John Bevilaqua

Maybe our resident CREEP expert could chime in on this one for us all? The actual newspaper article can be found in the George Lincoln Rockwell posting. Sorry about that. Signed, Froggy the Investigator

The name of The American Nazi Party secretary Don Burros was found in Lee Harvey Oswald's address book. No one has come up with a satisfactory theory about how that actually happened or why. And Rockwell worked at The American Mercury, started by William F. Buckley from nearby Connecticut a few years after graduating from Brown University in Providence, RI where he attended college with E. Howard Hunt and Anastase Vonsiatsky. Rockwell would have seen the Vonsiatsky entrance into Brown Stadium riding in his 1937 Pierce Arrow open top auto to attend football games there, dressed in full Nazi regalia which was recounted to me by Martha Mitchell the archivist at Brown and by John J. Stephan in The Russian Fascists. George worked for Russell Maguire at Mercury, the former owner of The Thompson Submachine Gun Company. Vonsiatsky according to John J. Stephan used to tear down the goalposts at Brown Stadium using his bare hands after an emotional victory. Is that why Condon inserted some football references into Manchurian Candidate? Vonsiatsky had to reimburse the University for his drunken revelries. And even Joseph Milteer was a close friend of Rockwell and others within the American Nazi Party. Milteer of course was tape recorded by Lt. Gracy Lockhart of Miami Police Intelligence Division bragging to Willie Somersett both before and after the JFK hit about his detailed knowledge of this event. "We don't do no guessing.", he said. "It is sitting on go, right now." "You could get him with a high powered rifle from a tall building." My conclusion is that Rockwell learned about neo-Nazism from some of the best minds in the business and he was close to many persons directly involved with the JFK hit. Uncanny. There is no way that Rockwell could not have become aware of some or all of the Vonsiatsky cohort's from The Manchurian Candidate like Wickliffe P. Draper because he worked for Russell Maguire and William F. Buckley at American Mercury the incorporator of YAF who lived in Sharon, Connecticut. This tidbit was found by David Boylan in the Rockwell obituary. When you learn about Rockwell's links to major persons, places and events at The Giesbrecht Incident which was run by Anastase Vonsiatsky and Rev. Gerald L K Smith and in The Manchurian Candidate written by Richard Condon, then you will realize that Rockwell was as thick as thieves with the JFK perpatrators and conspirators. And this will also serve as a self corroborating internal consistency check regarding both Condon's and Giesbrecht's uncanny insights into the JFK conundrum from their uniquely positioned perspectives. This evidence alone should be sufficient enough for those who have taken a stance contrary to the evidence presented about Condon and/or Giesbrecht to reverse their hastily formed and ill conceived conclusions. 1) He went to college with Anastase Vonsiatsky at Brown University who was THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE and also an attendee at The Giesbrecht Incident. 2) He became involved in campaign for Gen. Douglas MacArthur's Republican Presidential nomination along with Charles A. Willoughby. MacArthur was in the movie version of The Manchurian Candidate but not the novel. 3) He attended a rally of Gerald L.K. Smith and sat on the podium and became very close to him after that. Gerald L K Smith was at The Giesbrecht Incident. 4) His secretary Don Burros was in Lee Harvey's name and address book. Why? Quien sabe? 5) He knew both Admiral John G. Crommelin and Joseph A. Milteer of the NSRP a sister organization to the ANP. Only a handful of people possessed uncanny and publicly propagated foreknowledge about the pending JFK hit and they included Joseph Milteer, Rose Cheramie, Homer S. Echevarria, Richard Condon and others who have since attained "celebrity status" within the JFK research community. 6) William F. Buckley, Jr. owned American Mercury when Rockwell was Assistant Editor and a writer there. Buckley was cited indirectly in The Manchurian Candidate for his book God and Man at Yale. 7) Rockwell promulgated his "Lincoln Plan" for repatriation to Africa of U.S. Blacks which was a Wickliffe Draper campaign. Rockwell was told to undertake this campaign and probably paid for it by Draper. 8) Was convinced by Robert Snowden, another Draper crony, to move to Memphis, TN and work for him on The Campaign for the 48 States. Rockwell also wrote for Right Magazine and Human Events, both Draper projects. 9) Rockwell became a staunch McCarthy supporter after he was told to do so, not after he listened to a radio broadcast by that well known Fascist demagogue and persecutor of Alger Hiss and others. 10) Then Commander Rockwell was also the first to assail what he called the biggest "Big Lie": the so-called "Holocaust". This is according to James Mason, the author of the article below here. Later Henry Regnery Press would publish Buckley's "God and Man at Yale" mentioned in The Manchurian Candidate and several other Holocaust denial titles and right wing publications. Circumstanial evidence? Or an almost perfect triangulation of evidence surrounding the Brown University trio who were all enrolled there during common years before venturing out on a lifetime of pro Nazi projects and their mutual campaigns to murder John F. Kennedy? Condon and Giesbrecht figured it out why can't you? Quod Est Demonstratum. George Lincoln Rockwell A Sketch Of His Life And Career By James Mason Overview George Lincoln Rockwell is today commonly remembered as the founder and leader of the American Nazi Party. To persons within and without the Movement he helped shape, this limited understanding and appraisal of the man would appear to be shared in common. Both for the people for which he fought and the comrades with whom he fought, who today carry on in his memory, it is important that a better and deeper perspective of the man, his career and his long-range impact on the present and the future be appreciated. Commander Rockwell was the single most important figure in the post-war Movement. Before Rockwell and even throughout his career, not only all of the people to which the Movement is dedicated but most of who were to eventually make up that Movement were caught in the same trap of cursing and denying their greatest champion: Adolf Hitler. Before Rockwell, all would flee in terror when accused by their enemies in the System of being "Nazis". Only through Rockwell's efforts and sacrifice has the Movement and, yet to come, the entire people, been handed hack the name of their greatest leader, his political and philosophical idea, National Socialism, plus the symbol of that idea as well as of the people themselves: the Swastika. Until Rockwell there was nothing even remotely approaching what could have been called a common Movement ideology. There were merely assorted conservatives, racists, reactionaries, anti-Communists and anti-Semites. Rockwell adapted the National Socialist Worldview for universal White acceptance and practical usage through his written programs and gave the new Movement-to-be its first rallying cry, "White Power!" Prior to Commander Rockwell's example, no one inside or outside the Movement dared to openly and positively name World Jewry as the foremost enemy and cause of the major ills of White society. The rest in post-war America were either ignorant of the reality or they, out of fear of what they knew to be the real power, chose to conceal it and thus become part of the same conspiracy. As the first post-war American to not only openly embrace Adolph Hitler, to openly espouse National Socialism, to openly wear the Swastika and to include historic arid political anti-Semitism in his programs, Commander Rockwell was also the first to assail what he called the biggest "Big Lie": the so-called "Holocaust". It was he who first began to reverse the fraudulent "guilt' sense that Whites were being told they most bear as well as to begin to demolish the worst social, political and economic scam in history. For this he was regarded as worse than a lunatic at the time. As a leader and a strategist, Rockwell has never been equaled in degree of sheer effectiveness. In the face of an openly declared media "quarantine" against him, he kept his message of White unity and resistance before the American public and the world for the nine years he headed the Party. In order to accomplish this he did what all the rest believed couldn't be done: He publicly demonstrated and physically confronted the ever-growing, ever more arrogant anti White elements in the street. What was more, he not only survived but grew in strength as well. While Rockwell was renowned in his day for demanding scrupulous legality from his followers, often to the point of generating suspicion in many corners of the Movement, he will still be recalled as the first and greatest of the Movement radicals and revolutionaries for his constant emphasis upon the element of White racial and political treason within the System itself, without which no number of racial aliens and no amount of alien conspiracy could pose a serious threat to White life, culture and security. And while no– or next to no– "Nazi" groups, per se, exist on the scene any longer, George Lincoln Rockwell's' spirit and leadership have long since come to pervade every single aspect– high and low of the Movement which, so long ago, had the wits frightened and embarrassed out of it by this man whom it then wished would just go away. His own prophecy is only lately beginning to make itself manifest... "I knew I would not live to see the victory which I would make possible. But I would not die before I had made that victory certain." Chronology 1918 George Lincoln Rockwell (hereinafter GLR) born on March 9th, in Bloomington, Ill. Son of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire Schade Rockwell, both vaudeville performers. Of English-Scottish and German-French descent. 1919-1937 Traveled with parents on vaudeville tours. After parents' divorce GLR spent his youth between Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, California and primarily Boothbay Harbor, Maine. Studied at Hebron Academy, Lewiston, Me. First encountered and noted subtle liberal and communist influences. 1938-1940 Entered Brown University at Providence, R.I., in fall. Majored in philosophy. Was co-founder and art editor of college magazine, "Sir Brown". 1941-1942 Enlisted in March in the U.S. Navy at Boston, Mass., as Seaman 2nd Class. Was accepted as aviation cadet and received flight training at Squanttan, Mass. Commissioned on December 9th as Ensign (Naval Aviator) and subsequently flew from the USS Omaha, Wasp and was Senior Aviator aboard the Mobile. 1943 Married Judith Aultman on April 24th, at Barrington, R.I. Attended naval photographic school at Pensacola, Fla., the same year. 1944-1945 Promoted Lieutenant. Was Air Support Commander at Guadalcanal and during invasion of Guam. Promoted Lt. Commander in October, 1945. Was released from active duty as Commanding Officer of SOSU-1, Pearl Harbor, having earned nine decorations. 1946 Moved family to East Boothbay, Me., and opened Maine PhotoArt Service that summer. Moved to Mount Vernon, N.Y., in fall. Birth of first child, Bonnie. (GLR's first marriage would produce two more children, Nancy and Phoebe-Jean.) Studied at Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N.Y., majoring in commercial art. 1947 Returned to business in summer and then bark to Pratt that fall. Studied at the Institute of Commercial Art and was special student of Norman Rockwell. 1948 Won national prize of New York Society of Illustrators for his full-page advertisement for the American Cancer Society which appeared in the New York Times. 1949 Founded Maine Advertising, Inc., at Portland, Me. After selling interest in company to partner, organized Rockwell Publishing Company, Inc., producing tourist and radio guides. 1950-1951 Recalled to active duty at outbreak of Korean War. Assigned Air Support School Instructor at Coronado, Cal., near San Diego. GLR's political career began when he heard radio broadcasts Sen. Joseph R. t.kCarthy, became involved in campaign for Gen. Douglas MacArthur's Republican Presidential nomination and attended a rally of Gerald L.K. Smith. Saw issue of Common Sense newspaper and was first introduced to the extreme Right Wing as well as to the Jewish Question. Read Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kampf" and was instantly converted to National Socialist belief. Wrote his "Fable of the Ducks and the Hens". 1952 Was assigned in November to naval duty at Keflavik, Iceland, as squadron Commanding Officer. Increased reading of Right Wing publications including "American Mercury", "Williams Intelligence Summary", "Dan Smoot Report", etc. First marriage ended in divorce. 1953 Married Thora Hallgrimsson on October 3rd, at Reykjavik, Iceland. Honeymooned at Berchtesgaden, Germany. Requested and was granted extra one year of duty in Iceland. 1954-1955 Birth of son, Lincoln. (GLR's second marriage would also produce two more children, Jeannie and Evelyn.) Detached to inactive duty December 15th at Brunswick, Me. Family resided at Bailey's Island. Moved fall of 1955 to Washington, D.C., and founded "U.S. Lady" magazine for service wives. Sold interest and began Rockwell Promotions, Inc. 1956 Formed American Federation of Conservative Organizations and broadcast over D.C. radio attempting to unify Right Wing elements. Associated with John Kasper, Ezra Pound, Adm. John G. Crommelin, William F. Buckley, Jr., etc. Failing to effect conservative coordination, held final meeting of A.F.C.O. at D.C.'s Mayflower Hotel July 4th at which time he met Robert Snowden. Was persuaded by Snowden to move family to Memphis, Tenn., to be part of his "Campaign for the Forty Eight States". Briefly recalled to active service as Navy Task Force Commander at Grosse Isle, Mich. Moved to Moonachie, N.J., to become assistant publisher of Russell Maguire's "American Mercury" magazine. Met DeWest Hooker on Thanksgiving plus members of his "Nationalist Youth League" in New York City. Became radicalized and convinced of dealing openly and forcefully in pursuing the struggle he was involved with. 1957 Worked as salesman for Cleworth Company, Inc., in management engineering. Business assignments to N.Y. and N.J. Transferral to Lincoln, Pa. At request of DeWest Hooker, GLR traveled to Knoxville, Tenn., to attend Rightist gathering in his stead. There collaborated with Wallace Allen, Enory Burke and Edward R. Fields in establishment of "United White Party", later the "National States Rights Party". Promulgated his "Lincoln Plan" for repatriation to Africa of U.S. Blacks. Accepted invitation of Wallace Allen to work in Atlanta, Ga. 1958 Moved family to Newport News, Va., to collaborate with William Stephenson publishing "The Virginian" magazine. Appearance of GLR's "Odd Birds" illustrations and stories. Met Stephenson's financial backer, Harold N. Arrowsmith, Jr., and with his help began the "National Committee to Free America From Jewish Domination". Moved family to 6512 Williamsburg Blvd., Arlinton, Va., to begin publishing and distributing Arrowsmith's series of documents on the Jewish Question. Led first anti-Jewish picket in U.S. since World War Two before the White House on July 29th with members of "Nationalist Youth League". With aid of Allen and Fields, simultaneous pickets were held in Atlanta, Ga., and Louisville, Ky. Atlanta synagogue bombed October 12th. Media attempts to implicate GLR and associates. Arrowsmith panicked and withdrew support. Attacks began upon home at Williamsburg Blvd. and GLR sent family to safety in Iceland. 1959 End of "National Committee". James K. Warner makes GLR gift of Swastika banner. American Nazi Party founded by GLR on March 8th. Soon joined by J.V. Kenneth Morgan, Louis Yalacki, etc. Floyd Fleming becomes backer. "World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists" created by GLR, existing at first only on paper. Media smears by Drew Pearson. Raided by Arlington County. Williamsburg Blvd. headquarters lost. Moved from Arlington to Fairfax Co. to Falls Church and back to Arlington. In October flew to Iceland for one-week final visit with family. Building at 928 N. Randolph St. purchased by Floyd Fleming in December as headquarters. J.V. Morgan named Deputy Commander. Regular distributions in D.C. of "Gas Chamber" leaflets. 1960 GLR honorably discharged from U.S. Navy in February with rank of full Commander. Appearance of political manifesto, "In Hoc Singo Vinces". Attended national convention of the N.S.R.P. in Dayton, Ohio, March 19th. First "Rally on the Mall" held April 3rd at Constitution and 9th Sts., between the Capitol Bldg. and Washington Monument. GLR article printed in Willis A. Carto publication, "Right", in May. First A.N.P. publication, "National Socialist Bulletin", also appeared in May. The "Riot on the Mall", July 3rd. GLR arrested and committed to thirty days observation in D.C. General Hospital's psychiatric ward. Released August 4th, adjudged sane and competent. Resumed regular rallies in D.C.'s Judiciary Park. Wrote autobiography, "This Time the World". 1961 American Nazi Party granted official charter by the State of Virginia in March. First "Hate Bus" travels U.S. South. GLR and crew arrested in New Orleans picketing film, "Exodus", May 24th. Jail hunger strike. First issue of "The Rockwell Report" appeared in October. 1962 Addressed rally of Black Muslims in Chicago, Ill., February 25th. First issue of "The Stormtrooper" magazine also in February. Traveled in August to Ireland and to England to meet in the Cotswold Hills with Cohn Jordan, John Tyndall, Savitri Devi, Bruno Ludtke and other National Socialists from Britain, France, Belgium, Germany and Austria to form the World Union of National Socialists. GLR bodyguard Roy James assaulted Martin Luther King in Birmingham, Ala., September 28th. 1963-1964 First issue of "Intra Party Confidential Newsletter" appeared in March. Virginia speaking tour opposing integration. GLR leads sole White opposition against Black "March on Washington ", August 28th, with his "Valiant 87". First serious Party split occurred December, 1963. Major reorganization. Entered Canada to appear on C.B.C., November, 1964. 1965 GLR confronted Martin Luther King in Selma, Ala., in January. Robert Lloyd leaped onto floor of Congress in blackface as " Mississippi delegation" also that January. First issue of "W.U.N.S. Bulletin" appeared that spring. Campaign for the governorship of Virginia. Booth at Virginia State Fair. Television broadcasts from Richmond, Va. I.R.S. seizes Randolph St. headquarters. Hq. moved to location of barracks and printing, 6150 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, known as "Hatemonger Hill". 1966 GLR's appearance on the "Joe Pyne Show" from Los Angeles, Cal., and his interview in ''Playboy'' magazine both in April. First issue of "National Socialist World", William Pierce editor, appeared that spring. Establishment of ANP-Dallas business center in June. To Chicago that summer to counter integrationist drives. Defeated Stokeley Carmichael in televised debate in July. Great reception at Marquette Park rally, August 21st. GLR leads "Great White March" in Chicago, September 10th. GLR meets with John Beattie, Canadian Nazi Party leader, that summer on the Queenston-Lewiston Bridge between Ontario and New York. GLR met with Hell's Angels head, Sonny Barger in October in Oakland, Cal. Returns to Brown University in November to address student body. 1967 "Esquire" magazine interview appeared in February. Called A.N.P. National Leadership Conference at Arlington in June. Wrote second book, "White Power". First serious attempt against GLR's life in July. Killed in ambush on August 25th on Wilson Blvd., near headquarters. Apart from capture of one known gun man, no satisfactory revelations as to what may have been behind the death of GLR have ever been found out. Following government denial of burial at Culpepper National Cemetery, GLR's remains were cremated at Arlington.

Good idea. Rest well. Kathy Kathy, the person referred to above as Chatty Cathy is NOT YOU but someone else who wrote a large puff piece on Otepka praising him to the hilt. Sorry if I offended you or implied that it was you in fact. It is a composite of 2 people who wrote about Otepka in fact, both of whom reached roughly the same conclusions, that he was a victim, a martyr and an American Patriot. Otepka is so convincing and so grandfatherly and such a master of brainwashing that anyone could fall prey to his siren song. I just didn't want others to jump all over me as I tried to give them both a logical out from the situation. They probably both would consider themselves, left wingers or centrist. They probably both would consider Otepka a nice guy and me not so nice for cutting into Otepka's history and background. So be it. Otepka WAS Oswald's Travel Agent. He did have Oswald's defector dossier on his desk. And there is NO LOGICAL REASON as to why Otepka would even have let Oswald back into the country with open arms and without a long pause for reflection absent the motivation of Otepka as Oswald's Travel Agent. Can you think of one? I can't. And no one called Otepka out on this issue. Ever. Never. OK. I feel a bit foolish now. Let me explain. You wrote: "Chatty Kathy is not from the Right. Well in fact if Chatty Kathy is promulgating Right Wing writers or repeating Right Wing themes, and she is, relative to my position, to the Right of Center, then she is coming from the Right." As you were using the correct spelling of my name (not the doll's), I thought you were going off on me. I thought the right wing you mentioned had to do with me quoting the Buckley-Vidal debates and you thought I favored Buckley. Absolutely not. Plus he's the homliest man I ever saw on TV "It could also be a case of being a celebrity groupie because it makes you feel better to get an audience with someone who is a Full Professor." There is a professor on this Forum who is writing a book on celebrity Karyn Kupcinet and I contribute to his Yahoo Group website. I thought you were ridiculing me. "Is it possible to have their "celebrity status" rub off on you and your theories? I have seen many attempts of this type over the years. And what is the difference between "celebrity statics" and "celebrity status" anyway, can someone explain? Maybe "celebrity statics" is only obtained by close contact or close proximity to someone with "celebrity status"? I can't say for sure. And does removal of some "celebrity statics" from one person necessarily diminish the amout of "celebrity status" remaining with that person? Can it all be rubbed off and can it be replenished? Or can it be reduced to nothing? Or is it like the number of "eggs in the ovum"? That's it all gone, your account is depleted. Just wondering." I thought you were referring to my theory about the late Karyn Kupcinet and the Kennedy Assassination. I am known as the Forum Gossip. It gets into the historical record, it drowns out most info which is contrary to the truth or obfuscates it beyond the pale, and voila, Revisionist History has been accomplished. Again, my theory on why Karyn Kupcinet was killed. I thought you were saying that writing about it continually, in time I could overwrite any other theories about her death. It's just a possiblility. "Can I get some "celebrity statics" from hanging with you, dude?" I thought this was criticism of my interest in celebrities. As a kid, I was star struck. Sometimes it doesn't go away. President Bush passed me on a bus-motorcade. I got out of the car and waved. I was stuck in traffic and was happy that I was close to a President, as much as I despise him. At least I got some entertainment while in a traffic jam. Also, you came across like you were in some psychotic manic episode. That's all. Kathy Collins Now how could I possibly have known all that info about or any of that info about you including that as a kid you were star struck? Wow. Perhaps you were on some sort of free form associative, paranoid delusional inner directed rant? Or something else. It is NOT all about YOU... Kathy. And all because I substituted a K for a C? Wow. Heavvvy...

