Instead of Floyd Draper and Frank Wisner going down as 4 time Olympic Gold Medalists they had to settle for the relay races in the sprints and Owens and Metcalf got all the Gold and the Glory, too. Seems to me that the law firm of: Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft played a big role in some famous cases in the middle of the previous century. Anyone hear of them? Mr. and Mrs. Taft and Walbridge S. Taft were guests at the wedding of Mary, daughter of Benjamin N. Duke of the American Tobacco Co., to A.J. Drexel Biddle. ($500,000 in Gifts At Biddle Wedding. New York Times, Jun. 17, 1915.) He was active in fundraisers for the American Society for the Control of Cancer in 1926. (Cancer Fund Gains $90,000 in Campaign. New York Times, Sep. 28, 1926; $100,000 Offered For Cancer Cure. New York Times, Dec. 16, 1926.) Walbridge S. Taft His son, Walbridge Smith Taft, Yale 1907, was a member of Elihu. He practiced in his father's office until 1913, practiced independently to 1915, partner Parks, McKinstry, Taft 1915-17, then Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft until his death in 1951. He married Elizabeth Clark of Detroit in 1923. (Bulletin of Yale University. Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased during the Year 1950-1951, pp. 63-64.) He and his father were guests at the wedding of Mary, daughter of Benjamin N. Duke of the American Tobacco Co., to A.J. Drexel Biddle. ($500,000 in Gifts At Biddle Wedding. New York Times, Jun. 17, 1915), and he was an usher of William J. Sturgis at his marriage to Thomas B. Yuille's daughter Ellen. (Miss Ellen Yuille Weds W.J. Sturgis. New York Times, Nov. 18, 1915.) Taft's first marriage was to Helen Draper, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. George A. Draper of Boston. His brother, William Howard Taft 2d, was best man. Ushers included William J. Sturgis, Lee J. Perrin [s&B 1906], Arthur P. McKinstrey, James Watson Webb, Angier B. Duke, Theodore P. Dixon, Reese Alsop, and James Jackson Higginson, all of New York. (Walbridge S. Taft Weds Miss Draper. New York Times, Feb. 11, 1917.) Obituary Record 1950-1951 / Yale University Library (pdf, 160 pp) William H. Taft 2d Willliam Howard Taft 2d, Yale 1909, was subscription manager of The New York Times from 1923 to 1929. He was associated with securities brokers Taylor, Bates & Co. from 1929 to 1934. He was vice president of the Central Savings Bank 1934-36, and assistant treasurer, assistant vice president and secretary of the Bank for Savings. He married Marguerite Temple O'Neill of Pittsburgh in 1917. (Obituary Record of Graduates of the Undergraduate Schools Deceased during the Year 1951-1952, pp. 79-80.) <A href="http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1925_1952/1951-52.pdf">Obituary Record 1951-1952 / Yale University Library (pdf, 215 pp)

Take some of this with a severe grain of salt since the author is Eustace Mullins, a right-wing extremist and Eugenicist favored by the Extreme Right in the USA... And it was published by The Ezra Pound Institute as well. THE WORLD ORDER A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism by Eustace Mullins Published by : Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization P.O. Box 1105 Staunton, VA 24401 Books by Eustace Mullins MULLINS ON THE FEDERAL RESERVE SECRETS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE THE FEDERAL RESERVE CONSPIRACY DER BANKIER VERSCHWORUNG DER JEKYLL ISLAND THIS DIFFICULT INDIVIDUAL EZRA POUND First Edition Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 84-082357 Copyright 1985 Eustace Mullins Dedicated to the memory of Haroldson Lafayette Hunt Anyone who wants to review this document has to go to the original source. It was only posted in responese to another person's request about Ezra Pound and James Angleton. I knew this guy was controversial. Why they didicated this to H. L. Hunt is beyond me except for the fact that Hunt may have financed the publications.

Tom, I have not heard of her before this. I tend to focus on those suspects who have a long and fabled history of violence, or those who make violent and threatening statements (anti-Kennedy or anti-Democracy) and those who have memberships or leadership positions in either pro-Nazi or pro-Fascist organizations. I try to give their women-folk the benefit of the doubt. As you know murders and violent felonies are usually committed by persons with excessive testosterone levels. <grin> Plus, those most likely to work for the destruction of the Iron Curtain via the death of JFK usually lost almost everything during the 1917 Russian Revolution. Anyone who has a husband who can afford a 55-carat diamond ring is not going to rattle cages or take many risks. Poverty, hate and remorse breeds thoughts of revenge and efforts to recapture lost riches earned under the Czarist regime which still might be recoverable. Even Herbert Hoover's family lost oil wells and property in the 1917 Revolution and spent decades trying to get it all back somehow. But I will keep an eye out for any links to her or her husbands. She might have been a moneybags source for Vonsiatsky though. I will send you a few private names of interest if you have the time or interest to pursue them, but one or 2 may still be alive, so please use caution. I will identify those still armed and dangerous and you have to promise never to divulge their names on this or any other public forum. You game for this? Ironically enough I suffered a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) a few years ago, too, but the blood clot was dislodged as I hit the floor and I only suffered speech impairnment and motor skill disruptions for about 5-6 hours. Really sorry to hear about your wife and what you are both going through. There but for the grace of God, go I. My prayers are with you both. I was told that I had the same condition which caused Tedy Bruschi of the Patriots to have his stroke, too. John Bevilaqua