Somehow I figured that you would be one of the few to be able to come to my assistance. As a dedicated Physical Sciences major and a computer jock who has become a legend in my own mind, I was unable to place this article in the proper historical context. By the way did you know that I was also given the recognition as someone with "celebrity status" on this site? Did you ever get that book, The Russian Fascists by John J. Stephan to review the pictures of Anastase Vonsiatsky? After reviewing it and the other Vonsiatsky citations, I would look forward to your comments on his importance in the JFK conundrum. As I have said before if Vonsiatsky did not exist, you would have to invent him. After all he WAS George de Mohrenschildt's handler and instructor and George did go into Haiti and the Dominican Republic with Robert E. Johnson at his side to perform collateral damage and take out Duvalier and Trujillo. And later IMHO Ray S. Cline took over control of Robert E. Johnson and murdered Archbisop Romero and most likely Benito Aquino. Where did Johnson get his start with The Manchurian Candidate? In Tsingtao, Manchuria as a young Marine in 1948 just a hop skip and a jump from Vonsiatsky HQ in Harbin, Manchuria when it was Manchuoko. Later Colonel Ulius L. Amoss took Johnson under his wing until Amoss went to his eternal reward in 1961 when Cline took him over as his personal errand boy and sender of messages to Carribean and then South American and Central American opponents of Cline's way of life and of the CIA's plans. What I am unable to distinguish is the difference between a private Murder for Hire and a CIA contract killing in Cline's multiple cases. Did he really leave the CIA to start then run WACL? It does matter IMHO. See Inside the League by Jon and Scott Anderson for the litany of evil members of that group and their agendas for wreaking havoc, death and destruction throughout Latin America. This is one of my 10 favorite books on the JFK Assassination.