<LI class=g><H3 class=r>Wickliffe Draper and Anastase Vonsiatsky - The Education Forum</H3>After you finish this manuscript, you will likely join the many others who are 100% CONVINCED that Draper and Vonsiatsky are THE HIGHEST-LEVEL IDENTIFIED ... educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11238 - 206k - Cached - Similar pages<LI class=g style="MARGIN-LEFT: 3em"><H3 class=r>Anastase A. Vonsiatsky - The Education Forum</H3>15 posts - Last post: Oct 24, 2007Links to: Wickliffe Draper Links To: Anastase Vonsiatsky ... 1963 - Wickliffe Draper and Annie Vonsiatsky orchestrate the "termination with ... educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic=11362 - 221k - Cached - Similar pages More results from educationforum.ipbhost.com »<LI class=g><H3 class=r>[CTRL] Fwd: JFK and The Manchurian Candidate: Anastase Vonsiatsky</H3>and "The Pioneer Fund" of Wickliffe Draper and Tsar Anastae Vonsiatsky, .... Has there ever been a pair of individuals like Draper and Vonsiatsky, ... www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg98086.html - 35k - Cached - Similar pages<LI class=g style="MARGIN-LEFT: 3em"><H3 class=r>[CTRL] Fwd: JFK and The Manchurian Candidate: Anastase Vonsiatsky</H3>[CTRL] Fwd: JFK and The Manchurian Candidate: Anastase Vonsiatsky ... Manchuria and his financial sponsor Colonel Wickliffe Draper from Hopedale, ... www.mail-archive.com/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg108828.html - 10k - Cached - Similar pages More results from www.mail-archive.com »<LI class=g><H3 class=r>Little" Orphan "Annie" and "Big Daddy" Warbucks</H3>Carl Oglesby and former FBI agent Bill Turner, both JFK assassination authors, reviewed the evidence regarding Vonsiatsky and Draper and agree with me on ... karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/Spring1999Conference/Abstracts/McLoughlinAbstRev.html - 5k - Cached - Similar pages<LI class=g style="MARGIN-LEFT: 3em"><H3 class=r>John Bevilaqua</H3>Draper's neighbor and partner, Anastase Vonsiatsky, the man who tried to kill FDR joined with Gerald L. K. Smith, the man who killed Huey Long, ... karws.gso.uri.edu/jfk/The_critics/Bevilaqua/Bevilaqua_bio.html - 32k - Cached - Similar pages<LI class=g><H3 class=r>EVEN THE RUSSIANS KNEW IT WAS A CONSPIRACY - alt.conspiracy.jfk ...</H3>Feb 4, 2009 ... Has there ever been a pair of individuals like Draper and Vonsiatsky, > > who achieved less notoriety while perpetrating more heinous and ... groups.google.com/group/alt.conspiracy.jfk/msg/513bc9208a0910d1 - Similar pages<LI class=g style="MARGIN-LEFT: 3em"><H3 class=r>Listen to Senator Fulbright, Richard Condon and President ...</H3>[Anastase Vonsiatsky, Draper's hired thug, union strikebreaker and mercenary worked for The Romanoff Caviar Company in. America for several years and worked ... groups.google.com/group/alt.conspiracy.jfk/msg/43cc9c051a6d78b4 - 92k - Cached - Similar pages More results from groups.google.com »<LI class=g><H3 class=r>pagine. - Omgili Education</H3>and Anastase Vonsiatsky - The Education ForumWilliam H. Draper, Jr. (Christopher Simpson... - Preview... educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.php?showtopic. ... education.v.omgili.com/v/pagine./ - 40k - Cached - Similar pages<H3 class=r>Bonner Fellers - Kosmix</H3>About Robert J Morris and Bonner Fellers, and Annie Vonsiatsky, . ... Inc. Both Ray S. Cline and Bonner Fellers plus Wick Draper and Charles ... history.kosmix.com/topic/Bonner_Fellers - 40k - Cached - Similar pages

Here are some of the Draper and Vonsiatsky links on alt.conspiracy.jfk which I am either directly or indirectly responsible for on GoogleGoogle Groups... Enjoy them. There are even more on GoogleBooks. Dual JFK Plotmasters: Wickliffe Draper and Anastase Vonsiatsky alt.conspiracy.jfk - 1 post - 1 author - Last post: 3 days agoAfter you finish this manuscript, you will likely join the many others who are 100% CONVINCED that Draper and Vonsiatsky are THE HIGHEST- LEVEL IDENTIFIED ... http://groups.google.com/g/e797ff03/t/b987...859950030960b2a Anastase "Annie" Vonsiatsky - Manchurian Candidate alt.conspiracy.jfk - 13 posts - 4 authors - Last post: May 17, 2001Magic Bullet magicbul...@octa4.net.au alt conspiracy jfk Dr. Hans J. Eysenck - Nazi Brain Scientist <WickliffeDra...@hotmail.com> wrote in message ... http://groups.google.com/g/e797ff03/t/44e5...baf93801ec87f42 Tsar Anastase Vonsiatsky - REMEMBER That Name alt.conspiracy.jfk - 3 posts - 2 authors - Last post: Oct 22, 2002Kirk Russell jfki...@cox.net alt conspiracy jfk By popular demand I am going to post some of the reams of information regarding one of the most enigmatic ... http://groups.google.com/g/e797ff03/t/dd77...ace4d48da558e25 Draper and Vonsiatsky - "Big Daddy" Warbucks and Little Orphan ... alt.assassination.jfk - 3 posts - 2 authors - Last post: May 30, 2003John Bevilaqua cyberdu...@cox.net alt assassination jfk js70...@aol.com (JS707FL ) wrote in message news:<20030529034832.23187.00000...@mb-m13.aol.com>. ... http://groups.google.com/g/af17fef9/t/8c1a...8dff9c57f5e06e3 Dietrich Eckart, Nazi Mind Control and Anastase Vonsiatsky ... alt.assassination.jfk - 3 posts - 3 authors - Last post: Aug 15, 2003... prwhit...@yahoo.com alt assassination jfk cyberdu...@cox.net (John Bevilaqua ) wrote in message news:<53177ce1.0308141217.792da...@posting.google.com>. ... http://groups.google.com/g/af17fef9/t/e258...a6663297fd07a7e Tsar Anastase Vonsiatsky - REMEMBER THAT NAME alt.assassination.jfk - 2 posts - 2 authors - Last post: Oct 23, 2002... Whitmey prwhit...@yahoo.com alt assassination jfk "Kirk Russell" <jfkinfo@ cox.net> wrote in message news:<l12t9.195112$S32.12988...@news2.west.cox.net>. ... http://groups.google.com/g/af17fef9/t/9931...10ad7e759a9f61a Flash: Wickliffe P. Draper, Medgar Evers and The MSC alt.conspiracy.rfk - Last post: Apr 4, 2001WickliffeDra...