The FBI, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE and the Decline of Ku Klux Klan Organizations in Mississippi, 1964-1971 Mississippi Historical Review, (forthcoming, 2004) www.geocities.com/drabbs/Mississippishosho.doc Introduction In September 1964, the Federal Bureau of Investigation launched a highly secretive and extralegal counterintelligence program, known as "COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE." This covert action program sought to "expose, disrupt and otherwise neutralize" Ku Klux Klan groups, whose violent vigilante activities had begun to alarm the nation, and with it, the national government.[1] This article will assess that program's effect on Klan groups in Mississippi, between 1964 and 1971, when the program was exposed. [2] In doing so, it will add an entirely new dimension to the question of how and why an important change in race relations came to one state in the American South during this period. A number of scholars have dealt with the question of how and why black demands for civil rights succeeded during this period. Historian Michael J. Klarman, for one, has described how the Supreme Court's Brown vs. Board of Education school desegregation decision spurred elected officials in the American South to defy federal authority and sanction suppression of civil rights demonstrations by police. He argued that televised images of police brutality created a "wave of indignation" among "northern whites," and that this northern constituency spurred Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to push through civil rights legislation, thereby bringing changes to race relations to the region.[3] Klarman's thesis is provocative, but since he limited his explication to conflicts in Birmingham and Selma Alabama, its applicability to other civil rights issues, in other states, is open to question. To explain change in Mississippi, for example, his thesis is not enough. For here, national indignation focused less on desegregation marchers and police brutality, than Ku Klux Klan attacks against voting registration activists and black residents who sought to exercise the right to vote. A comprehensive account of changed race relations in the American South, then, must also explain how and why vigilante violence abated during the 1960s. Michal Belknap has provided one answer to this question. A legal scholar, Belknap argued that white southern officials and local citizens, not federal legislators, were primarily responsible for suppressing vigilante violence in the region. As Klansmen targeted civil rights activists with bombs, arson, assault, and murder during the early 1960s, he argued, Southern public officials began to view vigilantism as a serious problem. By the middle of the decade, Belknap concluded, Southern juries began to prosecute and convict the Klan vigilantes whom, only a few years previously, had helped to maintain the white supremacist social order.[4] Belknap also pointed out, however, that the Justice Department provided evidence to state and federal prosecutors, for use in southern courtrooms. This evidence, moreover, came from FBI intelligence operations. Indeed, FBI agents and informants often provided crucial testimony on the witness stand.[5] COINTELPRO White-Hate worked in tandem with FBI intelligence-gathering and prosecutions in the courts, but Belknap, who was primarily interested in explaining the legal and constitutional aspects of change, did not probe deeply into the actual effects of extralegal tactics. The only historian to address COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE was Kenneth O'Reilly. The thrust of his work, however, sought to answer the question of how and why the FBI refused to protect civil rights activists from police brutality and vigilante violence.[6] O'Reilly compared COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE with the FBI's other covert action programs that targeted civil rights and Black Nationalist organizations. He characterized the former as a "limited war," a "sideshow" to the real war against black aspirations.[7] O'Reilly, policy analyst William Keller, and historian Richard Gid Powers, have discussed the origin of COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE, and described its orientation.[8] Other observers have provided anecdotal accounts of operational tactics.[9] Sociologist Evelyn Rich has provided the most concrete, if brief assessment, highlighting a few important COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE accomplishments in one chapter of her Ph.D. dissertation.[10] The FBI's official history of its "War on the Klan" in Mississippi and a number of informant memoirs, while illuminating, tell only part of the story. They focus on the aggressive efforts of FBI agents and informants to solve Klan crimes, and bring the culprits to justice.[11] Journalist Jack Nelson's book, on the suppression of Anti-Semitic violence in Jackson Mississippi, during 1967-1968, also ignores COINTELPRO.[12] Of those scholars who address the question of COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE's effect, David Chalmers, in history of the KKK, called the operations "successful."[13] Klan observers John George and Laird Wilcox judged COINTELPRO to be "probably the most significant factor" in the decline of Klan groups during the late 1960s.[14] William Keller concluded that "the FBI worked against the Klan after 1964 with devastating efficiency," and that "there is no doubt as to the effectiveness of the [COINTELPRO] program in disrupting and disintegrating the Klan."[15] None of these scholars, however, try to prove their assertions through a comprehensive analysis of COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE operation documents. To begin this process, I have chosen to trace systematically each documented covert operation used by the FBI against Klan groups and Klansmen in Mississippi, to assess their effects. My research is based primarily upon the COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE file.[16] I also use documents from the MIBURN file, an investigation of the murder of three civil rights activists in Neshoba County in June 1964, as well as FBI intelligence files I obtained through the Freedom of Information Act.[17] Additional conclusions are drawn from white supremacist publications I acquired from a number of archival collections.[18] The COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE operation endeavored to expose and disrupt Klan activities, cause disillusionment, and create factional splits within Klan organizations. It aimed to increase animosity and factional activities among Klansmen, and cause expulsions and defections from the Klans.[19] A careful reading of these sources indicates that COINTELPRO-White Hate operations aggravated factionalism in Mississippi, contributing to the splintering of Mississippi's Klan organizations. They discredited high-ranking Klan officers, many of whom were purged or quit. They brought about resignation, frustration and fear among rank and file Klan members, which, in turn, brought about drastic reductions in the membership rolls and the concurrent disbanding of most of the local Klan units in the state. In combination with criminal prosecutions, this article concludes, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE vitiated all of the KKK organizations that operated in Mississippi. COINTELPRO-White Hate, then, met its goal. This success, however, also had an unintended consequence. Once the remaining hard core Klansmen realized that they had failed to preserve white supremacy, they began to infuse Klan ideology with the revolutionary discourses of vociferous anti-Semitism and Christian Identity theology.[20] Due to the success of the FBI's anti-Klan effort, the racist right in Mississippi came to see the Federal Bureau of Investigation as one of their primary enemies. During the 1970s, some Mississippi Klansmen would embrace neo-Nazism, Christian Identity, paramilitarization and anti-Federal government rhetoric. They made alliances with racists of different ideological stripes, and joined the revolutionary "white power" movement.[21] The FBI versus Ku Klux Klan groups in Mississippi, 1964-1968. Although Ku Klux Klan vigilantes had played an important role in thwarting Reconstruction, the Second KKK never prospered in Mississippi. Indeed, between 1915 and 1944, Mississippi had the smallest Klan membership of any southern State.[22] After World War II, and even after Brown, there remained little need for organized Klan activity in Mississippi, because the State government and the White Citizens' Councils were able to prevent integration.[23] According to Neil McMillan the Councils were "instrumental in creating" what James W. Silver called a 'hyperorthodox social order'" during this period.[24] Indeed, Mississippi managed to delay the integration of public schools until September 1964, when some public officials and the last remaining Councilors began to acquiesce in the face of threats to business development and the withdrawal of federal aid.[25] Even after the Civil Rights Act and the creation of "freedom of choice" plans, the system merely changed from dejure to defacto segregation. In 1968, Mississippi remained the most segregated of all Southern states.[26] By the time that the Supreme Court ordered thirty Mississippi school districts to eliminate separate schools in October 1969, Klan violence had already declined significantly.[27] The school desegregation issue, moreover, was not the only issue that fostered a solid front of massive resistance and an increase in vigilante violence during the 1950s and early 1960s. In Yazoo City, Vicksburg, Columbus, Natchez, Jackson and Amite County, Mississippi, during 1954, black activists who attempted to register blacks to vote received death threats. In Belonzi, Mississippi, NAACP president Gus Courts was nearly killed by a shotgun blast, and NAACP activist Rev. George W. Lee was shot and killed. Lamar Smith, a voting rights activist from Brookhaven, was shot and killed in front of the courthouse.[28] The most brutal type of violence, however, was reserved for blacks who violated the sexual code of white supremacist society. Two men kidnapped 14 year old Emmett Till in August 1955, after he made a suggestive comment to a white woman. They beat him beyond recognition before shooting him in the head, killing him.[29] An all white jury acquitted them. In 1959, a mob lynched Mack Charles Parker, accused of raping a white woman, in Poplarville Mississippi. Concerned about the State's image, moderate Governor James Coleman called in the FBI. An aggressive FBI investigation ensured that State authorities would prevent mob-style lynching from occurring ever again. Yet because FBI agents harassed and threatened suspected participants to wrest confessions, Mississippi press reports of "iron curtain tactics" became a useful electoral issue for Ross Barnett.[30] To supplement Klarman's backlash thesis, then, moderation became a lost cause in Mississippi because of an aggressive FBI lynching investigation as well as outrage at the Supreme Court's desegregation ruling. Until the mid-1960s, many Mississippi residents condoned or encouraged police brutality, as well as extra-legal vigilante violence, when employed against black activists. Moreover, since all branches of the federal government were reluctant to assume responsibility for protecting civil rights workers, such violence accelerated even as massive resistance crumbled.[31] Sixty-two incidents of racist violence took place in Mississippi between summer 1961 and the end of 1963. In April 1960, Biloxi a white mob rioted in response to efforts to desegregate beaches in Biloxi. After police withdrew, shootings, a firebombing and the murder of two black teenagers were perpetrated.[32] Most outrageous, were the 1961 killing of voting rights activist Herbert Lee and a witness to that murder named Louis Allen, as well as the 1963 ambush-murder of NAACP field representative Medgar Evers. Despite the fact that the FBI developed ballistic and fingerprint evidence in the Evers murder, Citizen Council activist Byron De La Beckwith's trials resulted in hung juries.[33] According to contemporary newspaper accounts, Beckwith's jailers "treated him like a hero." [34] Leading businessmen and professionals covered his trial expenses, and State Governor Ross Barnett gave him moral support.[35] With the integration of the University of Mississippi in 1962, however, the power of the Citizens' Councils "deflated overnight."[36] Shortly afterward, Louisiana Klan leader J. D. Swenson organized an Original Knights unit in Natchez Mississippi. Together with Louisiana Grand Dragon Royal V. Young, he appointed Douglas A. Byrd to the position of Grand Dragon of Mississippi. One hundred fifty to three hundred Mississippi residents joined the Swenson-Young Klan group, but in December 1963, dissension over profits earned from the sale of Klan robes culminated in a factional split, and Swenson expelled Mississippi officers Douglas Byrd and E. L. McDaniel.[37] That same month, Congress of Federated Organizations (COFO) organizer John Lewis declared that a coalition of civil rights groups intended to create a crisis the following summer, to register black voters, and force the federal government to respond to vigilante violence in Mississippi. Politicians and journalists reacted furiously, raising the specter of Communist agitators and subversives. As the state legislature introduced bills outlawing picketing, leaflet distribution, freedom schools, and other anti-Summer Project legislation, civil rights organizations, prominent academicians and law professors urged the President to provide protection. The FBI investigated civil rights groups, finding no evidence of communist infiltration. Justice Department reacted quietly, persuading influential journalists to write stories about the impending crisis, contacting state politicians, and borrowing agents from the Organized Crime Unit to collect intelligence.[38] Two months later, two hundred former members of the Original Knights met at Brookhaven Mississippi, and formed the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Mississippi.[39] In the context of Beckwith's trial, growing support for a Civil Rights Bill in Washington, as well as the imminent probability that the federal courts would force Mississippi to desegregate its publics, more than 5000 Mississippi residents signed up with the organization over the next four months. Frustrated at the inability of the Citizens Councils to drive COFO out of Mississippi, some of the more militant segregationists embraced vigilantism as the only remaining bulwark that might preserve white supremacy.[40] On January 31, 1964 someone shot Louis Allen, an independent black logger in Amite County, who had endured economic harassment and police violence after talking to Justice Department authorities about the murder of Herbert Lee, killing him almost instantly. No one was ever charged with his murder. In Pike County, whites fired into two black businesses and two homes earlier that month, wounding a teenaged boy. In the spring Klansmen bombed a barbershop owned by McComb Mississippi NAACP activist C. C. Bryant. In the Adams County seat of Natchez (pop 25,000), an industrializing city with a 42 percent black population, Klan recruiter E. L. McDaniel organized a Klavern composed of white factory workers. Members of this Klan unit flogged Alfred Whitley, a janitor at the Armstrong Rubber Company, as well as Archie Curtis, chairman of the Natchez Business and Civic League's voter registration drive. Klansmen also bombed the home of Leonard Russell, active in the Negro Pulp and Sulfite Worker's local. As with the murder of Clinton Walker, an International Paper Company worker shot in the back on the night of February 28, no arrests ensued.[41] By April, Samuel Holloway Bowers, of Laurel Mississippi, had consolidated leadership over the 750 member strong White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of Mississippi. Bowers, who had argued for the use of violence at the Brookhaven meeting, was a persuasive talker with exceptional organizing ability. Helped by Grand Dragon Julius Harper of Crystal Springs, Klan Bureau of Investigation chief and Brookhaven unit leader Ernest Gilbert, Klan recruiter Edgar Ray "Preacher" Killen and Lauderdale unit leader Frank Herndon, Bowers established Klaverns in Neshoba and Lauderdale counties.[42] KBI Province investigators Jack Williams of Pelahatchie, H.L. Holmes of Jackson, Woody Mathews of Utica, and Gordon Lackey of Greenwood, also helped the White Knights to expand in Mississippi. Amid cross burnings, and mass rallies, the Knights established fifty-two Klaverns, across half of Mississippi's counties. According to information provided by Klan officers at a meeting of Hinds County Klaverns on June 24, the White Knights had established 70 Klaverns in 81 counties. As the schools desegregated in fall, according to FBI estimates, they had recruited from 5000 to 6000 members.[43] Sam Bowers organized Klan violence through a secretive, hierarchical chain of command. Before the decade was out, he would authorize 300 acts of vigilante violence and terrorism. To prepare what he called his "elitist priesthood" for the "enemy" attack against "Christian civilization," Bowers instructed his Klansmen to prepare for guerilla war.[44] They were to bury weapons in readiness for an impending race war against the Communist conspiracy, which, he declared, was an "agency of Satan."[45] "Massive street demonstrations and agitation by blacks," Bowers forewarned, will be coupled with "a decree from the Communist authorities in charge of the national Government," declaring "martial law."[46] At a secret meeting of White Knights officers held on June 7 near Raleigh, nearly 300 White Knights listened to speeches by State officers, who told them that they had organized 62 Whites Knights Klaverns, in 82 Mississippi counties.[47] In addition to discussing various harassment techniques the officers advised Klansmen to buy firearms. Sam Bowers urged them to assist law enforcement and catch civil rights activists breaking the law, so that they would "have the right to kill them."[48] Klan members were to join "local home guard units" to assist police. The enemy, he promised, would be countered by these "legally deputized" law enforcement auxiliaries in the daytime, and by an independent, "extremely violent Hit and Run group" by night.[49] Klan infiltration into law enforcement, and auxiliary police forces, occurred in Natchez, as well as smaller communities, such as Philadelphia and Laurel Mississippi.[50] Klan officers explained that Province leaders would begin selecting Klan units to undertake acts of arson and vandalism against COFO meeting places, and that unit leaders would then select individual Klansmen to undertake each job.[51] Waveland Mississippi-based Klan recruiter Louis Anthony DiSalvo, according to investigators of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Unit of the Treasury Department, purchased at least 74 rifles, some of which wound up in the hands of White Knights officers. According to information acquired by HUAC investigators, DiSalvo had discussed plans to form a Klan firing squad, at a Poplarville Mississippi Klavern meeting. Klavern members became fearful that such a squad might be used against suspected informants, and began discussing the possibility of affiliating with the UKA. By October 1965, DiSalvo had also joined the UKA, and four of the rifles he had bought, were found in the possession of a United Klans of America Exalted Cyclops who was later arrested and pled guilty in McComb Mississippi bombings.[52] Parts of the American South were pushed "to the edge of anarchy" in spring 1964.[53] Between January and May, nearly forty incidents of Klan-type vigilantism occurred. In Southwest Mississippi, five blacks were killed in six months. In McComb, Mississippi's most violent city, Klansmen associated with the Alabama based United Klans of America launched a five-month long bombing campaign on June 22.[54] At the same time, the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission, a well-funded state investigation agency, infiltrated civil rights organizations, funded private resistance groups, and employed economic intimidation against civil rights activists.[55] In the first week of June, Attorney General Robert Kennedy forwarded Civil Rights Division attorney Burke Marshall's proposal, that the FBI identify Klansmen and investigate their relations with law enforcement, to the President. Marshall presented Ku Klux Klan "terrorism" as a matter of internal security, noting that: The techniques followed in the use of specially trained, special assignment agents in the infiltration of Communist groups should be of value. If you approve, I recommend taking up with the Bureau the possibility of developing a similar effort to meet this new problem.[56] After three voting rights activists (two of them white), disappeared in Neshoba County on June 21, the President directed the FBI to accelerate its infiltration of Klan groups. The Bureau identified all Mississippi Klan officers, escalated investigations of Klan infiltration into Mississippi law enforcement agencies, and began to provide detailed accounts of Klan violence to the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover flew to Jackson to open a new FBI office. He met with Governor Paul Johnson, and provided him with the names of highway patrolmen who had joined the Klan. Johnson had the men fired, and ordered the patrol to interrogate rural Klansmen.[57] In October 1964, Mississippi Highway Patrol officers arrested Adams County Klansmen James Greer, Ernest Avants, and Myron Wayne "Jack" Seale. A bench warrant charged them with assault and battery with the intent to kill and murder, for an attack on two civil rights workers that had occurred in October 1963.[58] The Meridian Star carried a paid advertisement, reproduced from the October 5 issue of The Southern Review, a newspaper edited by Jackson Klan officer Elmore Douglas Greaves.[59] The advertisement warned "white people" about FBI "harassment" and advised them how to keep silent.[60] In the Review, Greaves declared that "a police state exists in South Mississippi."[61] In Adams County, where a number of bombings had recently occurred, the local White Knights Klavern also protested "unlawful searches and seizures," alleging that communist pressure on the government had created a "Police State."[62] Burke Marshall later characterized Klan vigilantism in Mississippi as a "criminal conspiracy" that required a "drastic" response.[63] Two hundred FBI agents worked on the Neshoba case. They interviewed more than 1000 Mississippi residents, including four hundred eighty members of the White Knights. They also subjected Klansmen to intense surveillance and aggressive interviews. Informant penetration was also accelerated.[64] After the murder of U.S. Army Reserve lieutenant Lemuel Penn near Atlanta Georgia on July 10, the FBI instituted aggressive internal-security investigations of Klan groups throughout the South.[65] FBI administrators transferred Klan investigations from the Criminal Division to the Internal Security Division, stepped up infiltration and surveillance, and instructed field office agents to compile reports on the membership, leadership and plans of Klan groups.[66] In Philadelphia Mississippi, Bureau agents berated unresponsive police, provided protection in the black community, and even guarded the local COFO office against Klan attack. They took affidavits from local blacks who had been assaulted and brutalized by Neshoba County police. Speculation remains to this day, about whether the FBI paid $30,000 to an informant to divulge the location of the bodies of the missing voting rights activists. The bodies were located on August 3, encouraging Greenville's Democrat-Times, as well as some Neshoba County whites to recognize that Klan vigilantism was a very real problem in Mississippi.[67] On Independence Day, White Knights Imperial Wizard Sam Bowers had declared that anyone who read J. Edgar Hoover's Masters of Deceit, could see that the Neshoba investigation was a "hoax," created by "domestic communists."[68] In August, the Knights distributed pamphlets that called President Johnson a "Communist sympathizer," and likened the FBI to the "Gestapo."[69] At a Hines County Klavern meeting, Grand Dragon Julius Harper reported that that he would attempt to identify FBI informants in the Klan, and that those exposed would be severely punished, betraying the fact that the FBI investigation was effecting Klan operations.[70] In public, however, the White Knights declared COFO's campaign a "failure," and declared victory in the early autumn edition of the Klan Ledger.[71] The immediate effect of FBI investigations was limited, however, because in 1964 Mississippi juries were still acquitting white supremacist vigilantes.[72] During the search for the missing civil rights workers, for example, a fisherman found the bodies of Charles Eddie Moore and Henry Hezekiah Dee, two Meadville Mississippi residents who had been missing since May. After conducting an extensive investigation, the FBI arrested James Ford Searle and Charles Marcus Edwards, two Klansmen who worked for the International Paper Company. Edwards signed a confession. The FBI passed on the confession and other evidence to Mississippi prosecutors, but the State chose not to indict.[73] Indeed, the first conviction for a racially motivated murder in a Southern state came in Alabama, in December 1965. The first federal civil rights conviction also came in Alabama, on the next day.[74] Before this, FBI informants surfaced to testify in vain, and aggressive FBI investigations were not enough to suppress vigilante violence. Thirty-five shootings, thirty bombings, thirty-five church burnings, eighty beatings, and at least six racially motivated murders took place in Mississippi during the first eight months of 1964. Fourteen died in civil rights related killings. Four more were perpetrated in 1965. In Jones County Mississippi, more than forty acts of assault, bombing or arson took place, including the bombing of two newspapers.[75] This violence constituted a "deliberate pattern of Klan terror," according to the FBI.[76] Therefore, on September 2 1964, senior FBI executives implemented COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE, a covert action to neutralize Klan leaders and their organizations.[77] "If you can curb the organization," FBI executives reasoned, "you can curb action or violence within the organization."[78] If they could reduce Klan membership, violence would decline, thereby reducing further recruiting.[79] As William Keller has explained, in the summer of 1964 liberals in the Johnson administration forced the FBI to penetrate Klan groups. They intended that the Bureau should acquire evidence for conspiracy prosecutions, and thereby suppress vigilante violence and terrorism. To accomplish this goal however, the FBI also created a covert action program to expose, disrupt and neutralize Klan organizations.[80] Once a week, during the fall of 1964, FBI agents interrogated all known members of the White Knights. During questioning, agents would blame other Klansmen for having provided the subject's name to the Bureau. Agents planted electronic surveillance devices in Klan meeting places. They contacted the news media to publicize arrests and identify Klan leaders. Local law enforcement also applied pressure. Some rank and file White Knights dropped out as a result.[81] By late September, two suspects in the Neshoba case had become extremely nervous. They were speculating about who was providing information to the Bureau.[82] The FBI recruited its first important informants, KBI chief Ernest Gilbert, and Sgt. Wallace Miller of the Meridian Police Department, in mid-summer. Recently apprised of the Moore-Dee murders, Gilbert had become disenchanted with the Klan. Importantly for the FBI, Gilbert had also refused an order by Klansman Ray 'Preacher' Killen to kill Wilmer Faye Jones, a black student accused of asking a white woman for a date. Like the three civil rights workers a few weeks later, Jones had been arrested by Neshoba County Sheriff Lawrence Rainey and Deputy Cecil Price, who released him to a group of Klansmen.[83] Klansmen involved in the Neshoba murders, meanwhile, had confided in Wallace Miller, the White Knights' first organizer in Lauderdale County. Miller provided the most important information about the Neshoba County murders, but other informants, developed during September and October also provided important leads. They fingered two Klansmen involved in the Neshoba murders, leading to two important confessions in that case. Klan informants also provided information that allowed the FBI and Meridian police to thwart a bomb plot against COFO headquarters. The arrest of Meridian Klansman James C. Rutledge for dynamite possession provoked fear about informants among the White Knights, as well as a proposal to kill the prisoner, lest he provide more information.[84] Nevertheless, civil rights workers tabulated at least fifty incidents of harassment and violence between October 8 and November 2.[85] In November, Meridian resident Delmar Dennis, who would soon become Bowers' Province Titan (administrative officer for a Congressional District), also began providing FBI agents with useful information on the Meridian murders, as well as information about communications from Bowers to his Klan units.[86] At this point, he would also have been able to inform FBI agents about the brawling between Meridian and Neshoba County White Knights, which had taken place five days before the Neshoba County murders. The Meridian group was angry, because Neshoba Klansmen had failed to participate in their assaults against a group of blacks emerging from a civil rights meeting.[87] Dennis's John Birch Society, segregationist, and conservative-Protestant credentials would also provide vital credibility during subsequent prosecutions in Southern courtrooms.[88] At this stage in the operation, Jackson field office agents used Dennis and Miller to elevate Klan member Billy Birdsong into the White Knights hierarchy. A volatile Klansman who advocated violence, Birdsong had boasted about the assaults and church bombings he had committed. He was also a leading critic of the Neshoba County Klavern's performance at the civil rights meeting.[89] According to official FBI historian Don Whitehead, the agents reasoned that "a compulsive talker in a place of authority would be a useful tool" for their intelligence operations.[90] They succeeded on December 1, 1964, when Bowers gave Birdsong responsibility for finding informers and communicating his orders to local Klan units.[91] FBI agents now told their informants to plant suspicion and spread the idea that other Klansmen were informing on their brethren.[92] Infighting and suspicion led to expulsions and internecine violence. Due to rumors that Wallace Miller had allowed the FBI to bug a Klan meeting after which all attendees had received visits from Bureau agents, for example, Bowers ordered Dennis to banish the policeman from the Knights in December. Miller, threatened by other Klansmen, now decided to provide more information to the FBI. Later, Dennis also prevented the killing of another FBI witness, James Jordan. Miller had alerted the FBI to Jordan's participation in the conspiracy. Jordan began providing information after FBI agent John Proctor demonstrated knowledge of his secret Klan number, and offered him $3500. During the first two weeks of December, Bureau agents arrested twenty-one suspects in the Neshoba case.[93] Their prosecutive summary report included the statements of informants who had witnessed the murders. Another break came on January 6, when a letter that Bowers had mailed to Dennis at Billy Birdsong's hotel, was delivered to Dennis's rural post box instead. The letter, which Dennis handed over to the FBI, was to become valuable to the prosecution of the case. Moreover, Bowers blamed Birdsong for the letter's disappearance. Given their falling out, Birdsong also began providing information to the Bureau. [94] A Federal Grand Jury handed down seventeen indictments on January 15. Judge William Howard Cox, however, delivered a setback to Federal prosecutors on February 24, when he threw out the government's indictments. The Justice Department was forced to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, which did not overturn the decision until March 1966.[95] Vigilante violence continued as well. In Warren County, a number of assaults and shootings into homes, as well as two firebombings took place between September 1964 and June 1965. In March, to cite one example, Warren County Klansmen assaulted a 77 year-old black man and caused extensive damage to a café that had served him, by throwing a Molotov cocktail through its window.[96] In fall 1964 Bowers had assured his Klansmen that funds would be raised should anyone be indicted for Klan activity. Between January and March 1965, the Klan collected $2500 in funds. Through spring and summer 1965, however, FBI informants were able to plant distrust among the White Knights, by questioning Bowers' accounting practices as well as his failure to provide financial support for the defendants in the Neshoba case. Bowers attempted to rally his Klansmen by haranguing them with tales of African troops training in Cuba for an invasion of Mississippi. Yet factionalism over Bowers' leadership continued to fester. Conflict between Neshoba County and Laurel Klansmen was especially bitter.[97] Conflict over financial matters also broke out between Bowers, and members of the Forrest County Klavern. In late 1964 or early 1965, according to HUAC investigators, Exalted Cyclops Mordaunt Hamilton pulled a gun on Samuel Bowers and Travis Ainsworth at a Forrest County Klavern meeting. He told them that they could to leave the meeting until they had repaid some money that had been collected for the purchase of Klan robes.[98] In summer 1965, Bowers also began to lose large numbers of Klansmen to Robert Shelton's Alabama based United Klans of America (UKA). The rival group was engaged in a major organizing drive in Mississippi, having held it's State convention in Natchez on May 16-17, where a new set of UKA State officers were elected. On July 10, a UKA rally in Meridian, featuring a short speech by Neshoba County case defendant Sheriff Rainey, drew 1000 people. During late July, two other rallies at Crossroads Mississippi each drew between 5000 and 8000 people. A rally at Greenville, where Rainey and co-defendant Deputy Cecil Price were introduced, drew 1000 people.