@hotmail.com alt conspiracy rfk alt jfk assassination alt politics assassination alt politics org cia fidonet jfk_assn Big Daddy Warbucks, ... http://groups.google.com/g/1067ff02/t/79ee...f36e7349aae1f3c Richard Condon (Manchurian Candidate) outed JFK's plotters in 1958 alt.conspiracy.jfk - 2 posts - 1 author - Last post: yesterdayAnastase Vonsiatsky jfbevila...@gmail.com alt conspiracy jfk On Feb 4, ... Sr., George Draper and a young Charles Willoughby essentially launched the ... http://groups.google.com/g/e797ff03/t/94bc.../a77b901d56238f Rev. Gerald LK Smith snuffed both Senator Huey Long and JFK alt.conspiracy.jfk - 1 post - 1 author - Last post: 3 days agoVonsiatsky was featured in "The Russian Fascists" (Little, Brown 1979) and Wickliffe Draper funded "The Bell Curve" (1994), founded Human Events Magazine ... http://groups.google.com/g/e797ff03/t/465a...7bc7becfa222ed9 The Education Forum > H. Smith Richardson Foundation 2 posts - Last post: Oct 28, 2007The Pioneer Fund and Wickliffe Draper, Buckley's nearby neighbor in ... Candidate himself, Anastase Vonsiatsky, whose headquarters were in ... http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/lofivers...php/t11403.html

Discussion regarding the evidence against JFK'S plotters gathered by analyzing both "The Manchurian Candidate", the novel, by Richard Condon and "The Manchurian Candidate", the movies by John Frankenheimer (1962) and Paramount Studios (2003). Draper and Vonsiatsky were also evidenced in the personas of Harold Gray's "Big Daddy" Warbucks and "Little Orphan" Annie deliberately. As just one example of a Richard Condon "anagram" identifying Tsar Anastase Vonsiatsky here is the mapping from the anagram he inserted in the novel: "...known: Yaztas, Fravashi and Amesha Spentas." and the deciphered phrase: "Tsar Anastase Vonsiatsky Dawn Phase Fashism" Every single letter in column 2 is used and mapped into column 3 and only a half dozen letters had to be used more than once. Condon also described Vonsiatsky's wife, he job as a Red Cross nurse, Vonsiatsky's role in the Fifth Column of Fascism, and other deliberately inserted similarities which will be covered in my manuscript later this month. Here is the link in books.google.com to that exact phrase so you can see it for your self: "known: Yaztas, Fravashi and Amesha Spentas" http://books.google.com/books?id=fmB9mXvRy...6&dq=yaztas Here is another one to: "Miss Viola Narvilly - Opera Singer" which some have denied exists. http://books.google.com/books?id=fmB9mXvRy...amp;dq=narvilly And one of my favorites: "Berlitz schools taught Temajegh" http://books.google.com/books?id=fmB9mXvRy...sm6BQ#PPA165,M1 This is almost impossible within a text file to get the columns to line up. But you should get the idea, right? This link at least formats the rows and the columns better : http://wordhyperlinks.com/ManCandAnagrams.htm Any questions? At the URL link above just click back and forth on the page tabs at the bottom for "1st Col Sort" and "4th Col Sort" to see how it toggles back and forth between the scrambled and the unscrambled version of Richard Condon's anagram. You can just imagine the work he had to do in order to get this to come out correctly and the work that I had to do to re-read the entire novel looking for closely clustered values of the letters contained in Vonsiatsky's full name and adopted title of "Tzar" like the letters: Z, V, K, Y, T Just imagine all the work I had to do to show that Vonsiatsky was indeed present at The Richard Giesbrecht Winnipeg Airport Incident AND in The Manchurian Candidate, too. Plus I had to find Draper's picture in his Harvard University 50th reunion yearbook from 1963 to see that he looked EXACTLY like "Big Daddy Warbucks" from "Little Orphan Annie" fame. Please do not trivialize or minimize the efforts involved here. As Christopher Walkind once said: "You should be in AWWWWWE. You should be in total AWWWWWWE" ... that Harold Gray in Little Orphan Annie, Richard Condon in The Manchurian Candidate (1958), Charles Higham in American Swastika (circa 1978), John Roy Carlson (actually Arthur Dernounian) in Undercover (1943) and The Plotters (1944) and myself were able to track this Nazi bastard down. Even Prof. John J. Stephan in "The Russian Fascists" (Little Brown, 1979) spent half his book on Vonsiatsky but assisiduously avoided fingering the guy in much of anything which leads me to believe John Stephan was indeed Max Stephan's son who was Gerald L K Smith's attorney. As a likely White Russian, John J. Stephan would never finger a friend of his father's or a friend of his father's clients in the JFK conundrum. But I can and I did. A1..... K..... T..... A13 A2..... N..... Z..... A12 A3..... O..... A..... A7 A4..... W..... R..... A18 A5..... N..... ..... A6..... ..... A..... A11 A7..... A..... N..... A5 A8..... S..... A..... A14 A9..... ..... S..... A15 A10..... Y..... T..... A41 A11..... A..... A..... A19 A12..... Z..... S..... A22 A13..... T..... E..... A32 A14..... A..... ..... A15..... S..... V..... A20 A16..... ..... O..... A3 A17..... F..... N..... A27 A18..... R..... S..... A33 A19..... A..... I..... A24 A20..... V..... A..... A26 A21..... A..... T..... A40 A22..... S..... S..... A37 A23..... H..... K..... A1 A24..... I..... Y..... A10 A25..... ..... ..... A26..... A..... D..... A28 A27..... N..... A..... A30 A28..... D..... W..... A4 A29..... ..... N..... A40 A30..... A..... ..... A31..... M..... P..... A38 A32..... E..... H..... A34 A33..... S..... A..... A42 A34..... H..... S..... A43 A35..... A..... E..... A39 A36..... ..... ..... A37..... S..... F..... A17 A38..... P..... A..... A42 A39..... E..... S..... A43 A40..... N..... H..... A34 A41..... T..... I..... A24 A42..... A..... S..... A33 A43..... S..... M..... A31 This link at least formats the rows and the columns better : http://wordhyperlinks.com/ManCandAnagrams.htm Any questions?

________________________________________________________________ Bevilaqua, (is that your real name?) Thanks you making a post-rather-informative. Fairly concise, and yes rather informative, quite well-written (as is to be expected from a Haaavard grad such as yourself, I suppose. I particulary like the excerpt I'm posting in this here reply. Keep up the good work, Bevilaqua. --Thomas John (is that your real name?), You're Welcome. You know how much I love complimenting you. John (is that really yourl name???), have you ever posted on other websites that Alvin Beubouef was an "agent" of the so-called (White Russian) Soldarists ? Yours, --Tommy O'Mochain (biolgical name; what's yours, really?) At the age of 17 or 18 in 1963, Al could only have been an agent of the Civil Air Patrol at best from what I can tell. When I was 15 or 16 we were all "deputized" as junior Civil Defense members and given a phone number to call if we ever saw any rocket vapor trails overhead heading in a South to North direction towards Washington, DC from Havana. Now "that" was the extent of our high technology missile defense system in place in South Florida (Miami) during the early days of the Cuban Missile Crisis. On the back of the card it should have said: "Now have a seat somewhere, put your head between your knees and lock your hands behind your head and then you can readily kiss your XXX goodbye." My real name is: Mr. John Jacob Jingle-Heimer Englebert Humperdinck J. Alfred Prufock Smith. Happy now? What is your claim to fame in the JFK conundrum anyway? Or are you just a dilletante? Post edited by moderator due to language.

Only those brainwashed by the right-wing media could judge the Israeli government to be "a civilized people". The UK never once bombed Ireland. We did some unpleasant things in Northern Ireland but it was the IRA and not the UK government that targeted civilians. It is Israel that should be compared to terrorist groups such as the IRA. I can't help but to remind myself that my list of suspects in the JFK hit included some of the most rabid anti-Semites in the history of mancruel: Rev. Gerald L K Smith: "The Kennedy brothers are nothing but whore-mongering, whisky-swigging, fake Catholics, trying to take this Country away from the God-fearing, White Christian Patriots, like you and me and hand it over on a Silver Platter to all the niggers, the kikes and the spics." Dr. Revilo P. Oliver: "I had a beatific vision last night. I dreamed that all the Jews had been vaporized." The other pro-Fascist, Nazi supporters in my list like Hugh and James Angleton, Charles Willoughby, Major Racey Jordan, Bonner Fellers, William F. Buckley, Jr., E. Howard Hunt, George Lincoln Rockwell, Anastase Vonsiatsky, etc. probably were either closet or blatant anti-Semites as well. I believe that Israel has totally over-reacted with this Gaza retaliation issue as well, but just find it ironic that even someone like Mr. Case Closed, Gerald Posner, even though he wrote a scathing indictment of Mengele, and is himself a Jew, still indirectly exonerates this crew of Nazis and pro-Fascists when he had a chance to sink a nail into their coffins once and for all. I asked "Chip" Berlet the same question once about the benefits to all of mankind from exposing the JFK conspiracy, in order to destroy the Reich Wing forever and he just looked at me quizically and dubiously. Berlet and those who rely on this Right vs. Left conflict, is out of a job once the Reich Wing is crushed and destroyed, I finally realized in retrospect. Hey, even the US Military is out of a job once peace is established in the Middle East. The US used to sell older F-13s and F-14s to Iran and Iraq then shoot them out of the sky using the newer F15s and F16s just as target practice. Neat idea and very efficient.

I am not sure that this is the real Al. There are a couple of things that ring true, but a few of the bio details seem to be wrong. Also, this person asked in the Bio section if I had ever contacted him; I have been in contact with the real Al many times, even staying at his home. I'll call Al today and check to see if it is him. YEAH IT'S ME.. CALL ME @504 278 5699 Al, Were you involved with the Russian Orthodox Church or with White Russian Solidarists? Do you know anything about Ferrie's involvement there? Can you pick out the White Russians or Solidarists from the Torbitt Document excerpts?