[99] As discussed below, E. L. McDaniel, Bowers' recruiter in Natchez, had defected to Shelton's group sometime in late spring 1964. Robert Shelton advised McDaniel to contact White Knights Province Titan Delmar Dennis, and in November, FBI agents authorized Dennis to cooperate with McDaniel, both to gain information about the growing UKA and to spur defections from the White Knights to a less violent Klan group. In February 1965, to increase tension between the two Klan groups, Dennis provided McDaniel with a list of White Knights who had become critical of Bowers. Alton Wayne Roberts and Billy Birdsong were especially upset, because Bowers had failed to provide financial help to the Lauderdale and Meridian Klansmen who had been indicted in the Neshoba County case. Bowers and Roberts eventually came to terms, but Birdsong, who remained one of Bowers' most vocal critics, began recruiting for the UKA. Presumably in retaliation for this disloyalty, Birdsong was pistol whipped by three masked men in early 1965. Bowers eventually lost most of his Meridian Klansmen, including Roberts, to the UKA, and, over time, Bowers gradually lost all support among Klansmen living outside Jones County.[100] Bowers also attempted, but failed, to prevent his Klansmen from informing to the FBI. At a meeting of Klan organizers on July 18, Devours Nix, the newly elected Klan security chief, searched everyone for recording devices.[101] In mid-August, Earl Hodges, an ex-Klansman whom other White Knights believed to be an informant, was brutally beaten to death near Meadville, in Franklin County.[102] To throw off FBI investigators, Bowers instructed his Province Titans to undertake acts of violence throughout the state, in an attempt to spread the investigators thin. In late summer, Bowers lifted a moratorium on violence that he had implemented the previous November, due to fear of infiltration, as well as the increasing financial drain of legal fees, which had left the Knights $5000 in debt. Nightriders perpetrated five shootings into occupied dwellings, sixteen arsons, and nine attempted arsons in the Laurel-Hattiesburg area, provoking condemnation from segregationist Mayor Henry Bucklew. The Laurel Leader-Call published a statement signed by five hundred community leaders that condemned the violence. FBI agents warned Bowers that they were aware of his policy change, that his members were under surveillance, and that he would be subjected to 24-hour surveillance if he did not rescind his recent orders to resume violence. They targeted one of his more active Klansmen for harassment, and made contact with another Klansman who had argued against the effectiveness of vigilante violence.[103] In general, those Klansmen, who renounced violence and quit the Klan, were left alone. Those who did not were investigated, threatened with prosecution and pressured to provide information.[104] In response to FBI threats, Bowers ordered another 90-day moratorium on violence. Some of the more frustrated Klansmen in Mississippi however, continued to terrorize on their own initiative. On August 27, Natchez NAACP activist George Metcalf was crippled by a car bomb, provoking angry demonstrations by local blacks. After a series of demonstrations and boycotts, blacks achieved agreements from the city, to hire blacks, improve housing and desegregate schools, but prosecution of Metcalf's killer never occurred.[105] During late 1965, the Internal Revenue Service and the House Committee on Un-American Activities also began to play a significant role in the FBI-coordinated anti-Klan effort. In October the FBI distributed its reports on White Knights finances to the IRS, which had provided Sam Bowers' tax returns to the Bureau earlier in the year.[106] That same month, the House Committee on Un-American Activities began to expose the structure, size and internal documents of Klan groups across the South.[107] In January and February 1966, the Committee interrogated officers of the White Knights, exposing them and the activities of their Klansmen to public scrutiny.[108] Klansmen responded by burning at least one hundred crosses across the State.[109] HUAC mapped and listed the locations of all White Knights Klaverns and described the Klan's organizational structure.[110] They published detailed accounts of internal Klan elections, listing the names of numerous state officers, Klan organizers, and local Klavern leaders.[111] Committee members discussed statements made at Klavern meetings, including authorizations for acts of arson and vandalism, making it abundantly clear that the Knights had never operated in secret.[112] They published Klan literature and discussed organizational finances.[113] The State legislature applauded Governor Johnson when he called for the suppression of nightriding activity.[114] The information publicized through the hearings, while highly disruptive to the Knights, also threatened to expose FBI informants. Delmar Dennis, for example, was called before the committee. FBI agents, however, helped their informant to fake an automobile accident and he was able to avoid testifying.[115] By 1966, the FBI had developed 488 informants in the 1500 strong Knights.[116] On January 4, the FBI arrested seven Meridian Klansmen after FBI agents were fired upon while monitoring preparations for a cross burning.[117] A few days later, allies of the FBI who also opposed the Klan, published and distributed pamphlets that identified the highly secretive Sam Bowers as Imperial Wizard of the White Knights. Upset, Bowers offered $1000 to anyone who could identify the source of the leaflet.[118] Bowers made plans to re-organize the Knights and thereby frustrate FBI infiltration, and Klan violence continued to plague Mississippi. [119] On January 10, while the HUAC was interrogating Mississippi Klansmen and exposing their activities, Hattiesburg Mississippi voting rights activist Vernon Dahmer was murdered in a firebomb attack upon his home, shifting the focus of FBI investigations to Jones County. The killing aroused unprecedented outrage among white residents of Laurel-Hattiesburg, convincing the Laurel District Attorney and the city's Mayor to publicly denounce the Knights. Law enforcement authorities in Jones and Forrest Counties now began to work more closely with the FBI, which launched a relentless investigation.[120] In March, Jackson field office agents composed a letter that contained information known to only a few members of the Knights. The letter indicated that a suspect had told the FBI everything. In December, Bowers and his White Knights would convict this Klansman of informing in a Klan trial. There was talk about killing him.[121] Dahmer's attackers had left a good deal of physical evidence at the scene of their crime. Delmar Dennis and other FBI informants helped to finger a number of Laurel Klavern members in the murder. Interviews led Klansmen Lawrence Byrd, Billy Moss and Cecil Sessum to admit knowledge about the killing. Sessum later renounced his confession, claiming in a widely circulated affidavit that a US Marshall had beaten the confession out of him in front of FBI agent Roy Moore. According to an informant who attended a subsequent Klan meeting in Laurel, Sessum had called upon his Klan brothers to kill Byrd and Moss. In late March the FBI seized an arsenal and bomb diagrams from Bowers' home, and filed charges against 14 Klansmen, including Bowers, Sessum, Byrd, and Deavours Nix.[122] The White Knights disseminated leaflets that alleged that FBI agents had killed Dahmer in the hospital, and accused them of "kidnapping, whipping, threatening and torturing white Christian Citizens' of Mississippi."[123] Bowers' attorney also circulated charges that the FBI had knowingly fingered innocent people, but on April 19, a Jones County grand jury issued an extraordinary statement in support of the FBI investigation.[124] A transition was taking place: even as some civil rights activists began to abandon tactical non-violence in favor of self-defense, local whites began to view Klan murders as acts of terrorism, rather than as acts of zealous vigilantism.[125] The arrests and subsequent indictments severely damaged the prestige of the White Knights in Jones County. Many Klansmen quit, concerned that the FBI's informants would land them in prison.[126] Indeed, the testimony of T. Webber Rogers, who quit the Knights after the murder of Dahmer, would prove important to prosecutors.[127] On the other hand, more than two thousand people attended an April 11 rally in Laurel, hosted by Sam Bowers, to raise funds for the Neshoba County defendants.[128] Bowers, who declared FBI agents to be "representatives of the anti-Christ," collected $1000 for the defense fund.[129] FBI agents secretly filmed the proceedings and even managed to cut the power for a few minutes.[130] So as not to jeopardize prosecution, Jackson Mississippi field office FBI agents suspended counterintelligence operations against the defendants in April 1966. They did, however, mail 351 cartoon postcards to other members of the White Knights, as well as members of the United Klans, over the next three months. The cards depicted a Klansman peering over a sheet, with the caption, "KLANSMAN! Trying to hide your identity behind your sheet? You received this-Someone KNOWS Who You Are!"[131] Some of the recipients re-produced the postcards and mailed them to other addresses in Hattiesburg.[132] Given the arrests, however, others became convinced that the FBI had "penetrated entirely the veil of secrecy surrounding their activity," and many Klan units simply folded.[133] As early as May, the number of hard core Klansmen in Lauderdale County had been reduced to between seven and ten.[134] Internecine violence also began to plague the Knights in 1966. When Bowers endorsed the candidacy of James O. Eastland at a public rally in Byram, declaring that the Republican Party was "ruled by the Jews," for example, some attendees who endorsed the Republican challenger became upset. Returning to their automobiles to get their guns, they forced Bowers to terminate his speech. [135] One Klansman threatened that he would shoot Bowers if he ever dare to return to the area. In late December, one hundred Klansmen broke away from the White Knights to form a new unit.[136] On the other hand, Klansmen continued to perpetrate racial murders and other acts of terror. On June 10, 1966 members of an Adams County White Knights cell known as the Cottonmouth Moccasin gang kidnapped a black farmer and murdered him. Hoping to lure Martin Luther King to Mississippi, they shot Deacon Ben Chester White, whom they had selected at random, sixteen times. Four days later, FBI agents arrested Ernest Fuller, Ernest Avants and James Jones. FBI documents indicate that O'Dell Adams, the Adams Sheriff who led the local investigation of the White murder, was also a Klansmen. Jones expressed remorse at his April 1967 State trial, and obtained a hung jury. Eight months later, a State jury acquitted Ernest Avants, whose lawyer argued that White was already dead when Avants blew off his head with a shotgun. Five former jurors later agreed that two jurors had made up their minds before trial even began. King did appear in Mississippi a few weeks later, to participate in a march commemorating the second anniversary of the Neshoba killings. Although 300 white counter-protesters threw bottles, stones and firecrackers, punching black marchers and firing guns, King escaped unharmed.[137] In July, someone shot into the home of a black minister in Laurel. When desegregated schools opened two months later, black children in Grenada were attacked by white mobs. In December, two people shot a black youth attempting to obtain service at the Chow House Cafe in Laurel. Two months later, a similar incident occurred in Carrollton Mississippi.[138] Also in February 1967, Natchez NAACP treasurer Wharlest Jackson was killed after he accepted a job formerly held by a white man at the Armstrong Tire and Rubber Company. His murderers used a car bomb similar to the one that had crippled George Metcalf in 1965.[139] On March 13, a bomb destroyed the office of the Southwestern Mississippi Child Development Council in Liberty, Mississippi.[140] The Laurel Leader-Call was bombed in April.[141] In June, the Civil Rights Division compiled a report on the progress of Federal Civil Rights cases involving racial violence. Of the nine cases filed in Mississippi since January 1965, six had resulted in acquittals and the charges had been dismissed in another. Three were awaiting trial.[142] Thirteen days after White was murdered, however, a federal grand jury had also indicted sixteen Klansmen, including Sam Bowers, on civil rights charges related to the Dahmer murder. Although efforts to convict Bowers in this crime, amid jury tampering, would result in three mistrials, the trials themselves drove Klansmen out of the White Knights. In November, two Klansmen, Travis Buckley and Billy Roy Pitts, were jailed for abducting and attempting to intimidate Jack Watkins, a prosecution witness in that case. Pitts and Bowers had a falling out after Bowers failed to support Pitts on the kidnapping charge. Pitts went to the FBI and implicated Sessum, Nix and Bowers in the kidnapping, which precipitated their arrests. He also implicated Sessum, Nix and a Klansman named Charles Wilson in the Dahmer murder.[143] In February 1967, moreover, a federal grand jury indicted a new group of 19 defendants in the Neshoba case.[144] The trial finally began on October 9. Despite Klan efforts to influence and threaten jury members, on October 20, after an eleven-day trial highlighted by the testimony of FBI informants Sgt. Wallace Miller, James Jordan and Delmar Dennis, a Mississippi jury returned seven guilty verdicts. Samuel Bowers and Alton Wayne Roberts were sentenced to ten years in jail.[145] Delmar Dennis, who surfaced to testify in this trial, was harassed by Klansmen and subjected to spurious criminal proceedings by a Justice of the Peace in sympathy with the Klan. Shortly after the trial, a window next to his bed was shot out while he slept.[146] Klansmen burned Wallace Miller's grocery as well.[147] FBI agents, however, were not opposed to using strong-arm tactics either. They had solved the case, according to Burke Marshall, . . . by bribery, by payments to informers, by whatever eavesdropping was then permitted under the Bureau's rules, by the sowing of suspicion among Klan members so that none knew who was an informer and who not, by infiltration and deception . . .[148] As FBI Special Agent Paul Cummings put it, "We were at war and we used some muscle."[149] Cummings shot out the windows of a favorite Klan hangout in Natchez, for example, after Klansmen threatened FBI agents.[150] According to former FBI agent Neil Welch, A number of men previously involved in Klan violence around the State seemed, by remarkable coincidence, to experience misfortune. Some disappeared from the area. Some were forced to leave Mississippi for health reasons. A few took unplanned trips to places like Mexico and seemed to lose all interest in the Klan upon their return." [151] Uncooperative local sheriffs, he said, were subjected to corruption investigations connected to the bootleg whisky trade.[152] According to Delmar Dennis, FBI agents also used helicopters to buzz low over paramilitary training sessions near Byram, where Bowers instructed Klansmen in the use of explosives.[153] Journalists have even claimed that Mississippi FBI agents enlisted a Mafia hit-man, Gregory Scarpa, who kidnapped, assaulted and threatened to kill Lawrence Byrd to obtain a lead in the Dahmer murder investigation.[154] This combination of covert action and strong-arm tactics was effective. By January 1966, White Knights membership had declined from 5000-6000 members down to 1500. By early 1967, the number of Knights had dropped to 400, and by October, that number was down to 250.[155] On the other hand, many ex-Knights had simply defected to Robert Shelton's Alabama based United Klans of America. The UKA had set up its first Mississippi Klavern in McComb during spring 1964. Former Klansman Billy Wilson estimated that as of October, the UKA had signed up about 350 members in the area. A rally featuring Shelton drew about eight hundred people to the town in May. Due to disputes over Klan dues, a number of Adams County Klansmen broke off from the White Knights and joined the UKA in June. By October, this Klavern was composed of around 100 members. After spending a few months with recruiter Douglas A. Byrd in early 1964, E. L. McDaniel left the White Knights amid accusations of embezzlement. In fact, McDaniel had also been secretly recruiting for Shelton's group at the time. According to FBI figures for spring 1964, McDaniel had organized seventy-six Mississippi Klaverns with approximately 750 Klansmen.[156] Appointed Grand Dragon for Mississippi in July, McDaniel drew away more White Knights from Natchez and Morgentown during August. By that time, the McComb Klavern had grown so large that became necessary to split it in two and create a second Klavern in the city.[157] As COINTELPRO got underway during September, CBS News broadcast a critical documentary on the Ku Klux Klan. The national broadcast featured Grand Dragon E. L. McDaniel's introduction of Sheriff Rainey at the July UKA rally in Meridian, making it clear to the American public that the UKA sided with the defendants in the Neshoba case.[158] The FBI's first priority vis-a-vis the UKA, however, was to find the perpetrators of more than twenty-five bombings, which had occurred in and around McComb since April. Pike County officials joined this investigation after local blacks engaged in retaliatory violence. President Johnson threatened to send in troops. After columnist Drew Pearson wrote a critical piece for the Washington Post, which alleged that local oilman J. E. Thornhill had been financing McComb area Klan activity, Thornhill decided to quit the UKA. The FBI's bombing investigation led members of one McComb Klavern to discuss FBI operations at their meetings. Nevertheless, McComb area Klansmen undertook a new series of bombings, in Adams County, that month. The Bureau finally solved the case through the use of informants. In a joint operation during October, the FBI and the Mississippi Highway Patrol arrested 11 members of McComb's two UKA Klaverns, seizing guns, hypodermic syringes and homemade bombs.[159] More than 650 Whites published a paid advertisement in the McComb Enterprise-Journal, calling for an end to racial violence and equal treatment for black citizens. Undaunted, one of the arrested Klansmen wrote a letter to the editor of the Jackson Daily News, in which he declared that he was proud of having made the bombs. He protested that "We have a police state here now and a white man gets treated like an animal if doesn't go along with COFO and NAACP . . ."[160] Prosecutors obtained nine federal indictments and all the Klansmen pled guilty or no contest. Mississippi Judge William Watkins, citing "undue provocations" by blacks, however, soon handed down probation terms to all the defendants. J. Edgar Hoover denounced him.[161] The bombers had been broken up, and blacks were served in McComb restaurants for the first time without interference, but violence continued in Pike County. A union official named Otis Mathews, for example, was kidnapped and whipped by masked men in mid-November, apparently by Laurel Klan members who worked at the Masonite plant.[162] The FBI and State Highway patrol officials investigating an assault on two civil rights workers near Port Gibson, also arrested five Klansmen on charges of assault with intent to kill that October. They seized an arsenal of weapons from M. W. Seale, a member of the Adams County UKA security guard.[163] Despite the fact that arrests and trials did not always result in conviction, they nevertheless managed to serve a counterintelligence function, because they created a financial drain on the UKA. This, in turn, created internal problems between Grand Dragon E. L. McDaniel and the UKA leadership. In January 1965, McDaniel criticized other State units, as well as the Imperial Office, for not sending financial support to defend the Klansmen arrested in Mississippi.[164] Evidently, Shelton and McDaniel temporarily resolved this conflict, at least for a time, since they jointly launched a successful UKA recruitment drive in Mississippi during spring.[165] As mentioned above, McDaniel, helped by FBI informants Delmar Dennis and Billy Birdsong, managed to convince significant numbers of White Knights to defect to the UKA during spring and summer 1965. High ranking recruits included White Knights security chief and FBI informant Ernest Gilbert, who had coordinated acts of intimidation and violence for the White Knights, as well as Klan chaplain John Paul Foster, Province administrator C. J. Seal and Waveland-based Klan organizer Louis DiSalvo.[166] Aside from recruiting, however, UKA kept a relatively low profile until Christmas Eve, 1965, when E. L. McDaniel signed an affidavit for the arrest of Natchez Police Chief J. T. Robinson. McDaniel charged Robinson with failing to arrest civil rights leaders under a state anti-Boycott law. Robinson was arrested by Sheriff Odell Anders, leading the House Un-American Activities Committee to inquire whether McDaniel's real object, had been to replace the anti-Klan Police Department Chief, so that a UKA member in the police force could be promoted to replace him.[167] Less than two weeks later, the UKA dramatized its presence in Mississippi. Klansmen burned over a hundred crosses throughout the state, in protest against the HUAC's resumption of hearings on the Klan. Meridian police, who had staked out the UKA operation, fired upon a group of men who tossed a flaming cross into the yard of attorney William Ready. Although the perpetrators managed to escape, the police arrested five men on conspiracy charges after seizing a kerosene-soaked cross from their pickup truck. At least one other man was arrested in Pontotoc. In Benton County, Highway Patrol officers arrested Bobby and Allen Byrd. They were charged with assault, for having opened fire on FBI agents who had tailed them after they burned a cross in front of a civil rights group's headquarters.[168] At the hearings, HUAC committee members identified UKA Klansmen, Klavern names, and Klavern locations. [169] They published information on Mississippi UKA finances. [170] The HUAC, with the help of the IRS and the FBI, was also able to expose embezzlement and false accounting by UKA's national leadership.[171] To demonstrate that the UKA was a violent Klan group, Billy Earl Wilson, a former UKA member, was called. He provided detailed testimony on his participation in the McComb bombings, as well as a number of church burnings.[172] Unlike other UKA members who appeared before HUAC who were provided council by the Klan, all of the McComb area Klansmen appeared without council. This led Congressman Weltner to speculate that the UKA leadership had not supported these Klansmen, because it was trying to maintain the fiction that the UKA summarily discharged anyone convicted of an act of violence.[173] In January 1966 the Titan of UKA Province 2 contacted Charles Snodgrass, a high-ranking officer of the Mississippi Highway Patrol. The high-ranking Klan officer, who was also a Sharkey County Supervisor, was having second thoughts about having recruited for the group. His northern Mississippi Klansmen were becoming disgruntled over Imperial Wizard Robert Shelton's expectation that they raise $6000 to cover expenses arising from subpoenas issued by the House Committee on un-American Activities. Tired of not being told where their contributions were going, he and three other Klan leaders were thinking of pulling out of the UKA.[174] At the other end of the state, two Klaverns in Pascagoula disaffiliated with the UKA and joined the White Knights.[175] COINTELPRO operations against the Mississippi UKA now began in earnest. As part of a nationwide effort, FBI agents mailed letters to Mississippi Klansmen, inviting them to join a notional patriotic organization, which they had created. Appealing to evangelical Protestantism and patriotic feelings, these communications tried to convince recipients that Klan leaders were merely using the Klan to line their own pockets, and that the best way to fight Communism was to support the troops in Vietnam. National UKA leaders became very concerned about these letters, as well as the postcards mentioned earlier in this article. Robert Shelton denounced the NCDT in a special imperial newsletter, as well as the Fiery Cross newspaper. Agents composed various types of postcards and letters, which questioned Shelton's attacks and supported the NCDT. They signed these communications using the names of prominent UKA Klansmen in Mississippi, and sent them to UKA headquarters. In Mississippi and a number of states, as Klansmen fell under suspicion of informing on their brethren, infighting and resignations mounted.[176] In March, agents began exploiting allegations that Grand Dragon E. L. McDaniel was frequenting a former prostitute. Informants also raised the issue of financial irregularities in the UKA State office, causing seven dissident units to walk out of a State board meeting. To quell the rebellion, Imperial Wizard Robert Shelton ousted McDaniel in August. Shelton dissolved all the Mississippi State offices in September, and placed the Mississippi UKA under direct administrative control of UKA Headquarters. Dissension wracked the Mississippi UKA. Most of the Klaverns in the state became inactive. By November, the Jackson Daily News reported that the Mississippi UKA was floundering. By January 1967, state membership had declined back down to 750, spread across 30 Klaverns.[177] In January, a former UKA officer from northern Mississippi denounced the Klan in a newspaper exposé. Declaring that the Klan was a "racket," designed to "take in poor, innocent people" for their money, the officer called Klan leaders "booze heads and dope heads," and declared that some of them belonged in a "mental institution."[178] He claimed that once an individual joined the Klan, it was difficult to get out, and described the fear and social ostracism that Klansmen experienced, because of Klan violence, FBI infiltration job loss and public scorn.[179] In February, FBI agents composed resignation letters purporting to come from a group of UKA officers and mailed them to rank and file members. The letters also received nationwide press coverage. The Bogue Chitto Unit # 713 unit nearly fell apart. One Jackson Daily News article, distributed nationwide through the Associated Press that February, described the Mississippi UKA as "crumbling." During spring 1967, as McDaniel attempted to retain leadership over Mississippi Klansmen and disrupt Shelton's reorganization efforts, disunity increased. The UKA elected three Titans to run Mississippi, but the State had no other representatives on the National UKA governing board.[180] In the meantime, Dale Walton, one of the officers who had resigned, formed a small but militant splinter group in the northeastern Mississippi community of Tulepo, called the Knights of the Green Forest (KGF).[181] When Walton "changed his attitude toward the Bureau," however, FBI agents created and mailed 20 copies of a purported UKA proclamation that implied that KGF leader Dale Walton was an informant. The proclamation ordered UKA members not to associate with Walton, and urged them to inflict "whatever harassment is deemed necessary to stop [KGF members] from calling themselves Klansmen."[182] COINTELPRO operations, then, had aggravated tensions, produced a breakaway faction, and effectively reduced UKA activity.[183] By November 1967, the UKA would retain only 500 members in Mississippi.[184] In February 1968, FBI agents managed to raise suspicions amongst UKA members that a particularly effective Province Titan, who had retained the largest number of Klansmen in Mississippi, had been informing to the FBI. Since this Klansman had "boasted of violence and furnished only miscellaneous information to the FBI," agents instructed their informants to spread rumors that he "must be receiving outside income." Once suspicious Klansmen set up a surveillance operation, one agent simply walked up to the officer in question and "exhibited a friendly gesture." Convinced that their leader was informing to the FBI, his associates made plans to "dispose" of him. As early as 1967, almost half of the units in this officer's Province had joined other Klan organizations or gone dormant, but now suspicion and dissention reached such a point that Klansmen began planning "revengeful acts."[185] COINTELPRO after 1968: The Vitiation of Klans and Ideological Shifts among ex-Klansmen. Between March and October 1967, a number of trials related to the Dahmer and Neshoba murders broke up the White Knights. Never again, would it function as an effective, statewide organization.[186] In October, state and local authorities arrested two striking woodworkers, charging them with the August shotgun slaying of a security guard at the labor-troubled Masonite Plant in Laurel.[187] In November, the Memphis Commercial Appeal estimated that due to infighting, the White Knights had lost forty percent of its membership over the last six months. Only 700 Klansmen remained in Mississippi. Two hundred of these belonged to the White Knights.[188] By 1968, a total of less than 500 Klansmen remained in Mississippi, about fifty of them hard-core members.[189] By early 1968 then, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE was well on the way toward destroying Mississippi's Klan organizations. The FBI informant network threatened to paralyze Klan operations. Nevertheless, terrorism had not ceased. In Meridian, five black churches and a parsonage had been burned during 1967, and there had been a shooting attack on the home of a Head Start program teacher. Members of the militantly anti-Semitic National States Rights Party were prime suspects in the FBI investigation. In March, someone had bombed a real estate company that had been selling houses to blacks in previously all white neighborhoods. In August, an all white jury acquitted White Knights Klansmen Danny Joe Hawkins. Charges were dropped against J. L. Harper in a trial arising from that case. Six bombings were committed in Mississippi that Fall. In November, someone bombed a Laurel parsonage whose minister was a leader in the NAACP. Moreover, despite the October convictions, Bowers and the six other defendants in the Neshoba case remained free on appeal. Already enamored of Nazi iconography and racialist theories of Jewish-Communist conspiracy, Bowers now delved further into the eschatology of Christian Identity theology.[190] Identity hermeneutics, which demonize Jews as satanic offspring, and in some variations, mobilize the elect to battle them, were providing inspiration to a growing number of racist-right activists at this time.[191] An offshoot of British Israelism, Identity was brought into racist-right politics by Gerald L. K. Smith in the 1940s, and popularized by his California based associate Wesley Swift. Swift's protégés included Conrad Lynch, who along with National States Rights Party activist J. B. Stoner made a career out of racial agitation during the desegregation crises of the 1960s.[192] Unbeknownst to the FBI, Bowers had teamed up with a militant racist named Thomas Tarrants during summer 1967. Tarrants had led violent demonstrations against integration at his Mobile High school in 1963. Responsible also, for a series of shootings into black-owned homes back in 1964, Tarrants was another Swift protégé. Mobile Alabama National States Rights Party director Robert M. Smith and veteran anti-Semitic politician John Crommelin also influenced him. In teaming up with Tarrants, then, Bowers was also embracing Christian Identity.[193] The National States Rights Party, correspondingly, began publishing articles on FBI "persecution" of the White Knights.[194] Evidently financing himself through a series of armed robberies, Tommy Tarrants joined a small terrorist cell, and proceeded to carry out a series of bombings with Danny Joe Hawkins. The bombing of Jackson's Beth Israel synagogue in September 1967 resulted in a full-scale investigation involving the FBI and State and City police. Bureau agents suspected Hawkins, as well as his father, with whom they soon had an armed confrontation, resulting in their arrest on charges of assaulting federal officers. FBI informants in the Knights, however, could provide no intelligence about the secretive cell. To harass and unnerve all known White Knights, the FBI placed them under tight surveillance and interviewed them at their places of employment. Agents threatened Klansmen that they were investigating their personal and business affairs. On October 6, Tarrants bombed the house of a Dean at Tougaloo College. In November, members of the cell bombed the houses of two civil rights leaders and a local Rabbi. On December 21, eight days before his sentencing in the Neshoba case, Bowers was charged with possession of an illegal machine gun. A Collins Mississippi night marshal had pulled Tarrants and Bowers over while en route to shooting up the home of a black man who had fired on a police officer some days earlier. Bowers was acquitted, having testified that he did not know the weapon was in the car. Tarrants, however, skipped the trial for machine gun possession and went underground, finding refuge among followers of Wesley Swift. From a Franklin North Carolina hideaway, provided by a local Identity group, Tarrants made forays into Mississippi for meetings with Bowers and, focusing on Meridian, more attacks. On May 29, Tarrants and Hawkins blew up the Beth Israel synagogue in Meridian. The Anti Defamation League and local Jews raised $30,000, after FBI Special Agent Roy Moore suggested that large payments to informants might help to solve the bombings. Informant payments from the fund, in combination with strong-arming by local police, finally allowed the investigators to penetrate the cell. Chief Gunn's anti-Klan 'black squad,' set off small explosions near Klansmen's houses and shot into their homes. Alton Wayne Roberts, free on bail for the 1964 Neshoba murders, and his brother Raymond, Chair of the local National States Rights Party chapter, turned informant after Meridian police fired into Raymond's house.[195] Meridian Police Chief C. L. Gunn called the perpetrators "animals" and threatened "if we catch them in the act we will apprehend them and shoot to kill if required."