I am not sure that this is the real Al. There are a couple of things that ring true, but a few of the bio details seem to be wrong. Also, this person asked in the Bio section if I had ever contacted him; I have been in contact with the real Al many times, even staying at his home. I'll call Al today and check to see if it is him. YEAH IT'S ME.. CALL ME @504 278 5699 Here is an excerpt from The Torbitt Document which mentions at least a dozen White Russians... Jean deMenil perhaps the most prominent of the lot. Al, do you have a White Russian heritage and do you know anything about Ferrie's days with the Russian Orthodox Church? From Torbitt: We shall later examine the involvement of a large number of the DISC agents including Clay Shaw, Guy Bannister, David Ferrie, Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby and others with Permindex's Louis Mortimer Bloomfield of Montreal, Canada in charge. ... McKeown, Ruby, Prio, and their New Orleans associates, David Ferrie, Clay Shaw, Maurice Brooks Gatlin, Guy Bannister, Sergio Arcacha Smith, and the others all followed the orders of Jean DeMenil in Houston and Wernher Von Braun of Redstone. ... The second layer of participants with supervisory and working assignments under Bloomfield and the first group were Walter Dornberger, ex-Nazi General, Guy Bannister, Albert Osborne of A.C.C.C., E.E. Bradley of A.C.C.C., Morris Dalitz of Las Vegas, Major General John B. Medaris, Robert McKeown, Igor Voshinin, George Bouhe, Peter Gregory, Maurice Gatlin, Sergio Arcacha Smith, Lee Harvey Oswald, William Seymour, David Ferrie, T. Gonzales, Manuel Garcia Gonzales, Layton Martens, Gordon Novel, Walter Sheridan, William Dalzell, Paul Raigorodsky, Joe Bonanno, Dimitri Royster of A.C.C.C., Alex Carlson, George Mandel, Breck Wall, Clay Shaw, Joe Cody, Jake Kosloff, Mike McLaney, Ruth and Mike Paine, Igor Vagonov, Jack Bowen, Mike Ryan, Tammie True, Max Cherry, Patrick Hoy, David Hoy, James Powell and a number of others with limited assignments informed only enough to carry out the assignments with dispatch. ... The Solidarist world network is connected through the old Orthodox Catholic Church of North America and Synod of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia which church connected organization used one of its priests, David Ferrie, in New Orleans as an agent in the planning of the Kennedy assassination. Ferrie became a priest and agent for the Solidarists when he dropped out of the Roman Catholic Seminary in Ohio and joined the Byelorussian Liberation Front at 3308 West 43rd Street, Cleveland, Ohio in 1946.81 ... David Ferrie was in Dallas, Texas on the night of November 24, 1963.Ferrie talked to Bob Mulholland, an NBC news man from the Chicago office, in Dallas the night of the 24th and admitted that he was connected with Jack Ruby's Carousel Club.Ferrie even knew the emcee at the club and spoke freely exhibiting a friendship with Jack Ruby and a knowledge of an number of Jack Ruby's associates in Dallas.89 ... We shall return to Ruby, Ferrie and their activities, but now is as good a time as any to add one more piece of evidence to the mountain of such inculpating the Defense Industrial Security Command. ... David Ferrie, Maurice Brooks Gatlin, Guy Bannister and Mike McLaney of New Orleans, Robert Ray McKeown of Houston, Jack Ruby of Dallas and L.J. McWillie of Las Vegas began a partnership in 1953 with Carlos Prio Socarras, Cuba's President from 1948 to 1952, before Batista. ... McKeown, McWillie, Ruby, Prio, McLaney, Gatlin, Bannister and Ferrie immediately began working with other anti-Castro exiles, Division Five of the FBI and the CIA to overthrow Castro.93 ... Lee Harvey Oswald was recruited into Division Five of the FBI by David Ferrie in 1956 before joining the USMC.99 ... David Ferrie was an employee of Carlos Marcello before and after the assassination. ... Ferrie, Alvin Beauboeuf and Melvin Coffey immediately went to the Alamotel in Houston. ... Beauboeuf and Ferrie made at least three phone calls from the Texas gulf coast on November 22nd and 23rd to the Town House Motel in New Orleans. ... On the bus to Mexico City with Oswald and Bowen, the agent for American Council of Churches cover name for the espionage and propaganda unit, was T. Gonzales.127 T. Gonzales was an active agent with the Jack Ruby, President Carlos Prio Socarras, Richard Ray McKeown, David Ferrie, and L.J. McWillie anti-Castro group which had originally run guns to Castro. ... Gordon Novel, a Double-Chek agent, Guy Bannister, David Ferrie, Sergio Arcacha Smith and others worked closely with Schlumberger in transporting these arms and ammunition.133 ... On a third occasion about ten days later, Lewis entered Bannister's office and there was a meeting taking place between Bannister, Quiroga, David Ferrie, Leon Oswald and Robert Ray McKeown of Baycliff, Texas. ... At about the same time as the Leon Oswald appearances as related by Lewis, Sergio Arcacha Smith, leader of the anti-Castro Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans, was closely associated with David Ferrie; and Ferrie was in Arcacha's office, and they were seen together on numerous occasions in New Orleans. ... Arcacha admitted that David Ferrie often came to his office in New Orleans to offer his help in recruiting and training men and to use Ferrie's plane in the anti-Castro work. ... As Leon Oswald, Seymour in September, 1963, discussed the planned assassination of Kennedy in New Orleans with Clay Shaw, David Ferrie and two Mexican appearing men.146 Seymour was introduced to Mrs. Sylvia Odie by two Mexican appearing men in Dallas on September 25th as Leon Oswald. ... David Ferrie and Ray McKeown met Cody and the professionals at Houston International Airport and Ferrie, using a second airplane, flew them to Matamoros, Mexico. ... David Ferrie and Ray McKeown met Cody and the professionals at Houston International Airport and Ferrie, using a second airplane, flew them to Matamoros, Mexico. ... On Sunday, November 24th, Ferrie flew to Dallas where he was interviewed by newsmen.152 Late that night, Ferrie flew to Alexandria, Louisiana, where he was met by Coffee and Beauboeuf and they drove back to New Orleans where they were arrested by the District Attorney's Office. Two homosexuals, Breck Wall and Joe Peterson, on Saturday, November 23, 1963, at about 6:00 pm, left their rooms at the Adolphus, picked William Seymour up at the Abundant Life Temple and drove him to the Driftwood Motel in Galveston where they turned him over to David Ferrie, Robert Ray McKeown and others at about 11:00 pm. ... Clay Shaw, under the name of Clay or Clem Bertrand, was overheard planning the assassination of President Kennedy with David Ferrie and Bettit, alias Leon Oswald, during the middle of September, 1963, in New Orleans. ... Russo testified that Ferrie, 49, a free-lance pilot who was under investigation by Garrison at the time of his death, did most of the talking about the proposed assassination. ... Ferrie, pacing the floor, said the attempt should have three gunners in order to provide "a triangulation of cross-fire", Russo testified. ... Ferrie, Russo added, was to be the get-away pilot flying into Mexico to refuel for a flight to Brazil.184 ... Layton Martens' name as David Ferrie's roommate was supplied by Clay Shaw, alias Clay Bertrand, through his attorneys at the hearing. ... First, Russo testified that the Leon Oswald involved in the conversation with Ferrie and Bertrand was the roommate of David Ferrie. ... First, Russo testified that the Leon Oswald involved in the conversation with Ferrie and Bertrand was the roommate of David Ferrie. ... The State of Louisiana during Shaw's trial produced over fourteen witnesses who said that in the latter part of August or the early part of September, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald, Clay Shaw and David Ferrie went to Jackson, Louisiana, a small town located not far from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. ... While the defendant, Clay L. Shaw and David Ferrie remained in the car, Lee Harvey Oswald got out of the car and got in line with a group of people who were waiting to register.194 ... The witnesses testified that they saw the black Cadillac parked in front of the Registrar's office and identified the defendant, Clay L. Shaw, Lee Harvey Oswald and David W. Ferrie as the individuals in that car. ... Garrison introduced documentary evidence that during the year 1966, the U.S. Post Office letter carrier for that route delivered at least five letters to Clay Shaw's address which were addressed to "Clem Bertrand," the name used by the defendant at the meeting between himself, David Ferrie and William Seymour in Ferrie's apartment in mid-September 1963.