[196] One police detective later stated: One of the informants believed we were going to kill him. We helped him believe it. We acted like we were going to do it. . . we harass 'em all, that's our job. . . They're in constant fear we got somebody set up now. We keep 'em scared to death.[197] On June 29, 1968, police captured Thomas Tarrants in an operation that Los Angeles Times reporter Jack Nelson called an "ambush."[198] Police severely wounded Tarrants and killed cell member Kathy Ainsworth, an Identity activist who had replaced Danny Joe Hawkins at the last minute.[199] Raymond Roberts urged Hawkins to avenge the killing, but Hawkins' arrest on a bank robbery charge, along with the Meridian police operation, had broken the cell, and Bowers halted the violence for a time.[200] The National States Rights Party's Thunderbolt denounced the Meridian operation as one in a series of FBI "frame-ups."[201] Party activists elevated Kathy Ainsworth to martyrdom.[202] In the late 1970s, former National Socialist campus activist David Duke, who would create the largest Nazi-Klan of the period, would also eulogize her.[203] These expressions of support were significant, because they illustrate coalitions that were developing among racist rights activists of various ideological stripes at the time. The NSRP, along with members of National Socialist groups such as David Duke, represented a vanguard. They formulated much of the ideological cross-pollination that would characterize the white power movement during the 1970s, fusing Christian Patriot ideology and KKK iconography with conspiratorial anti-Semitism, Holocaust denial, anti-Federal law enforcement rhetoric and Christian Identity theology. In November 1968, the family of Ben Chester White, killed by members of the White Knights in June 1966, won a one million-dollar civil damage suit against three Klansmen and the White Knights organization.[204] Thomas Tarrants was sentenced to thirty years in State Prison that same month. Six more convictions were obtained in the Dahmer case that year.[205] The NSRP denounced "pimps" who testified at the trials and accused the FBI of jury tampering.[206] Even the UKA decried the "frame-up" activities of "FBI pimp" Delmar Dennis.[207] The White Knights went into rapid decline during 1969-1970, as did the UKA. The NSRP sent speakers into Mississippi to try and recruit new members. Hosted by a well-known local Klan member, the speakers managed to draw 70 people to a February 1, 1970 meeting in Jackson. The FBI alerted the Jackson police, who arranged to have the city building inspector search for code violations at the meeting site. Agents also wrote and sent a letter from "one of the silent majority" to the Jackson Daily News, protesting violations of the building code by "radicals" and "rabble-rousers." Public NSRP meetings ceased, and NSRP activity was restricted to meetings of 4-6 former Klansmen, in private homes.[208] When Sam Bowers entered prison for the Neshoba civil-rights conviction in April 1970, die hard White Knights went underground. Although 26 Mississippi school districts desegregated for the first time that September, there was no Klan left to engage in violence. The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan were vitiated. FBI informants even ceased reporting on the activities of Klansmen such as Byron De La Beckwith, who continued to elude conviction for the killing of Medgar Evers.[209] In the 1970s, according to Klan experts Michael and Judy Ann Newton, no large KKK groups were revived in Mississippi, although Bowers did revive a "small hard core unit" of the Knights upon his parole in 1976.[210] The other members of the cell, Thomas Tarrants and Danny Joe Hawkins traveled very different paths after 1968. Their subsequent biographies illustrate the two opposite directions that Mississippi's white supremacists would take after the destruction of the Knights. After his July 23, 1969 escape from prison and a recapture facilitated by a FBI informant, Tarrants underwent a religious conversion, renounced racism and wrote an account of his bombing campaign in which he personally absolved the FBI of entrapment.[211] Danny Joe Hawkins, who had been indicted for the bombing along with Tarrants in 1968, merged his publishing enterprises with those of the NSRP in 1970.[212] Aside from a thirty month incarceration for a firearms violation that was handed down in 1974, Hawkins stayed out of trouble until 1981, when he was arrested along with David Duke's successor, Stephen Black and eight Nazi associates, for plotting to invade the Caribbean island of Dominica.[213] Byron De La Beckwith also associated with the NSRP, appearing as a featured speaker at the group's 1973 national convention.[214] The Party had just begun publishing increasing numbers of Identity tracts in its Thunderbolt newspaper.[215] In October, New Orleans police, acting on a FBI tip, arrested Beckwith on federal firearm and explosive charges. Beckwith was intercepted while en-route to bomb the home of ADL director Adolph Botnick, the Jewish activist who had helped to fund and plan the capture of Thomas Tarrants in Meridian five years earlier. Former White Knights member Gordon Clark had informed Jackson field office FBI special agent Thompson Webb about the plot.[216] Lauded as a "penniless victim of government illegality and crime" by David Duke, Beckwith was acquitted after his attorney convinced jurors that he had been framed.[217] Other supporters included NSRP officer J. B. Stoner and Christian Identity preacher Richard Butler, leader of a Nazi group called the Aryan Nations. Even the Mississippi UKA contributed $5000 to his defense. Beckwith was finally convicted on state charges in 1977. Two months before entering prison, he was ordained as a Christian Identity minister.[218] Between 1964 and 1971 then, a combination of successful prosecutions, combined with a disruptive campaign of covert action had both reduced vigilante violence and vitiated Mississippi's Klan organizations. Jackson FBI field office files had logged 175 acts of civil rights connected shootings, beatings, bombings and arsons in the last 7 months of 1964 and 274 acts in 1966. By 1970, the numbers were down to 70.[219] Hard core Klansmen who remained active, however, became more and more alienated. The increased influence of Christian Identity theology and Nazi ideology in KKK circles, provided contact with other racist ideologies.[220] In particular, the NSRP, which had consistently vilified the FBI as a tool of the Jews ever since an informant surfaced to testify during a 1958 bombing trial, had gained the ear of Mississippi's hard core.[221] Other Mississippi Klansmen joined a Louisiana based Klan leader who attempted to organize a Minutemen-type paramilitary group.[222] In late 1980, a Klan group known for its advocacy of paramilitary training attracted 500 to a march in Jackson, Mississippi. [223] The FBI, whom UKA Imperial Wizard Robert Shelton had seen as an ally, had become a primary enemy for white racists.[224] Questions regarding the relationship between Southern justice and vigilantism continue to haunt the history of the Deep South. During the 1990's, Mississippi began to look back at a number of unresolved vigilante killings from the civil rights era. In 1994, Citizens'' Council activist Byron De La Beckwith was finally convicted of the June 1963 murder of NAACP field representative Medgar Evers.[225] Yet again, the testimony of former FBI informant Delmar Dennis was central to the prosecution's case.[226] In January 1998, the Jackson Clarion-Ledger reported that Billy Roy Pitts had never served a day of his life sentence for the killing of Vernon Dahmer. Dahmer surrendered and helped Mississippi to convict Sam Bowers of ordering the 1966 firebomb attack that killed the NAACP activist. Another former Klansman who had provided information to the FBI also turned State's evidence in this case.[227] Adams County prosecutors reopened the 1964 Moore-Dee double murder case in 1999, and the FBI opened the case in 2000, but prosecution seems doubtful unless more evidence emerges.[228] In November 1999, a Humphries County jury convicted four white men of manslaughter in the racially motivated killing of sharecropper Rainey Pool in April 1970.[229] Federal prosecutors reopened the 1966 Ben Chester White murder case against Ernest Avants in late 1999, after ABC News reported the fact that killing took place in a National Forest. Citing jurisdiction on federal property, the FBI arrested Avants on June 7, 2001.[230] He was tried and, on the basis of James Jones' 1967 confession, as well as the testimony of former FBI agent Allan Kornblum found guilty in March 2003. Since he showed no remorse, District Court Judge William Babour sentenced Avants a life without parole.[231] Natchez police reopened the 1967 Wharlest Jackson car-bomb murder case in 2000, but authorities came to believe that all suspects in the case are now dead. At this writing, federal and state investigators have re-opened 18 civil rights era murder cases, including the Neshoba county murder case that had galvanized the Federal effort against the Klan in 1964.[232] The fact that some of these cases took so long to prosecute, whereas others have yet to be resolved, raises questions about the extent to which Michal Belknap's thesis applies throughout Mississippi. Journalist Jack Nelson, for one, has taken the view that as late as 1968, Klan violence aroused little action from local whites in Meridian.[233] Violence may have been reduced, in part, because Mississippi prosecuted and convicted Klansmen in other cases. COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE, however, was also instrumental in suppressing vigilantism, because it destroyed organized Klan groups.[234] Kenneth O'Reilly may well be correct in asserting that in comparison, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE was pursued with less vigor and was less devastating to its targets than COINTELPRO operations against the Black Panther Party, but this need not imply that the anti-Klan effort was a failure. Historians have just begun to write the history of the rise and fall of the KKK in the late twentieth century.[235] A complete rendering will include not only an account of the role of KKK vigilantes in the southern white backlash against civil rights, but also an account of the FBI's suppression of the Klans during the 1960s. This article relates part of this story. Inspired by the Michal Klarman's provocative thesis, this article supplements his dialectic of backlash and response, by focusing on the issue of vigilante violence in Mississippi and the FBI's response to it. It expands upon Michal Belknap's seemingly minor point that FBI intelligence and counterintelligence operations supplemented Southern efforts to suppress Ku Klux Klan activity. It examines the anti-Klan operations from a different perspective than the comparative one that Kenneth O'Reilly introduced, placing it within the history of Klan organizing and vigilante violence in the American South. It explains why Mississippi's Klan organizations went into steep decline during the late 1960s. It also raises questions about COINTELPRO's influence on the subsequent development of racist-right ideology in the United States. In so doing, it indicates that vigilante violence, as well as COINTELPRO's role in repressing it, must be taken into account before historians can fully assess relationships between racial backlash, federal response, and social change in the American South during the 1960s. Finally, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE and other FBI covert operations are worth studying because they provide case studies for evaluating the efficacy of extralegal covert action techniques, undertaken in the interest of domestic security. In Mississippi, such techniques, if somewhat controversial, proved very successful. These questions are particularly important now, because the United States government is currently unshackling the intelligence community, so that it can engage in preventive operations against transnational terrorist cells. At a time when the American people are re-evaluating how to preserve the delicate balance between the preservation of their liberties and their need for collective security, we ignore such questions at our own peril. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Director to Atlanta et. al., 9/2/64, (Section 1), in Athan Theoharis ed., COINTELPRO: The Counterintelligence Program of the FBI (Wilmington DE, 1978) Microfilm. [2] The program lasted until April 1971, when antiwar activists broke into a FBI field office in Media Pennsylvania, stole FBI intelligence and counterintelligence documents from these and other operations, and published them. [3] Michael J. Klarman, "How Brown Changed Race Relations: The Backlash Thesis," Journal of American History 81:1, (June 1994). [4] Michal R. Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order: Racial Violence and Constitutional Conflict in the Post-Brown South, (Athens, 1987), xi, 181-182, 229, 236; idem, "The Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn," Howard Law Journal, 25, (1982). [5] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 168, 191-192, 199-200. [6] Kenneth O'Reilly, Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972, (New York, 1989). [7] Ibid., 224. [8] Ibid., Chapter 6; William Keller, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, Rise and Fall of a Domestic Intelligence State, (Princeton, 1989), Chapter 3; Richard Gid Powers, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover, (New York, 1987), 407-411. [9] Frank Donner, The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America's Political Intelligence System, (New York, 1981), 204-211; James K. Davis, Spying on America: The FBI's Domestic Counterintelligence Program, (Westport CT, 1992), Chapter 4. [10] Evelyn Rich, "Ku Klux Klan Ideology, 1954-1988" (Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1988), Chapter 5. [11] The official FBI account is Don Whitehead, Attack on Terror: The FBI Against the Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi, (New York, 1970). Informant accounts include William H. McIlhany, Klandestine: Untold Story of Delmar Dennis and his Role in the FBI's War Against the KKK, (New York, 1975) and Delmar Dennis, To Stand Alone: Inside the KKK for the FBI, (Sevierville, 1991). [12] Jack Nelson, Terror in the Night: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews, (New York, 1993). [13] David Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan, (Durham, 1987), 398-99. [14] John George and Laird Wilcox eds., Nazis, Communists, Klansmen, and others on the Fringe: Political Extremism in America (Buffalo, 1992), 401. [15] Keller, Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, 92, 84. [16] The entire COINTELPRO file that was released by the FBI, is available as: Athan Theoharis ed., COINTELPRO: The Counterintelligence Program of the FBI [Microfilm] (Wilmington DE, 1978). The White Hate Files (FBI File 157-9) comprise microfilm reels 18-20. All FBI documents cited in this article, unless otherwise indicated, are from this collection. Communications between FBI executives are contained in section one. Most communications between FBI headquarters are in the field office files that follow. [17] The MIBURN or "Mississippi Burning" file (FBI File 44-25706), is available at http://foia.fbi.gov/miburn.htm. FBI File 105-1057, is the New Orleans FBI field office file on the Louisiana UKA. The author acquired it through the Freedom of Information Act and it remains in his possession. [18] The archives include the Wilcox Collection of Social Protest Movement Materials at the University of Kansas, the Special Collection at Duke University, and the North Carolina State Archives, as well as the microfilmed collection of The Right Wing Collection of the University of Iowa Libraries. [19] Baumgardner to Sullivan, 1/6/66 (Section 1). [20] Rich, "KKK Ideology." [21] This last argument is developed more thoroughly in John Drabble, "From White Supremacy to White Power: The FBI, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE and the Nazification of the Ku Klux Klan," (working paper in possession of the author). [22] Shawn Lay ed., The Invisible Empire in the West: Towards a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s, (Urbana, 1992), 9; Kenneth T. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930, (Chicago, 1992), 237. [23] A few Klaverns, with a small membership were formed in 1956. Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America. (New York, 1987), 333; Michael and Judy Ann Newton, The Ku Klux Klan, An Encyclopedia, (New York, 1991), 397; Neil McMillen, The Citizens' Council: Organized Resistance to the Second Reconstruction 1954-1964, (Urbana, 1994), 9-10, 15, 236-24. [24] McMillen, Citizens' Council, 236. For a description of the intimidation and harassment that the Councils engage in, see Elizabeth Geyer, "The "New" Ku Klux Klan, Crisis, March 1956, 139-148. Federal pressure, however, did lead the state to launch an accelerated program to equalize school facilities for the races. Mark Lowry, "Schools in Transition," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 63:2, (June 1973), 168. [25] Klarman, "How Brown Changed Race Relations," 104; Rich, "Ku Klux Klan Ideology," 26; McMillen, Citizens' Council, 10, 262-266; David Alan Horowitz, "White Southerners' Alienation and Civil Rights: The Response to Corporate Liberalism," Journal of Southern History, 54:2, May 1988, 194. [26] Residential patterns, the opening of all white private schools, and economic pressure, all served to insure that only token desegregation was achieved. Lowry, "Schools in Transition," 169-180. [27] James T. Patterson, Brown vs. Board of Education: a Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy, (New York, 2001), 153-159. [28] Courts was shot on November 25, 1955. Lee was killed on May 7, and Smith on August 13. Elizabeth Geyer, "'New' Ku Klux Klan," 142-143. The Humphries County sheriff claimed that Lee's death was a traffic accident and refused to investigate. When asked about the lead pellets taken from Lee's head, the sheriff replied that they were probably dental fillings. No one was ever arrested. Three white men were arrested in the Smith case, but all went free when witnesses refused to testify as to what they had seen. Both cases were never reexamined and remain closed. "Biographies of slain civil rights figures," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 24 February 2003 [29] Marcia A Smith The Murder of Emmet Till, Stanley Nelson prod. and dir, PBS Home Video, American Experience Series, 2002. [30] Mississippi's failure to indict resulted in swift enactment of the 1960 Civil Rights Act. Edwin Howard Smead, Jr., The Lynching of Mack Charles Parker in Poplarville Mississippi, April 25, 1959, (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, 1979), Abstract, 148-149, 172, 232-244, 261-275, 280-285. [31] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, x, 24-33, 44-52. [32] James Patterson Smith, "Local Leadership, the Biloxi Beach Riot, and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement on Mississippi's Gulf Coast, 1959-1964," in Samuel C. Hyde Jr. ed., Sunbelt Revolution: The Historical Progression of the Civil Rights Struggle in the Gulf South, 1866-2000, (Gainesville, 2003), 143. [33] Seth Cagin and Philip Dray, We Are Not Afraid: The Story of Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney and the Civil Rights Campaign for Mississippi, (New York, 1988), 152-155, 227-229; Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 109-110, 123-124. [34] Newton, Ku Klux Klan Encyclopedia, 43-44. [35] Ibid.; Ronald Smothers, "30 Years Later, 3rd Trial Begins in Evers Killing," New York Times, 27 January 1993. [36] Wade, Fiery Cross, 333. [37] Ibid.; US Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities. Report: The Present-Day Ku Klux Klan Movement. 90th Congress, 1st Session, 1967, 44, 48; US Congress; House. Committee on Un-American Activities. Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations. 89th Congress, 1st Session, 1965, 2359, 3870-3874; Newton, Ku Klux Klan Encyclopedia, 397, 443. [38] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 135-137; Michal Belknap ed., Civil Rights, The White House, and the Justice Department, 1945-1968, Volume 10: "Racial Violence and Law Enforcement in the South," (New York, 1991), 256-257; O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 157-159; John R. Rachal, "'The Long, Hot Summer': The Mississippi Response To Freedom Summer, 1964," Journal of Negro History, 84:4, (Autumn 1999), 316-320. [39] HUAC, Present Day KKK, 44. [40] John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle For Civil Rights in Mississippi, (Urbana, 1994), 216-217; John Herbers, "Klansmen Rally Around Beckwith," New York Times, 12 April 1964, 42. The White Knights threatened ot kill the parents of black children who integrated Chaickasaw County Schools. White Knights Pamphlet, Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [41] Ibid., 215-216. See also David Chalmers, Backfire: Louisiana Klansmen helped McDaniel to distribute flyers deriding city and county law enforcement authorities. New Orleans Report, 8/7/65, UKA-Louisiana, (FBI File 105-1057), Section 23, p 28. (File in possession of the author). [42] Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 263-266; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2943, 2815-2821; Jerry Mitchell, "Informant shares story," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 10 September 2000. [43] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 26-27; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 44-48, 163; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 1584, 2415-2437, 2450-2609, 2625, 2783, 2935. [44] Charles Marsh, God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights, (Princeton, 1997), 78, 65-66. See also ibid., Chapter 2; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 5-6. See also, Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 245-247. [45] Executive Lecture of March 1 1964, and Instructions on Secrecy and Harassment, reprinted in McIlhany, Klandestine, 123. [46] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 6. [47] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2694-2695 [48] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2935-2936. [49] Ibid., 7. For more on the White Knights organization and its rhetoric, see HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 44-50, 69-70; Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 174-175, 212-221; W. Glenn Watts, The Soveregnty Files: The Real Story, (Jackson,1999), 241-265; White Knights pamphlet quoted in Dennis, To Stand Alone, 24; Sam Bowers, Executive Lecture, March 1 1964 and "Instructions on Secrecy and Harassment," reprinted in McIlhany, Klandestine, 121-137; Sam Bowers Imperial Executive Order, May 3, 1964 reprinted in Wade, Fiery Cross, 434-437; Samuel Bowers speech, June 7, 1964 reprinted in Patsy Sims, The Klan, (New York, 1978), 242-244; Klan Ledger "Special Gulf Coast edition, pre-4th of July" (1964) reprinted in HUAC, Hearings, 2754-2755. See also Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [50] Florence Mars, Witness in Philadelphia, (Baton Rouge, 1977), 102-103; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 361; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2784-2791, 2801. [51] Ibid., 2936-2937. [52] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2713-2719. [53] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 128. See also, Belknap ed., " Racial Violence," 380-421. [54] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 137-138; O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 160-161; Marsh, God's Long Summer, 57-58; Congress of Federated Organizations, Mississippi Black Paper, (New York, 1965). For a list of incidents, see John Doar, First Assistant, Civil Rights Division, to Burke Marshall, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division, May 19, 1964, reprinted in Belknap ed., "Racial Violence," 228-233. [55] Rachal, "'Long, Hot Summer'," 321. [56] Robert Kennedy, Attorney General to the President, June 5, 1964, reprinted in Belknap ed., "Racial Violence," 244-246. On the implications of treating public disorder problems as an internal security matter, and an explanation of differences between internal security investigations and criminal investigations, see Keller, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, 9-10, 56-57. [57] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 152-153, 232-251; Belknap, "Racial Violence," 344-351; O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 162-169, 172; Powers, Secrecy and Power, 407-411; Yasuhiro Katagiri, The Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission: Civil Rights and States' Rights, (Jackson, 2001), 167, 179, 190-191. The FBI believed at least 30 policemen, sheriffs and highway patrolmen belonged to the Klan before Governor Johnson and some cities took steps to purge them. John Herbers, "The Klan: Its Growing Influence," New York Times, 20 April 1965, 1. [58] Charges were dismissed, however, when the victims failed to return to Mississippi for the trial. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2799. [59] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2768-2776, 2828, 2831. [60] "On Being Investigated by the FBI," Meridian Star, 8 November 1964, reprinted in idem, 2777. [61] "A Police State Exists in South Mississippi," The Southern Review, Jackson Miss, 15 November 1964, reprinted in idem, 2778. [62] "In This Area-Protest Action Highway Patrol," Natchez Democrat, 1 November, 1964, and Adams County Civic and Betterment Association, "Resolution and Petition," reprinted in HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2999-3000. See also idem, 3017-3019; "Bomb Wrecks Jackson paper Published By Pulitzer Winner," New York Times, 29 August, 1964, 9. [63] Burke Marshall, "The Issues on Trial," in John C. Raines, ed., Conspiracy, (New York, 1977), 157-158. See also Jim Devine, Deputy Attorney General to Ramsey Clark, "Working paper for Conference on Legislative Proposals to Curtail Activities of the K.K.K.," April 8, 1965, in Belknap ed., Civil Rights, Volume 14, 57-61. On the legal and political implications of treating the Ku Klux Klan as a criminal conspiracy, see Keller, Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, 87-92. [64] O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 173; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 91, 104-108; William Sullivan with Bill Brown, The Bureau: My Thirty Years in Hoover's FBI (New York, 1979), 127-128; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 90-91. On surveillance, interviews and informants, see for example, Gale to Tolson 11/30/64, 3 (Section 1); Jackson to Director, 10/15/64, 1/28/65 (Section 1); 4/22/65, 8/6/65, 6/18/69, 5/7/69, 6/18/69; 5/7/69; Director to Jackson, 8/9/65, 8/19/65, 8/29/67, 5/13/69. [65] Report, Director, to Attorney General, December 19, 1967, KU KLUX KLAN INVESTIGATIONS FBI ACCOMPLISHMENTS, reprinted in U. S. Congress, Senate. Hearings before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence, Activities of the United States Senate, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. [Church Committee] Vol. 6, 516-527. Atlanta agents harassed UKA Klansman Herbert Guest, a suspect in this case. In July 1966, however, Guest was acquitted in a federal trial. Bill Shipp, Murder at Broad River Bridge, The Slaying of Lemuel Penn by Members of the Ku Klux Klan, (Atlanta, 1981), 45-46. For more details on this harassment, see Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America In The King Years, 1963-65, (New York, 1998), 429-430; Wade, Fiery Cross, 361. [66] Gale to Tolson 7/30/64 (Section 1); Baumgardner to Sullivan, 8/27/64 (Section 1). [67] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 156-157; O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 174-175; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 112-124, 149-156, 141-142; Jerry Mitchell, "Reward: Whether FBI ever paid money remains matter of speculation among many," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 8 January 2001; idem, "Who's the 'hero' with no name," "Was 'Mr. X' Maynard King?" "Was 'Mr. X' Wallace Miller?" and "Was 'Mr. X' Earle Poe?" Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 7 May 2001; Rachal, "'Long, Hot Summer," 328. Rachal described Greenville as the most moderate town in the Delta. [68] Klan Ledger, July 4, 1964, reprinted in Wade, Fiery Cross, 437-439. [69] Klan Ledger, circa August 1964, quoted in Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 144; Pamphlet, "The Informer," circa 1964, White Knights Folder, Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [70] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2820-2821. [71] Of the 17,000 blacks who attempted to register, only 1600 succeeded, yet the fact that so many had attempted to register, despite the terror, revealed that a major a crack was opening in the regime of white supremacy. Rachal, "'Long, Hot Summer," 331-332. [72] Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 128-204; Belknap, "Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn," 475-476. [73] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 157; Dittmer, Local People, 251-252; "Ex Agent: Klan Case Dropped by Prosecutors in 1964," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 14 June 2000. See also, HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2804-2812, 3006-3007, 3013. [74] These cases involved the murders of Willie Lee Brewster and Viola Liuzzo, in Alabama. Belknap, Federal Law and Southern Order, 183, 187-204, 235; Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 71, 352-353. [75] Belknap, "The Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn," 475; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 114; Gene Roberts, "Racial Violence Kills 20 In Year," New York Times, 31 January 1966, 18. No one was ever convicted for the church burnings, and victims of beatings often found themselves arrested for breach of the peace. Rachal, "' Long, Hot Summer," 322, 327. [76] Belknap, "The Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn," 475. [77] Director to Atlanta et. al., 9/2/64, Section 1. For background, see also Gale to Tolson 7/30/64, Section 1; Baumgardner to Sullivan 8/27/64, Section 1. [78] Unit chief deposition, 54 cited in US Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence ["Church Committee"], Final Report. Book III. 94th Congress, 1st and 2d Sessions, 1975, 6. As another executive put it, "The idea was you will "prevent violence if you have smaller groups." Black Nationalist Supervisor deposition, 10/17/75, 24, cited in ibid. See also Testimony of Deputy Associate Director James B. Adams, in idem, 144-148. These executives were referring to the Black Nationalist Hate Group COINTELPRO in their testimony, but this author's close reading of the White Hate file left him with the impression that the anti-Klan effort was influenced by the same logic. [79] Charlotte to Director, 12/28/66; Director to Charlotte, 2/3/67. Thus, the FBI did not target the Mississippi Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, an ineffectual, one-man organization in Biloxi. Jackson to Director, 6/30/65; US Congress, House. Hearings before the Committee on Un-American Activities, Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations. 89th Congress, 1st Session, 1965, 1545, 1597. [80] Keller, Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, Chapter 3. [81] Jackson to Director, FBI 10/15/64, 1/21/65, 1/28/65 (Section 1), 4/14/65, 4/22/65, 1/31/66; Director to Jackson, 1/28/65 (Section 1), 2/8/65, 3/9/65; Dennis, To Stand Alone, 57-59. [82] Director to Jackson, 9/24/64, MIBURN. [83] This information did not surface at Price and Rainey's 1967 trial, as Gilbert was still acting as an undercover informant. Jerry Mitchell, "Informant Shares Story," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 10 September 2000, idem, "Was 'Mr. X,' Wallace Miller?" Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 7 January 2001. [84] Statement of Carlton Wallace Miller, 9/13/64, attached to Director to Jackson, 9/19/64, MIBURN; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 30, 124-125, 160-165, 175-186. A grand jury failed to indict Rutlege. [85] Rachal, "'Long, Hot Summer," 332. [86] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 186-187; McIlhany, Klandestine, 32-41. Dennis's Titan duties covered Lauderdale, Clarke, Newton, Leake, Neshoba and Kemper Counties. McIlhany, Klandestine, 36-37. [87] McIlhany, Klandestine, 25; Dennis, To Stand Alone, 57-58; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 188. [88] McIlhany, Klandestine, 8-9. See for example, Dennis's testimony in the Neshoba County trials, at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/f...ers/Dennis.html [89] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 176-177, 191; Dennis, To Stand Alone, 57-59. [90] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 177. [91] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 191; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 51. [92] Jackson to Director 10/20/65, 1/4/66, 1/21/66, 2/28/66, 2/10/66; Director to Jackson 2/28/66, 2/16/66. Director to Jackson, 9/19/64, MIBURN. [93] US Commissioner Esther Carter dismissed the charges, because Horace Doyle Barnette, who confessed, wasn't present to testify. The FBI re-arrested 17 of the men, dropping four and adding one defendant. All were charged with violations of 18 U.S.C. Sections 241, 242 and 371. For details, see Administrative History, Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, in Belknap 17:1, 95-93; "Civil Rights Trio Killings: A Timeline of Events," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 7 May 2000. [94] Birdsong was assaulted, presumably by Klansmen loyal to Bowers. The sources conflict, however, on the question of whether Birdsong began providing information before or after the beating. McIlhany, Klandestine, 42-49, 52; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 195-197, 201, 207-210; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 430-431; Jerry Mitchell, "People would call and threaten to kill Wallace," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 8 January 2000. Arrests of law enforcement officers for civil rights violations "under color of law" had already been made in early October. FBI Prosecutive Summary report, 12/19/64, MIBURN. Biographies of John Proctor and James Jordan, at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/f...rice&bowers [95] Arguing that the right of a person not to be deprived of life or liberty without due process of the law existed prior to the Federal Constitution, Cox ruled that murder was not a Federal crime and that the Justice Department could only prosecute the three defendants who, as policemen, acted "under color of law." [96] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2740-2742. [97] Jackson to Director 8/6/65, Director to Jackson 8/19/65; Baumgardner to Sullivan 8/19/65; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2762-2768, 2773-2775, 2799, 2828, 2937-2939. [98] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2703-2704. [99] Dennis, To Stand Alone, 28-33; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 220-221, 230-231; Mars, Witness in Philadelphia, 185-187; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2588, 2590, 2987, 3048-3049, 3052; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 443-444; Informant report, UKA-Louisiana (FBI File 105-1057), Section 22, p24; Chalmers, Backfire, 80. [100] Newton, Ku Klux Klan Encyclopedia, 161; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 221-225, 231, 150-155, 257; Jack Nelson, "White Knights Charge on Toward Extinction," Atlanta Journal, July 30, 1968., 7B; McIlhany, Klandestine, 49-50; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 444; Jackson to Director, 8/6/65. [101] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2939-2940, 2823. [102] HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 102-103. Law enforcement authorities implicated Franklin County #2 EC and Province Giant Clyde Wayne Seale, along with his son James Seale and Charles Marcus Edwards in the brutal beating. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2807-2815. [103] Jackson to Director, 8/6/65, 8/12/65, 10/20/65; Director to Jackson, 10/26/65; Gene Roberts, "A Southern city Fights the Klan," New York Times, 22 October, 1965, 32; Chalmers, Backfire, 80, 90; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2690, 2925-2926, 2937-2938; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 188-191. For the Knights' response ot Bucklew, see Klan Ledger, 21 October 1965 in "White Knights" Folder, Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University.On White Knights arson, bombing and murder projects during 1964-1965 see Dennis, To Stand Alone, 86-87. [104] Ibid.; Jackson to Director 1/4/66, 1/21/66, 2/10/66, 2/28/66; Director to Jackson 2/16/66, 2/28/66. The moratorium had been announced at a 'Klonvocation' held in a Simpson County forest and attended by more than 300 Klansmen. Herbers, "The Klan: Its Growing Influence." [105] The FBI traced the crime to the Silver Dollar Group, a small cell of about twenty Adams County Mississippi, and Concordia Parish Louisiana Klansmen who were disgruntled by the lack of vigilantism being undertaken by their respective Klans during the Neshoba County murder investigation. FBI investigators also held them responsible for the December 1964 arson-murder of Frank Morris in Ferriday Louisiana. Martin Waldron, "Natchez Boycott Ends as Negroes Gain Objectives," New York Times, 4 December 1965, 2; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 387, 518-519; Dittmer, Local People, 354-355; Adam Fairclough, Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972, (Athens, 1995), 399; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 225-230. [106] Baumgardner to Sullivan 5/10/65, 6/28/65 (Section 1); Jackson to Director, 10/20/65; 1/31/66. [107] HUAC, Activities of KKK, Part I. [108] HUAC, Activities of KKK, Part III, IV. [109] Gene Roberts, "Violence and Rights in South," New York Times, 9 January 1966, 4. [110] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 76, 1582, 1584. [111] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2929-2932. [112] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2903, 2906, 2935-2940, 2946-2947. [113] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2916-2919, 2930, 2936, 2938, 2941. [114] "Declining Power of the Nightriders," London Times, 1 February 1966, 8. [115] McIlhany, Klandestine, 60-61. [116] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 608. [117] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 86. [118] The identities of the FBI "sources" who undertook this operation were censored. Jackson to Director, 1/31/66. [119] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2940. [120] Marsh, God's Long Summer, 71-72; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 28-29; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 233-238. [121] Jackson to Director, 1/20/67. [122] Roy Reed, "F.B.I. Pushes Hunt For Klan Leader," New York Times, 30 March, 1966, 27; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 238-250; Chalmers, Backfire, 81-82; McIlhany, Klandestine, 81. [123] Leaflet, "The Forrest Crusader," reprinted in McIlhany, Klandestine, 180-181. [124] Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 250-251. [125] Gene Roberts, "Marchers Upset By Negro Apathy, New York Times, 14 June, 1966, 19; Neil maxwell, "Militancy on the march," Wall Street Journal, 24 June 1966, 8. [126] Jackson to Director, 7/15/66. [127] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 28. [128] McIlhany, Klandestine, 66-67. [129] Jackson to Director, 4/21/66. [130] McIlhany, Klandestine, 66-67. [131] Reprint of postcard, attachment to FBI Laboratory Work Sheet, 6/1/66 (Section 1). [132] Some of these postcards went to UKA members. Jackson to Director 4/21/66, 5/27/66, 6/3/66, 6/24/66, 7/11/66, 7/15/66, 8/16/66, 1/20/67; Director to Jackson, 5/5/66, 6/9/66, 7/11/66; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 148. [133] Jackson to Director, 4/21/66. See also, Jackson to Director, 7/11/66, 7/15/66. [134] Jackson to Director, 5/4/66. [135] Jackson to Director, 1/20/67. [136] Ibid. [137] Fuller was never tried. Anders denied that he was a Klan member but said he had attended some Klan meetings and admitted to serving on the board of governors of Americans for the preservation of the White Race, a White Knights front. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 602-603, 16; Southern Poverty Law Center, "Remembering Reality," Hate in the News, article #136, 9 (Tolerance.org, September 2001); Jerry Mitchell, "The last days of Ben Chester White," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 23 February 2003; idem, "'66 Klan murder raising questions," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 18 January 2000. The FBI did not conduct an independent investigation at the time, according to a Justice Department Civil Rights Division report, because of "severe jurisdictional problems." Memorandum, Gene Livingston, Southwestern Section, to James L. Kelley, Appeals and Research Section, Civil Rights Division, "Racial Violence in Mississippi," 16 June 1967, reprinted in Belknap ed., "Racial Violence," 510. See also, Jerry Mitchell, "Suspect held in '66 Killing," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 8 June 2000. [138] Livingston to Kelley, "Racial Violence in Mississippi," in Belknap, "Racial Violence," 511-512. [139] The FBI also linked this murder to the Silver Dollar Group. Metcalf had also been an employee of the corporation. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 295; Fairclough, Race and Democracy, 399. [140] Livingston to Kelley, "Racial Violence in Mississippi," in Belknap ed., "Racial Violence," 512. [141] Watts, Sovereignty Files, 256; "The Citizen Patriot, Laurel Mississippi in Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [142] Summary of 241-242 Cases Fiscal 1966 To Present (June 1967), reprinted in Belknap ed., "Racial Violence," 513-516. [143] Watkins claimed that Buckley and Pitts had blamed him for beating up Lawrence Byrd, to extract a confession in the Dahmer case. "Civil Rights Timeline," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 24 February 2003; "Three Mississippi Klansmen Held on Charge of Kidnapping," New York Times, 11 November, 1967, 20; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 29; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 149; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 251-257. [144] The original indictments had been dismissed, after the defendants contended that the jury panel contained insufficient names of racial minorities and women. After the jury box was reconstituted, a new Grand Jury reconsidered the matter, indicting nineteen. [145] Bowers would serve six years of the sentence. Cecil Price and Billy Ray Posey were sentenced to six years. Jimmy Snowden, Jimmy Arledge and Horace Doyle Barnette each received three. Chalmers, Backfire, 81-82; Jerry Mitchell, "Jurors recall holdout vote that let 'Preacher' walk away free," and "Jurors faced death threats, ostracism," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 7 May 2000; Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 506; Cagin and Dray, We Are Not Afraid, 445-452; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 264-271, 276; "Minister-Turned Informer Offers His Story in Court, Meridian Star, 12 October 1967; Jack Nelson, "Witness Identifies Nine suspects in Civil Rights Deaths, Los Angeles Times, 13 October, 1967; Michael A. Fletcher, "Unresolved Killings, Unresolved Pain, Washington Post, 26 September 2000; McIlhany, Klandestine, 91. Excerpts from the trail testimony are available at http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/f...transcript.html [146] Through the 1970s, unknown persons occasionally threatened Dennis by telephone and vandalized his property, and he was followed and threatened by Klansmen. In 1985, Dennis won a total of $32,000 in damages when a court found that Meridian law enforcement officers had arrested and imprisoned him on false charges in 1982. Dennis believes that Klansmen had influenced the police. Dennis, To Stand Alone, 37-44; McIlhany, Klandestine, 93-97; UPI, "Informer in Rights Slayings Escapes Mississippi Blast," 12 December 1967, 51. [147] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 106. [148] Marshall, "The Issues on Trial," 157-158. See also Jackson to Director 10/15/64; Dennis, To Stand Alone, 55-63, 34; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 91, 124-125, 136-137, 157-163, 175-178, 186-188, 207-217, 264-276. [149] Neil J. Welch, and David W. Marston, Inside Hoover's FBI: The Top Field Chief Reports. (Garden City, NY, 1984), 106. [150] Ibid.; O'Reilly, Racial Matters, 202. [151] Welch, and Marston, Inside Hoover's FBI, 106. See also, Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 104-109. [152] Ibid. [153] McIlhany, Klandestine, 38. [154] There may be some connection between these allegations and the kidnapping of Jack Watkins, mentioned above. Frederick Dannen "The G-Man and the Hit Man: Gregory Scarpa Sr., was a Mafioso with a penchant for brutality, extortion, and murder. So what was he doing on the F.B.I.'s payroll?" Atlantic Monthly, 16 December, 1996. Another account claims that Scarpa extracted a confession in the Neshoba County case. Tom Robbins and Jerry Capeci "FBI USED WISEGUY TO CRACK KKK MAN: J. Edgar Hoover Used Mob Snitch To Solve Civil Rights Slays," New York Daily News 21 June, 1994. Yet another, links Scarpa to the case against Byron de la Beckwith in the murder of Medgar Evers. Anthony Villano and Gerald Astor, Brick Agent: Inside the Mafia and the (New York, 1977), 90-93. See also, Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 151. [155] Newton, Ku Klux Klan Encyclopedia, 397, 608; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 46-47, 62; "The Klan's Battle Orders," London Times, 31 October 1967, 1. [156] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 397; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 30; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2800-2801, 2861; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 166. [157] McDaniel was officially recognized as United Klans of America Grand Dragon for Mississippi in September. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 1596, 2963-2964, 2979-2980, 3002, 3008, 3033; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 29-31, 65, 153-154. [158] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 3052; David Lowe, "KKK, The Invisible Empire" CBS Reports, 22 September 1965. [159] John Berbers, "Tension Persists In McComb, Miss.," New York Times, 27 September 1964, 41; Lee C. White to the President, September 30, 1964, McComb Mississippi Situation, and Nicholas Katzenbach, Acting Attorney General, to the President, September 28, 1964, McComb Mississippi, reprinted in Belknap, ed., "Racial Violence, 244-245, 247-251; idem, 372-389; Dittmer, Local People, 266-270, 303-313; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 166-171; Belmont to Tolson, 8/31/65 (Section 1); Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 369-370; HUAC, Present-Day KKK 103-104, 106, 111-114; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 3021-3042, 3047; Branch, Pillar of Fire, 504-505. [160] Reprinted in HUAC, Activities of KKK, 3041. [161] Branch, Pillar of Fire, 505. "Such blindness and indifference to outrageous acts of violence encourage others to defy the law," Hoover declared. Douglas Robinson, "Hoover Asks Vigil Over Extremists," New York Times, 13 December, 1964, 79. [162] The union took out a paid advertisement in the Laurel Union-Call, urging union members to arm themselves and threatening would be vigilantes with death. "Progress in McComb," New York Times, 20 November 1964, 36; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2734-2735, 3024; AP, "Mississippi Union Defies Klan in Ad," New York Times, 20 November 1964, 9. [163] Ibid., 3012-3014; HUAC, Present Day KKK, 109. [164] Ibid., 3048, 3050-3051. [165] Alabama Klan leaders sent $125 for the fund in March. Georgia Grand Dragon Calvin Craig did not collect funds, but merely invited his Klansmen to donate money to McDaniel. Ibid., 3049, 3283-3286. [166] Ibid., 2710, 2713-2715, 2800-2801, 2929-2930, 2943-2944, 2946-2947. [167] "Klan Charge Brings Arrest of Police Chief, Grand Dragon Says Natchez Official Failed in Duty," UPI, 24 December 1965 reprinted in Ibid., 3054. [168] John Hall, "Over 100 Crosses Burned in State," unidentified Mississippi newspaper article, 5 January 1966, reprinted in Ibid., 3053. A copy of FBI agent Jim Ingram's affadavit accusing Nix of assault is available in See also Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [169] Ibid., 68-69, 1581, 1583, 2833-2864, , 2945, 2951-2953, 2979-2980, 2963, 2987, 2994, 2996, 2999, 3003-30004, 3008, 3010-3011, 3032-3033, 3044,; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 153-154. [170] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2987-2981, 3032, 3043; John Drabble, "To Ensure Domestic Tranquillity: The FBI, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE and Political Discourse, 1964-1971," Journal of American Studies, (forthcoming). http://home.ku.edu.tr/~jdrabble [171] John Drabble, "The FBI, COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE and the Decline of Ku Klux Klan Organizations in Alabama, 1964-1971," currently under review with the Alabama Review. http://home.ku.edu.tr/~jdrabble [172] Wilson joined Ray Smith's McComb UKA Klavern #700, in July 1964, and quit in October, after his bombing conviction was suspended. He received a sentence of probation instead. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2833-2864. [173] Ibid., 3042. See also, 3050-3051. [174] James Dickerson, Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of How the Government, the Media and the Mob Conspired to Combat Integration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement, (Armonk NY, 1998), 117. [175] HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2728. [176] Jackson to Director, 7/28/66, 8/16/66; Director to Jackson, 8/10/66; Drabble, "To Ensure Domestic Tranquillity." [177] Jackson to Director, 2/17/67; Director to Jackson, 1/20/67; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 371, 397; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 30-31; "Newspaper Says Klan Realm Has Been Abolished," mentioned in Director to New Orleans, 11/25/66. [178] Harry Rutherford, "A Klan Official Talks: Family Never Ceases Suffering From Klansman Brand; Officials Rake In Money From Members," (Tupelo Miss.) Daily Press, 20 January 1967, 1; Harry Rutherford, "Klan Promises Phony: Sound Great But Never Fulfilled; High Caliber Citizens Avoid Hooded Society," (Tupelo Miss.) Daily Journals, 23 January 1967, 1. [179] Ibid.; idem, "Destroyer of Freedom: Many Join Klan Because It's Easy, Then Are Too Terrified To Sever Membership," (Tupelo Miss.) Daily Journals, 24 January, 1967; James Skewes ed., "'The Klan Is A Violent Organization-Once A Klansman, You Carry Name…'," Meridian Star, 20 January 1967, 6b. [180] George Ballard, Exalted Cyclops of Bogue Chitto Unit # 713, was Titan for Province 3 and 4 during this period. Jackson to Director, 10/12/66, 10/25/66, 2/17/67, 4/19/67; Director to Jackson, 5/6/66, 1/20/67, 4/19/67; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 30-31; Charles B. Gooden, "United Klans Group Sets Election Meeting Sunday," Jackson Clarion Ledger, 27 February, 1967; James Bonay "Once Powerful Klan Empire Crumbling in Mississippi," Jackson Daily News, 23 March, 1967. [181] For an example of KGF rhetoric, see A MESSAGE FROM THE KNIGHTS OF THE GREEN FOREST, INC." Ku Klux Klan Addition Papers, (Green Knights), Special Collection Library, Duke University. [182] Walton was not able to recruit many Klansmen, however, and COINTELPRO activity against him soon ceased. Jackson to Director, 8/29/66(quote), 1/20/67; Director to Jackson, 9/6/66. [183] In September 1969, Walton was arrested for carrying concealed weapons and, along with two other men, for plotting the murder of Fayette Mississippi Mayor Charles Evers, after Evers received an anonymous tip. A Grand Jury chose not to indict. Roy Reed, "3 Mississippi Whites Held in Alleged Plot to Assassinate Evers," New York Times, 11 September 1969, 19; Joseph Lelyveld, "The Mayor Of Fayette, Miss.," New York Times, 26 October, 1969, SM 54. See also, Charles Evers and Andrew Szanton, Have No Fear: The Charles Evers Story, (New York, 1997), 260-264. [184] Memphis Commercial Appeal, 19 November, 1967, cited in William Vincent Moore, "A Sheet and a Cross: A Symbolic Analysis of the Ku Klux Klan," (Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1975), 164-165. [185] Jackson to Director, 2/7/68. See also Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 329. One of the Mississippi Grand Titans during 1968 can be identified as George Higgins Jr. He seems not to be the Klansmen targeted here, because by 1973 and until at least 1978, Higgins became the acting Grand Dragon of Mississippi. United Klans of America, Fiery Cross, 16, Special Edition, 1978, in the Wilcox Collection of Social Protest Movement Materials, Spencer Library, University of Kansas, (Folder Number G540) hereafter cited by their collection designation, "RH WL " followed by the Folder Number. Two other UKA Grand Titans for Mississippi, in January 1968, were James Thorton and Durrell Fondren. Fiery Cross, 3:1, January 1968, 8; Fiery Cross, 3:6, June 1968, 15 in "State Bureau of Investigation Files," Box 1, Folder IA5, North Carolina State Archives, Raleigh. [186] On the history of the cases see Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 235-257; Branch, Pillar of Fire, 608-611; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 149-150, 306. In October, [187] The FBI identified laurel resident V.L. Lee and Waynesboro resident Andre Hendry as Klansmen. UPI, "2 Strikers Held in Slaying Are Identified as Klansmen," New York Times, 10 August 1967, 1966; Laurel was home turf to the White Knights, but it is possible that Hendry belonged to the UKA, which had a Klavern in Waynesboro. HUAC, Present Day, 154. [188] Memphis Commercial Appeal, 19 November, 1967, cited in Moore, "A Sheet and a Cross," 164-165. [189] Nelson, "White Knights Charge On." About 300 of these were members of the White Knights. Walter Rugaber, "The Klan: The Knights Are a Bit Bedraggled," New York Times, 7 January, 1968, E6. [190] Jack Nelson, "Klansmen Recruited by States Rights Party: FBI Agents Investigating Racist Group in Connection With Mississippi Violence," Los Angeles Times, 30 May, 1968; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 57; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 23-24, 26, 46, 63, 106-107; Thomas Tarrants III, Conversion of a Klansman, (Garden City, NY, 1979), 52, 55; Jackson to Director, 1/20/67; Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 254-261; Watts, Sovereignty Files, 258-259; UPI, "Blast in Mississippi Damages Parsonage," New York Times, 16 November, 1967, 40. As early as 1966, Bowers had created an organization designed to enlist support from sympathizers who did not want to join the Klan. The group propounded a racialist theory regarding a Khazar origin for Jewish-Communism, similar to the ideology propounded by racist activist John Crommelin at that time. HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 47, 293-294. The best source on the NSRP remains E. B. Duffee, Jr., "The National States Rights Party" (Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, 1968). [191] An amorphous set of millenarian escatologies (which constitute hermeneutical traditions rather than a strictly defined creed), Identity includes two important scriptural interpretations which helped transform KKK ideology during this period. The "seedline" tradition holds that Jews constitute the progeny of a sexual union between Eve and Satan, that people of color are the product of separate and inferior creation and that whites are the descendants of the Biblical Israelites. The pre-millenarian, Christian Dominionist denial of the doctrine of Rapture, holds that Christians need to act immediately in order to assure survival during an imminent period of tribulations which will occur before the return of Christ. Jeffery Kaplan, "The Context of American Millenarian Revolutionary Theology: The Case of the 'Identity Christian' Church of Israel," Terrorism and Political Violence 5:1 (Spring 1993): 30-82. See also, Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement, (Chapel Hill, 1994) and "Racist Apocalypse: Millenialism on the Far Right," American Studies 31, Fall 1990, 132; James A. Aho, The Politics of Righteousness: Idaho Christian Patriotism, (Seattle, 1990). [192] David R. Colburn, Racial Change and Community Crisis, St. Augustine, (New York: 1985), 5-8; "Portrait of an Extremist," Saturday Evening Post, 22 August 1964, 80-83; Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 216, 239, 260; HUAC, Present-Day KKK 86-90; "Rev. Connie Lynch-N.S.R.P. Crusader" Thunderbolt No. 97, January 1968, 8. (RH WL G1380). A reel to reel audio tape of a Swift lecture entitled "Christianity and the Ku Klux Klan," delivered on October 31, 1965 is available in the Ku Klux Klan (Addition) Papers, Manusript Department of the William R. Perkins Library, Duke University. [193] Tarrants and an associate of the paramilitary Minutemen organization, also compiled dossiers on political enemies. Tarrants, Conversion, Chapter 5; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 23-26; Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 216, 238-239, 256-257, 259-260; Sims The Klan, 267-268, 271-274. [194] "Bowers Freed—Paid Pimp Fails," Thunderbolt, 114, July 1969, 11. See also Thunderbolt, 107, November 1968, in The Right Wing Collection of the University of Iowa Libraries, 1918-1977, [Microfilm] (Glenn Rock NJ, 1978) Reel 129:T19 (Hereafter cited as RWCUIL followed by reel number). [195] The assistant police chief had created a special police "Black Squad" to set off bombs and shoot into Klansmen's houses. "Mississippi Rabbi Sees Rise in Bias," New York Times, 20 September, 1967, 34; AP, "Jury Clears a Klan Leader Of Submachinegun Charge," New York Times, 19 January, 1968, 45; Nelson, Terror in the Night, 20-21, 53-54, 56-65, 79-80, 91, 134, 138-141, 147-172; Tarrants, Conversion of A Klansman, 55, 58; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 285-291. On the Minutemen see T. Harry Jones, A Private Army, (Toronto, 1969). [196] Nelson, "Klansmen Recruited by States Rights Party." [197] Jack Nelson, "Police Arrange Trap: Klan Terror Is Target," Los Angeles Times, 13 February, 1970. [198] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 188, 240. See also 212, 217, 219-220, 224-225, 227-236. [199] Ibid., 142-146, 171-187, 21-22; Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 291-301. A student at Mississippi college, Ainsworth shared a room with the daughter of Sidney Crockett Barnes, leader of a Swift inspired Identity group. Ainsworth had accompanied Tarrants when he bombed the Jackson synagogue on September 18, and the home of civil rights activist Robert Kochtitzky on November 19. Nelson, Terror in the Night, 29-30, 143-144. [200] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 193-197, 240-241. [201] The NSRP also alleged that FBI informant Robert E. McCoy had exposed a plot to plant dynamite in the home of Klansman J. L. Harper during spring 1968. "Mississippi Spy Defects-Exposes Three Frame-Up Cases," Thunderbolt, No. 107, November 1968, in RWCUIL, 129:T19. [202] Tarrants, Conversion, 56, Afterward. See also, Nelson, Terror in the Night, 192. [203] "ADL and FBI Set Up Mississippi Murder" Thunderbolt No. 123 March 1970; Letter to the Editor, "ADL-FBI Guilty of Murder in Mississippi" Thunderbolt No. 124, April 1970; "Strange FBI Case--Whose Side Are They On?" Thunderbolt No. 126 June 1970, 8; (all in RH WL G1380); "A Case Against the FBI" and "Remember Kathy Ainsworth" Crusader 41, circa 1979, 5. (RH WL G550). [204] They were never able to collect from Avants, however, because he kept changing his residence to avoid payment. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 602-603; ABC News transcript, "Justice Delayed," 20/20, November 29, 1999. FBI Inspector Joseph Sullivan had suggested that the FBI provide information to help with this suit. Fearing that exposure could create complications for criminal trials and embarrassment to the Bureau, FBI executives turned him down. Sullivan to Director, 6/3/67 (Section 1); Director to Sullivan, 6/19/67, (Section 1). [205] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 208; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 149-150; UPI, "Klansman Guilty In Bomb Slaying," New York Times, 20 July 1968, 25. Governor William L. Walter created a controversy in 1972, when he released his former client, Charles Clifford Wilson, from prison. Walter had acted as Wilson's defense lawyer during his unsuccessful appeal against conviction for the murder of Dahmer. Roy Reed, "Release of Klansman, Jailed For Killing Black Leader, Is Decried in Mississippi," New York Times, 24 December 1972, 17. [206] "Bowers Freed--Paid Pimp Fails"; "Mississippi Spy Defects-Exposes Three Frame-Up Cases," Thunderbolt, 107, November 1968 (RWCUIL 129:T19). [207] "Welch Attacks Right-Wing Organizations: Employs ex-FBI Pimp to lecture at Rallies!" Fiery Cross, 4:1 January 1969, 15 (RWCUIL F16). [208] A meeting in April had drawn 40. The inspector issued no citations. The letter to "Jack Sunn," appeared in the Jackson Daily News on June 1. Jackson to Director, 4/22/70, 5/13/70, 7/31/70; Director to Jackson, 7/31/70. [209] Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 261; "The South Fights an Agonizing But Losing Battle," New York Times, 18 January 1970, 164. According to HUAC investigators, Beckwith joined the White Knights in August 1965, and became a Kleagle. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2700. [210] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 68. Klan activity during 1978-1979, brought national attention to allegations of police brutality in Tupelo, and Mississippi based Nazis and Klansmen were implicated in a 1982 shooting, as well as a bizarre plot to overthrow the government of Dominica, but no large scale Klan organizing occurred in the state. Howell Raines, "Klan Patrols Tupelo As 400 Blacks March," New York Times, 7 May, 1978, 26; "U.S. Official Seized in Fight Arising From Klan Rally, New York Times, 11 June, 1978, 26; U.S. Reported Investigating Police and Klan in Tupelo," New York Times, 25 June 1978, 26; Thomas A. Johnson, "Below Tupelo's Calm, a Residue of Tension," New York Times, 30 January 1979, A10; Susan Harrigan, "Angry Blacks Intensify Allegations of Brutality By Police in the South," New York Times, 7 February 1979, 1; AP, "Klansman Surrenders In Newspaper Shooting," New York Times , 23 January 1982, 7; UPI, "Klansmen Are Among 10 Indicted In Plot on Caribbean Island Nation," New York Times, 8 May, 1981, A16. [211] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 221-223, 244-247, 254; Tarrants, Conversion of a Klansman. [212] "Fail to Stop NSRP Meeting," Thunderbolt No. 123 March 1970, 10-11 (RH WL G1380). [213] Nelson, Terror in the Night, 271; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 260; Rich, "Ku Klux Klan Ideology," 279-282, 353-355. Hawkins was sentenced to three years in prison. In 1987, Hawkins was "espousing the line" of the "super militant and anti-Semitic" new White Knights of the KKK, headquartered in Kansas City MO. Nelson, Terror in the Night, 270. [214] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 45. [215] "Here is Bible Proof the God Himself Forbids Racial Intermarriage" and Thomas E. O'Brian, "Christ Not Jewish: True Bible Translation Real Eye Opener" Thunderbolt No. 161 June 1973, 11; "Adam First White Man" Thunderbolt No. 166 November 1973, 10; "Turn the Other Cheek" Thunderbolt No. 169, February 1974, 10; "Negro Fits Bible Description of the Beast of the Field" Thunderbolt No. 173, June 1974, 7; "The Basic Identity Message" Thunderbolt No. 174, July 1974, 10; "Billy Graham the Devil's Advocate," Thunderbolt No. 175 August 1974, 10; "Seventh Commandment Forbids Race Mixing" Thunderbolt No. 165 October 1975. (All located in RWCUIL 129:T19). [216] Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 266-268. [217] Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 44-45; "Beckwith is Cleared of Carrying Bomb," New York Times, 20 January 1974, 53; Roy Reed, "How Beckwith Was Cleared in Bomb Case," New York Times, 21 January, 1974, 13. [218] Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 276-279, 284-285, 287-289, 299. [219] Sanford J. Ungar, FBI, (Boston, 1975), 415. [220] Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 263-265, 276-279, 288-291, 298-305; Frederick James Simonelli, ""American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party," (Ph.D. diss., University of Reno, 1995), 215-232. [221] Nelson, "Klansmen Recruited by States Rights Party"; Sims, The Klan, 160-161; George Thayer, The Farthest Shore of Politics; (New York, 1967), 43; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia;, 72; Melissa Fay Greene, The Temple Bombing, (Reading MA, 1996). The NSRP consistently vilified the FBI throughout its entire publication run. For early examples, see Thunderbolt, circa October 1958, 3; Pamphlet, "How the FBI Promotes Race Mixing," July 1958; Thunderbolt 34 September 1961, 3 (RWCUIL 129:T19); For the FBI response, see FBI Monograph, "National States Rights Party," August, 1966, 3-4, 16; FBI Monograph, "WHITE EXTREMIST ORGANIZATIONS, Part II, National States Rights Party," May 1970, 1-3 acquired by the author through a Freedom of Information Act request. [222] The FBI thwarted their attempt to gain chapter status with the National Rifle Association. Jackson to Director, 5/30/67, 6/7/67, 6/19/67, 7/31/67, 2/5/68; Director to Jackson, 6/2/67, 7/28/67. [223] "Klan Rally in Jackson, Mississippi," New York Times, 4 October, 1980, 28; "Klan Leader Criticizes U.S. Report And Asserts, 'We Violate No Law,' New York Times, 25 November 1980, 12. [224] Drabble, "From White Supremacy to White Power." [225] William Booth, Beckwith Convicted of Murdering Evers, White Supremacist Gets Life in '63 Shooting, Washington Post, 6 February, 1994, A01 [226] William Booth, "Surprise Testimony Finishes Prosecution's Beckwith Case," Washington Post, 2 February, 1994, A01; Massengill, Portrait of a Racist, 174-175, 212-214, 219. [227] "Civil Rights Timeline," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 24 February 2003; Rick Bragg, "Ex-Klansman Implicates Chief in Killing," New York Times, 20 August, 1998; "Jurors Convict Former Wizard In Klan Murder" New York Times, 22 August, 1998, 1. Bob Stringer, an employee of Bowers who had typed up Klan propaganda during the 1960s, also testified that Bowers had ordered the killings. Jerry Mitchell, "Stringer recalls 'elimination' plan," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 14 May, 2000. [228] Former White Knights officer Ernest Gilbert has been providing information in the case. Emily Whitten, "Harper Asks Feds to Investigate Dee, Moore murders," Natchez Democrat, 12 January 2000; ABC News transcript, "Justice Delayed," 20/20, 29 November 1999; ABC News transcript, "Mississippi's Murderous Past," 20/20, 14 June 2000; Southern Poverty Law Center, "Remembering Reality," Hate in the News, (Tolerance.org article #136), 9 April 2001; "Civil Rights Timeline," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 24 February 2003. [229] "Civil Rights Timeline," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 24 February 2003. [230] Southern Poverty Law Center, "Remembering Reality." [231] "Jerry Mitchell, "Avants Found Guilty in '66 Klan Killing," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 1 March 2003; idem, "Ex-Agent Testifies Against Avants," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 29 February 2003; AP, "Texas, Life Sentence in Racial Killing," New York Times, 18 June, 2003. [232] Jerry Mitchell, "FBI document says Ernest Avants admitted role in '66 killing," Jackson Clarion-Ledger, 18 January, 2000; Michael A. Fletcher, "Unsolved Killings, Unresolved Pain: Time and an Era's Prejudices Slow New Probes of South's Civil Rights Slayings," Washington Post, 26 September, 2000, A03; Jack Elliott Jr., "Mississippi Burning: The Files, Sovereignty Documents Shed Light on Famous Murders," Associated Press, 20 March 1998; Mitchell, "Stringer Recalls 'Elimination' Plan,"; "Biographies of Slain Civil Rights Figures." [233] Jack Nelson, Terror in the Night, 106. [234] The aggressive, extralegal actions of the Jackson police, should also be mentioned in this context. [235] Michael Newton, Gary R. Mormino, Raymond Arsenault, The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida, (Gainesville, 2001); Glenn Feldman , Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949, (Tuscaloosa, 1999); Glenn Feldman, "Soft Opposition: Elite Acquiescence and Klan-Sponsored Terrorism in Alabama, 1946-1950," The Historical Journal, 40:3, 753-777.