________________________________________________________________ Bevilaqua, (is that your real name?) Thanks you making a post-rather-informative. Fairly concise, and yes rather informative, quite well-written (as is to be expected from a Haaavard grad such as yourself, I suppose. I particulary like the excerpt I'm posting in this here reply. Keep up the good work, Bevilaqua. --Thomas John (is that your real name?), You're Welcome. You know how much I love complimenting you. John (is that really yourl name???), have you ever posted on other websites that Alvin Beubouef was an "agent" of the so-called (White Russian) Soldarists ? Yours, --Tommy O'Mochain (biolgical name; what's yours, really?) Tom, for your benefit, I try to use really small words now, and I type particularly slowly, too, since I was told that you can not read very quickly and apparently you prefer my new compact style. ;>) That is just a <grin> The name Beubouef appears to be of Russian origin, but I do not recall doing any research on this guy or making any comments. What was Alvin's role in these events anyway? Who was that other FBI agent from Dallas... a Warren deBrueys (sp?) Now certainly that is a White Russian name, and in fact even Mitchell Werbell III stated that his father was a cavalry officer in the Czar's army. When I started down this White Russian trail it began because of people like the Dallas Petroleum Geologists and other staunch anti-Communist Czarists involved in the case along with Georgie boy, who willingly took Oswald into their fold. They mostly all worked for J. Howard Pew at Sun Oil Co. out of Pittsburgh. Pew was accused of selling diesel fuel to the Nazis during World War II at one time for apparent use in the gas chambers. Real nice guy this Pew fellow. He knew Col. Willard F. Rockwell who had an office in Pittsburgh, too.

Actor turned director, Walter Edwards, aka "Edward", born in Michigan on Jan. 8, 1870, was Marguerite Clark William's favorite director. Employed at Famous Players-Lasky Paramount studios, Edwards directed her last six "moving pictures", the final one just before his death on April 12, 1920: http://news.google.com/archivesearch?q=dir...user_hdate=1920 EDWARDS, DIRECTOR FOR LASKY, IS DEAD. Pay-Per-View - Los Angeles Times - ProQuest Archiver - Apr 15, 1920 WAS IN HONOLULU FOR HEALTH WHEN END CAME VERY UNEXPECTEDLY. The next step is to find who Edwards wife was. I don't have access to more than the above description. The odds of the "Mrs. Edwards" in the WC testimony, describing events 19 years after Walter Edwards' death, seem too thin to spend the money to see if Edwards' wife is named in the Proquest Obit. I've searched 1910 and 1920 US Census records, and Edwards could have lived in NYC in 1910, he worked for Thomas Ince's New York based studios in the early teens, but there is a description of him directing an Ince picture at their Los Angeles location also. Was Dorothy Pierson, who De MOHRENSCHILDT said he met in Palm Beach in 1941 or 1942, and married in 1943, his first wife, as I assume? We can all just cut to the quick when we consider the most pertinent, yet almost always overlooked facts about George deM: (1) His wife, Jeanne, was born in "Harbin, Manchuoko, Manchuria" during the White Russian Czarists exile and diaspora, where "The Count" Anastase "Annie" Vonsiatsky had his anti-Communist Headquarters for decades. See "The Russian Fascists" by John J. Stephan (Little, Brown 1979) See chapter on "The Manchurian Mafia" and others. Vonsiatsky "sent" both suicide mission assassins ("programmed assassins?") and trained bombers into Russia for several decades to murder various communist party officers and commisars. He is also credited with formulating the "Manchurian Candidate" training recipe that crated the "Kamikaze Pilots" used by the Japanese. After all, Harbin, Manchuoko was occupied by the Japanese for a period maybe encapsulating the 1930's and some of the 1940's. (not positive of the timespan) (2) According to John Higham in American Swastika, Vonsiatsky "ran" every single White Russian spy in North America for decades. While living in Thompson, CT near Putnam, CT and his near his close fiend Wickliffe Draper in Hopedale, MA (only 25 miles as the crow flies from his home) he often entertained foreign guests who were members of the German American Bund and the White Russian Solidarist community. (3) George deMohrenschildt's cousin, a Baron Constantine de Maydell was arrested as a "Nazi" spy during WW-II and served some serious jail time. They were both "White Russian" pro-Czarist fascists in the mold of Vonsiatsky. Vonsiatsky was convicted by prosecutor Thomas J. Dodd of violations of The Espionage Act of 1917 and went to the Federal Pen for 4-5 years (circa 1942-1946), the same place where General Edwin A. Walker went after The American Insurrection in Oxford, Mississippi in the early 1960's. (4) By inference, Vonsiatsky "ran" deMohrenschildt and would have been well known to both Jeanne and George due to the fact that he was one of the 2-3 most important White Russians in Harbin during that entire period. (5) Vonsiatsky was "The Manchurian Candidate" of Richard Condon fame and appeared in an anagram: "...known as Yaztas, Fravashi and Amesha Spentas." Yeah, I know, another anagram... ...which translates to: "Tzar Anastase Vonsiatsky, Dawn Phase Fashism" You think I make this stuff up? Cross out the letters yourself... I think only 2 letters have to be re-used twice artificially, the "I" and the "T" but other than that ALL of the letters are used only once each. If you don't try it yourself you will never be convinced otherwise. So don't worry how silly you might look, no one will be watching. K N O W N A S Y A Z T A S F R A V A S H I A N D A M E S H A S P E N T A S T S A R A N A S T A S E V O N S I A T S K Y D A W N P H A S E F A S H I S M Go ahead, connect the letters, I challenge you all. Have fun with this. Just Google "Anastase Vonsiatsky photos" and you will find the following web selections complete with Swastikas.... What was George's favorite but little known pseudonym? I will leave this one as a temporary open issue, just to see who knows there stuff the best about Georgie boy...