I found his statement, about procuring the Carcanos, to be plausible. I searched this site while recently reading Morrow's book and recalled seeing that it had been discredited, but I haven't found any specifics. Debunked, destroyed and devastated. See if The Fourth Decade still has the article debunking him on the Mary Ferrell site.

How about all the other Morrow claims in Betrayal published by Henry Regnery Press which were debunked in The Third Decade by that young guy from Canada? About the lack of cigarette burn marks on Morrow's thighs as he claimed... About the lack of a public arrest record for an incident which Morrow reported as occurring in Florida... and so on. Do you accept Regnery's claims that The Holocaust was not as bad as some have said? Or that it never occurred? Do you think that the Jews as a group or as an entity had anything to do with the JFK hit?

Thanks, Pat. I looked at a few of them and was not surprised to see how carefully he couched some of his descriptions about the Bayo Pawley event since he had spoken to me only a few months or years before he made these postings. Notice how he invented the presence of a freighter passing between his boat and the shore either on the journey to or from the island. And how he changed the landing party's boat into a solid shelled hull from an inflated rubber raft? Then he added the flourish about reminding them to take along a liferaft made out of rubber, just in case they were capsized. What is he saying that he knew the schedule of the freighter and that it would cross paths with the landing craft? And then swamp the boat? Wow, what a con artist. He actually thought that someone was trying to set him up again to incriminate himself in violations of the Neutrality Act. Glad I put the fear of God into him. Too bad I could not find anyone who wanted to put him away for a few years though. Where is the part about the boat getting back to the Rex or whatever it was named and being disappointed that there were no Russian missile officers to be found on board? And how about the part about the holes being shot in their raft and watching them sink to the bottom? My point being that this guy and Whittaker Chambers were masters of prevarication, subterfuge, and distortions. And they knew how to avoid self incrimination AFTER they had been incriminated once already. And they knew how to mount an attack on someone to get them to incriminate themselves or to implicate them in a crime they did not commit. Anyone who continues to cite these prevaricators, these bastidges, these mealy mouthed little worms, runs the risk of falling into the same category as a defender of a pair of weasels. Hiss was never found guilty of treason, of being a saboteur or of being a danger to internal security. Chambers was a libelous, treasonous and slanderous, perjurous bastidge. And that is all he wrote.