I have noticed a distinct tendency among younger Liberals to grow more Conservative as time goes by. (Not me. Not yet.) A neo-Conservative might be a Liberal who just got mugged and robbed or evicted and fired perhaps. I can never support the concept of deliberatly gunning down innocent civilian women and children at close range, waving white flags, just because a few random rockets fired by militant extremists into an Israeli occupied enclave may have also killed innocent women and children, too. It just does not equate in my mind to being justfiable or reasonable or logical or anything productive for that matter. We should be examining the issue about how the creation of programmed assassination techniques and technologies at Harbin, Manchuria in 1943-44 by Anastase Vonsiatsky for self destructive Japanese Kamikaze pilots could ever have been allowed to be nurtured, developed, fomented and then documented to be preserved for future generations by the CIA as part of MK/ULTRA and Operation Bluebird. Later, these techniques were used against JFK, MLK and RFK by Enemies of the People of these United States. As part of the World Anti-Communist Council for Freedom and Liberation (WACCFL) organized by E. Howard Hunt in 1958 in Mexico City, people like the Inamullah Khan and others learned all about these ManCand technologies which were in all likelihood used later by both the PLO to create programmed suicide bombers and then later by those who trained and indoctrinated the 911 pilots who wreaked havoc and destruction on citizens of the United States. What goes around comes around and when our own techniques of destruction and immolation are used against our own citizens and soldiers it is time to take pause and reconsider? Is it too late to destory this Genie once released from the bottle? I hope not. Can the United Nations step in an attempt to put an end to the use of such tactics and techniques and to disarm both Israel and these Arab Nations once and for all? I certainly hope so, for total disamament supervised by an armed United Nations peacekeeping force may now be the only possible answer. I for one would like to see an attempt to make that work because taking sides can only lead to only more violence and even more profits and power for our own impregnable and powerful Military Industrial Complex. "War is a Racket." And the salespersons are the Generals, the Senators and Representatives, and the Corporate Officers who would like to see these ill-gotten gains continue to flow into their greedy little hands and into their private coffers. War profiteering has to end. "Big Daddy" Warbucks in Harold Gray's comic strip, was the spitting image of Wickliffe Preston Draper himself, right down to the wire rimmed glasses, the fully balding pate and his 6'5" frame and pro military attitudes and war profiteering plus his strong intelligence affiliations with India and his friend Punjab. And Major Carleton S. Coon of the OSS was indeed used to create the "Indiana Jones" character right down to a perfect tee. Coon, an ardent Draper Eugenicist, and another Harvard graduate like Draper, and also an Anthropology professor and a paranormal phenomena dilettante (also like "Indiana Jones") who was the cousin of Carleton Putnam, a Pioneer Fund grant recipient, originated the idea of "selective assassinations to preseve World Order" the concept of which he sold to both "Wild Bill" Bill Donovan and Allen Dulles who led the U.S. efforts to assassinate Hitler on July 20th, 1944. This futile effort was led by my great Uncle from the Uxkull side of the family by Klaus Schenck von Stauffenberg. I should know a thing or two about these concepts. But do I have any influence over these media controllers and world event string-pullers? Hell, no. In a way, I hold myself a bit responsible for not being able to have prevented the killing of JFK when it was quite apparent to me both who was planning to do it and where and when they were planning on doing it. Talk about a teenage kid lacking the nads to act during a moment of crisis just because his parents were mutually conflicted and taking opposite sides of the argument. But if Adlai Stevenson, RFK and Arthur Schlesinger and several others could not have talked JFK out of going to Dallas in an uncovered automobile what chance do you think anyone else would have had under those circumstances?

In a nutshell, it has been my impression - based upon very limited digging and reading, that the rise of the Third Reich was made possible by a number of forces, including some of the Bavarian religious organizations, but also with significant support from US racists and World Population control freaks over here in the US - among them would be Ford and Rockefeller, along with a lot of other affluent and powerful individuals, who preached Eugenics, had many similar beliefs as those of Hitler and his supporters, and went on to support the Reich before [directly], during [collaboration and protection of collaborators], and after [ratlines etc]? Is that on the money for Dulles? - lee Most of what I know about this subject comes from Christopher Simpson mainly from Splendid Blond Beast. But The Men Who Financed Hitler is also a great book on this topic. I found a document citing the efforts of The White Russian anti-Communist Czarists to bring Hitler to power as early as 1924-1925 but the link was lost. If I can find it via Google I will post it here. John, did you happen to read my post here, http://educationforum.ipbhost.com/index.ph...st&p=162175 ...and the one before it....it seemed to mesh with an old one of yours, which I quoted in the post above the linked one, re: Wickliffe Draper..... Looks like Condon's Manchurian Candidate theories, and my elaborations, are gaining an entrenched foothold once again. Only it is about 50 years too late. <LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>Amazon.com: The Assassination of JFK Jr. -Murder By Manchurian ...</H3>90 days later, it seems, was also a manchurian candidate, programmed by the same people as the flight instructor on JFK Jr.'s plane This pilot, ... www.amazon.com/Assassination-JFK-Murder-Manchurian-Candidate/dp/0977156702 - 253k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>snopes.com: The Manchurian Candidate</H3>Feb 25, 2008 ... people may have thought about a possible link between The Manchurian Candidate and the JFK assassination at the time, however, ... www.snopes.com/movies/films/manchurian.asp - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>The JFK and RFK Assassinations and the Manchurian Candidate Theory ...</H3>Oct 1, 2008 ... The JFK and RFK Assassinations and the Manchurian Candidate Theory, by Mel Ayton. The assassins of the Kennedy brothers acted in cold blood, ... www.crimemagazine.com/08/manchurian_candidate,1001-8.htm - 85k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>Maniraqian Candidate</H3>Frankenheimer, the director of the original MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE, was eerily connected to both JFK and RFK. The orignal was yanked from circulation in 1963 ... www.orwelltoday.com/manchurianiraqian.shtml - 14k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>THE ASSASSINATION OF JFK JR.</H3>The Assassination of JFK JR: Murder by Manchurian Candidate is the second conspiracy theory film written, produced and narrated by John Hankey. ... www.wingtv.net/jfkjr.html - 12k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>CBS: JFK & "The Manchurian Candidate" = OSWALD</H3>...but clearly noted his viewing Sinatra's "The MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE" over and over again one year before he was to kill JFK as his primary ... www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1027313/posts - 29k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>FILM; A Co-Production Of Sinatra and J.F.K. - New York Times</H3>Sep 14, 2003 ... Mr. Mailer was contemplating the 1960 Democratic Convention, which nominated John F. Kennedy, and ''The Manchurian Candidate'' belongs to a ... query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E6DC153BF937A2575AC0A9659C8B63&ft... - 41k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>THE JFK and RFK ASSASSINATIONS AND THE BOGUS 'MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE ...</H3>The only plausible JFK 'Manchurian candidate-type' theory comes from Ion Mahai Pacepa. Pacepa was head of Romania's secret security agency before defecting ... mdams.posc.mu.edu/Manchurian.htm - 55k - Cached - Similar pages -<LI class="g s w0"><H3 class=r>The Assassination of JFK Junior - Murder by Manchurian Candidate</H3> 107 min - Feb 20, 2007 - The Assassination of JFK Junior - Murder by Manchurian Candidate - 1:46:46 - Feb 20, 2007. John Hankey - jfkii.com/. () Rate: ... video.google.com/videoplay?docid=4200651149401330864 -<LI class="g w0"><H3 class=r>Shoestring911: The Assassination of JFK Junior - Murder by ...</H3>The Assassination of JFK Junior - Murder by Manchurian Candidate. Overwhelming, jaw-dropping evidence of foul play in the death of John F Kennedy Jr. - all ... shoestring911.blogspot.com/2007/04/assassination

Don't know very much, if anything, about Ezra Pound and his ties to Jim Angleton, but what I do know about both James Jesus and Hugh B. Angleton, though based mostly on Richard Condon's writings and some hints dropped by Tom Mangold is quite earth-shattering, I would think: (1) Hugh Angleton, Wm Buckley, Sr., George Draper and a young Charles Willoughby essentially launched the concept of Yankee Imperialism and a joint MIC sponsored revenge and retribution campaign when they all rode with General John J. Pershing as cavalry officers, chasing down Pancho Villa in New Mexico after Hugh Angleton lost Pantapec Oil to a Mexican appropriation in the recent past. Gen. Smedley Butler documented his unwitting participation in subsequent financial interests protection campaigns when he stated: "War is a Racket!" United Fruit, Phelps, Dodge, Kennecott Copper, DuPont, Dole Fruit and dozens of other corporations used this approach over the next 100 years or so. (2) Hugh Angleton was described by Tom Mangold as "...very friendly with Mussolini and his interests and several other Italian Fascists." Angleton ran the NCR franchise in Italy for years including before and after the war. (3) Richard Condon used the name "Ole Banstoffsen - Washington" as a PERFECT anagram (letter for letter) for: "H. B. Angleton Waffen SS NOTSI" (Just suspend disbelief for a while) ...joining Major Racey Jordan (author of the John Birch book: "Major Jordan's Diaries"), as the 2nd or 3rd person in ManCand who was linked to the Waffen SS using anagrams. Since Dr. Revilo P. Oliver was an Army cryptologist this was the method chosen by Condon to hide more than a few subtle tips in the novel. (4) Condon also named "Hugh Bone" which stands for "Hugh B One" (of them). When I first read this, I had no idea who "Hugh" really was in fact until years later. When it turned out to be Hugh Angleton, I found the previous anagram. I plan on scanning ManCand and doing more computer assisted searches like this. (5) Brig Gen Bonner Fellers, it is now generally accepted (thanks to yours truly) while stationed in Cairo, Egypt used to forward Monty's tank movements to the Angletons in Rome while Jim and Hugh were stationed there with the OSS. They were passed on to Rommel in Northern Africa making him look like some sort of prescient genius when in fact Fellers was a spy with a German background. Fellers is "Fighting Frank Bollinger" who headed "Ten Million Americans Mobilizing for Tommorow" and Bonner Fellers in real life headed: "Ten Million Americans Mobilizing for Justice" (for Senator McCarthy). Anyone who thinks that Condon was not fingering "Bonner Fellers" here is hopelessly conflicted and borderline incompetent. ...More lateron this As for the DIA, apparently Gordon Novel ran to Columbus, Ohio just before he was indicted by Jim Garrison and went to work for someone at DISC which was a DIA operation. Rockwell was headquartered there. The date he warned about in his letter to Mr. Weiss was 3/ /1967 and 3/22/1967 was the exact date that Rockwell announced the takeover of Draper Company and North American Aviation in the NY Times as paybacks for funding the JFK hit. Novel was threatening to bust out the takeover deals, worth about $250,000,000 in total unless someone rescued him from Garrison. To me, these conclusions should be readily obvious to all, but for some reason using Condon to underpin the entire thesis is seen as somehow fabricated or less reliable. But Condon knew what Condon knew, I just do not know who his contacts were. But if you understood McCarthyism and MacArthurism and had a few friends trailing Revilo Oliver or Robert Morris or Gerald L K Smith around to their meetings, or even Joseph Milteer, anyone could have figured this out. I am just flabbergasted that more researchers have not been able to recreate this evidentiary trail. Oh well.