Searching through the historical record a little deeper we find that McCloy discussed the disadvantages upon the US Nuclear position that could be compromised at the Paris Summit (to be held the following May) in November of 1959. That Summit would never happen after Francis Gary Powers was downed while flying over the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960 (after a former Marine radar operator named Lee Harvey Oswald had defected to the Soviet Union and threatened to provide information to the Soviets about the U-2). I had forgotten about this little tidbit. Why then would Otto F. Otepka and Frances Knight even have allowed Oswald back into this country without questioning him, examining him or arresting him for possibly leaking the U-2 classified information? Otepka would later be fired for leaking classified information during the security clearance hearings of Walt Whitman Rostow. Maybe Otepka believed that leaking classified information for a cause you believed in was justified in his own case. Why not in Oswald's case then? Because Oswald was an asset of US Intel and they had invested much in his training as a programmed assassin. And they had plans about his ultimate utilization. Why would they hand him over to de Mohrenshcildt who ran assassins in Haiti, the Dominican Republic and even from Harbin, Manchuria into Soviet Russia? Now don't get all huffy snitzed. Whether or not Oswald fired a shot and whether or not he hit anyone is NOT EVEN AN ISSUE here. He DID kill Corporal Schrand.

I had forgotten about this little tidbit. Why then would Otto F. Otepka and Frances Knight even have allowed Oswald back into this country without questioning him, examining him or arresting him for possibly leaking the U-2 classified information? Otepka would later be fired for leaking classified information during the security clearance hearings of Walt Whitman Rostow. Maybe Otepka believed that leaking classified information for a cause you believed in was justified in his own case. Why not in Oswald's case then? Because Oswald was an asset of US Intel and they had invested much in his training as a programmed assassin. And they had plans about his ultimate utilization. Why would they hand him over to de Mohrenshcildt who ran assassins in Haiti, the Dominican Republic and even from Harbin, Manchuria into Soviet Russia? Now don't get all huffy snitzed. Whether or not Oswald fired a shot and whether or not he hit anyone is NOT EVEN AN ISSUE here. He DID kill Corporal Schrand.

If your faction or organization was not listed here I apologize. It might not have gotten all that many votes anyway.

5.30pm GMT Hiroshima pilot dies aged 92 Fred Attewill and agencies Thursday November 1, 2007 Guardian Unlimited The pilot of the US bomber Enola Gay, which in 1945 dropped the first nuclear bomb to be detonated in wartime, died today at the age of 92. Paul Tibbets was in command of the B-29 aircraft, which dropped the five-ton "Little Boy" bomb over Hiroshima as the US tried to end the second world war without a ground invasion of Japan. Up to 100,000 people are estimated to have died in the explosion. Mr Tibbets requested no funeral or headstone because he feared they would attract protesters. In 2005, he said he wanted his ashes scattered over the English Channel, where he had enjoyed flying during the war. He always maintained that his conscience was clear over Hiroshima. "I'm not proud that I killed 80,000 people, but I'm proud that I was able to start with nothing, plan it and have it work as perfectly as it did," he said in a 1975 interview. "You've got to take stock and assess the situation at that time. We were at war ... you use anything at your disposal. I sleep clearly every night." Three days after Hiroshima was obliterated on August 6, the US dropped a second bomb on Nagaski, killing an estimated 40,000 people. On August 15, the Japanese emperor braodcast his country's surrender, saying the war situation had "developed, not necessarily to Japan's advantage". Mr Tibbets, whose plane was named after his mother, had enlisted in the Army Air Corps in 1937, and finally left the US air force as a brigadier general in 1966. He later moved to Columbus, Ohio, where he ran an air taxi service until he retired in 1985. In 1995, he described a proposed 50th anniversary Enola Gay exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington as a "damn big insult". The museum had planned to mount an exhibit that would have examined the context of the bombing, including the discussion within the Truman administration of whether to use the bomb, the rejection of a demonstration bombing and the selection of the target. Veterans' groups objected, saying the proposed display paid too much attention to Japan's suffering and too little to its brutality during and before the second world war. They said the museum had underestimated the number of Americans who would have perished in an invasion.

"THE INTELLIGENCE PROFESSION DOES NOT CONDITION ONE TO ACCEPT COINCIDENCE AS AN EXPLANATION FOR EVENTS." - DAVID ATLEE PHILLIPS - HAPPY BIRTHDAY MISTER BISHOP, ERR DAVE. BK Bill, don't let this idiot bait you or goad you. He is quite simply only happy when he can play Froggy the Gremlin and get your goat. Do you remember Froggy the Gremlin from Andy's Gang and the Buster Brown show? Look up Froggy the Gremlin on Google. Hiya kids. Hiya. Hiya. Hiya. Nyaahhhhh!

Just for the record, Alger Hiss was never acquitted. He was never charged with espionage, but with perjury. One trial ended in a hung jury, the second in conviction and prison. Hiss was less than candid in denying any relationship with David Whittaker Chambers. Although he subsequently admitted it, his initial denials were adequate to support the perjury charge. Hiss is believed to be mentioned in the Venona messages, but a smoking gun is lacking. While there is no clear evidence that he passed classified info to the Soviets, he was almost certainly favorably disposed to the American Communist movement of the 30s-40s. Another one of the Hiss framers, Framers? Hiss denied, under oath, knowing a man he later admitted that he knew. Nathaniel Weyl, was caught in a sort of plausible denial regarding his role while committing 2-3 felonies during the Bayo Pawley affair thus rendering his contributions to the Hiss case suspect. When he described the Bayo Pawley affair to me there was no mention of "a freighter passing between their boat and shore" and he said the landing party "was in a motorized rubber raft" which he said was riddled with bullet holes from a machine gun fired in anger when they did not return with the Soviet missile officers who were going to be whisked away to a Goldwater press conference at his ranch. Later he fabricated statements even on this website to make it appear that they were warned to take a rubber raft along in the event of a capsize event. Why did he make these changes? Because he told me that they were only about a mile offshore during the Bayo Pawley event and that good buddies, is considered the territorial waters of a sovereign nation making him a violator of The Neutrality Act. And the fact that he watched as "they all sank beneath the surface of the water" makes him an accessory to murder, no? And he claimed to have helped to secure the guns, bombs and ammo used in the raid, too. What does that make him? A 3 time felon who got off scot free. Relevance? And Whittaker Chambers record in the Hiss case is not much better if you look at John Simkin's exoneration links. Both of these people were in the employ of Wickliffe Draper, someone who engaged in 10 fabricated assaults against humanity during the 20th Century starting with Sacco and Vanzetti and ending up with The Bell Curve, after his death. So I maintain that given he benefit of time, it is now apparent that the mere presence of Draper, Weyl and Chambers as well as Robert J. Morris in the Hiss framing, is prima facie evidence of complicity, duplicity, deceit and subterfuge. Chambers was an NKVD functionary. He did have a relationship with Hiss, as both Chamber and Hiss admitted. Hiss intially denied it. Nothing that Draper and Morris were involved in did not contain elements of complicity, duplicity, deceit and subterfuge. Look at Chambers statements in the Morris obit regarding Morris' dominant role in McCarthyism. Sorry to burst your bubble. But to rely on only 55 year old evidence is inadequate. Quod Est Demonstratum. I'm not saying Hiss was evil, or even a spy. He was "involved" with an NKVD functionary and "pro-Communist" as a young man. When the 1948 atmosphere was poisoned by anti-Communist fervor, Hiss was trapped in a lie. But that make him a traitor? A spy? A risk to internal security? Someone who should be remembered for all time as some sort of evil person intent on the destruction of our way of life? NO. Yet that is how most people are being made to feel about him. His accusers were paid to inform on him. Chambers and Weyl should be remembered for all time as sleaze bags and scum balls. And that is my point here. Weyl committed 3 felonies and watched as several people drowned or died from gunshot wounds in front of him. He violated The Neutrality Act. He provided guns, ammo and munitions to attack a foreign power. Now THIS GUY was a person who should be reviled, despised, shunned, abhorred and castigated, not Hiss. McCarthy, Otepks and Morris should be reviled, despised, shunned, abhorred and castigated, not Hiss. And THAT is one of my goals here. To set the record straight. I despise YAFers, Birchers and McCarthyites.

Dulles and The Will of the WASPS: Drapers and Wisners at work after FDR died... This article includes references to William F. Buckley, Jr. and a few to C. D. Jackson who was Draper's crony while working at Time Life magazine and the one who purchased the original Zapruder Film in order to secret it from public view for an extended period. Was it modified? Quien Sabe? Stick with this article until the end so someone with a keener intellect than mine can explain its significance to me. I guess I don't get why all these heavyweights are involved a with Fascist `Kulturkampf' Why is it so important anyway? Is this all part of some major PsyWarOps campaign with a more sinister purpose in mind? The Congress for Cultural Freedom: (This was run by Frank G. Wisner II as part of PsyOps with help from C. D. Jackson) Making the Postwar World Safe for Fascist `Kulturkampf' by Steven P. Meyer and Jeffrey Steinberg Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer were two of the earliest leaders of the Frankfurt School, and were co-directors of that Authoritarian Personality project of the late 1940s, that willfully engineered the Baby Boomer drug/rock/sex counterculture two decades later. These two were brought back to Germany in 1950, to reorganize and "de-Nazify" the postwar German educational system and cultural institutions, under the auspices of Occupation High Commissioner, and leading American Synarchist banker, John J. McCloy. In that assigned capacity, Adorno and Horkheimer were pivotal players in the overall project to wreck European and American culture. This project was known, hypocritically, as the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). Far from "de-Nazification," the efforts of the Congress, and related early-Cold War Kulturkampf ("culture war") fronts, were aimed at destroying the last vestiges of European Classical culture, and replacing it with a culture of perversity, bestialization, and pessimism. This was done under the preposterous guise of "fighting godless communism" and other forms of "authoritarianism." In reality, the mission of the Congress for Cultural Freedom was to make the world once again safe for a renewed Synarchist assault against that type of modern nation-state system that had most recently and successfully been represented by the U.S.A. of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who, more than any other figure of the middle half of the 20th Century, had defeated the Synarchist drive for a worldwide Hitler-led fascist empire. With Franklin Roosevelt's untimely death in April 1945, everything changed. Even Soviet dictator Josef Stalin grasped the significance of FDR's death, declaring, "The great dream has been lost." Roosevelt had vowed that he would usher in a postwar world free from the shackles of European colonialism. As former U.S. Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger was to emphasize in his May 10, 1982 address at London's Chatham House, on this issue, FDR and his wartime ally, Winston Churchill, stood on opposite sides of the barricade. The mission of the Congress for Cultural Freedom subsumed the commitment to ensure that no future FDR could ever emerge in the United States or Continental Europe. This CCF mission was to be accomplished by creating such a cultural wasteland of dumbed-down conformity, and pursuit of sensual gratification, that any isolated case of genius could be easily isolated and destroyed. The presence of Lord Bertrand Russell as one of five honorary chairmen of the CCF was emblematic of this mission at the CCF's inception. Russell, the author of the post-Roosevelt, pre-Eisenhower, Truman Doctrine of "world government through terror of nuclear weapons," had written a 1951 book, The Impact of Science on Society, which spelled out his vision of the future. It was a far more precise, more revealing "mission statement" for the Congress for Cultural Freedom than anything that the CCF would ever publish in its own name: "I think," Russell wrote, "the subject which will be of most importance politically is mass psychology.... Its importance has been enormously increased by the growth of modern methods of propaganda. Of these the most influential is what is called 'education.' Religion plays a part, though a diminishing one; the press, the cinema, and the radio play an increasing part.... It may be hoped that in time anybody will be able to persuade anybody of anything if he can catch the patient young and is provided by the State with money and equipment." Russell continued, "The subject will make great strides when it is taken up by scientists under a scientific dictatorship.... The social psychologists of the future will have a number of classes of school children on whom they will try different methods of producing an unshakable conviction that snow is black. Various results will soon be arrived at. First, that the influence of home is obstructive. Second, that not much can be done unless indoctrination begins before the age of ten. Third, that verses set to music and repeatedly intoned are very effective. Fourth, that the opinion that snow is white must be held to show a morbid taste for eccentricity. But I anticipate. It is for future scientists to make these maxims precise and discover exactly how much it costs per head to make children believe that snow is black, and how much less it would cost to make them believe it is dark gray." Russell concluded with a warning: "Although this science will be diligently studied, it will be rigidly confined to the governing class. The populace will not be allowed to know how its convictions were generated. When the technique has been perfected, every government that has been in charge of education for a generation will be able to control its subjects securely without the need of armies or policemen." In the same book, Russell also advocated a level of genocide that made Hitler look tame by comparison. Ranting about the population growth among the darker-skinned races, Russell offered a solution: "At present the population of the world is increasing at about 58,000 per diem. War, so far, has had no very great effect on this increase, which continued throughout each of the world wars.... War ... has hitherto been disappointing in this respect ... but perhaps bacteriological war may prove more effective. If a Black Death could spread throughout the world once in every generation, survivors could procreate freely without making the world too full.... The state of affairs might be somewhat unpleasant, but what of it?" The Post-FDR Paradigm Shift FDR's untimely death on April 12, 1945 had left an ill-equipped crude political hack, Harry Truman, in the Presidency. Within months, under the overwhelming influence of a group of pro-British Synarchists, Truman needlessly dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, at a moment when Japanese surrender was already imminent. Thus, the era of thermonuclear terror ws launched, an era which had been promoted for decades by H.G. Wells and Bertrand Russell, as the pathway to world Fabian dictatorship. Shortly after the close of the war, Russell, soon to be CCF honorary chair, wrote an infamous article for the September 1946 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, advocating a preventive U.S. atomic bomb strike on the Soviet Union (Russell collaborator Edward Shils would be a founder of the Bulletin and a later director of the American branch of the CCF). Already, prior to that 1946 statement, Russell, following the events at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, had written similar sentiments to his mistress Gamel Brenan: "There is one thing and only one thing that can save the world, and that is a thing which I should not dream of advocating. It is that America should make war on Russia during the next two years, and establish world empire by means of the atomic bomb." Roosevelt's death had fully cleared the path for the leading Synarchist elements within the wartime U.S. intelligence structures to pursue their "separate peace" with leading Nazis, who were to be fully incorporated into a postwar crusade against the Soviet Union, all in line with the Russell schemas. To make the postwar world safe for the Synarchist revival, individuals like Allen Dulles, Whitney Shephardson, John Foster Dulles, William Draper, John J. McCloy, and Averell Harriman schemed to purge the wartime and postwar intelligence services and postwar German occupation authority of any FDR loyalists. Within days of the President's death, a whole contingent of European-based Office of Strategic Services (OSS) officers, including the entire command structure of the Italian OSS theater, were summarily fired. OSS documents reveal that a meeting had taken place in the south of France, involving Allen Dulles, Shephardson, and others, to draft the purge list, prior to Roosevelt's death. Later the same targetted individuals were blackballed from ever serving in U.S. intelligence, and were subjected to media slanders and other dirty tricks. Their crime: their opposition to the Dulles brothers' "separate peace" treachery, which enabled such leading Nazis as Hjalmar Schacht, Otto Skorzeny, Licio Gelli, Klaus Barbie, and countless others, to join the Cold War Western intelligence circus. In Germany, under McCloy and "General" William Draper, the wartime chairman of the investment house Dillon Reed, the power of the German military-industrial cartels was fully restored, a scandal recounted in the 1950 book All Honorable Men, by postwar occupation decartelization chief James Stewart Martin. Martin catalogued that Americans like Allen and John Foster Dulles, Draper, Harriman, and the J.P. Morgan interests, in league with British, French, and Belgian bankers and heavy industrialists, had been the secret wartime partners of the Nazi banking and business barons, and had helped fuel the Nazi war machine, even after Pearl Harbor brought the United State directly into the war. The Dulles brothers had been longtime collaborators of Schacht, and the notorious Kurt von Schroeder, whose Stein Bank in Cologne, Germany handled all of the funding of Himmler's SS, through business groups like the "Keppler Circle." But it was not just the fascist cartel bosses and apparatchiks who were spared the gallows at Nuremberg. Fascist culture was embraced as the weapon-of-choice in the Cold War battle of ideas, and the Congress for Cultural Freedom was the chosen Anglo-American vehicle for the cultural "re-Nazification." Schizophrenia and Necrophilia One of Theodor Adorno's specialties was music. A promising future concert pianist in his youth, he had later studied in Vienna under the atonal composer Arnold Schoenberg. In 1946, while in the United States, working on the Frankfurt School's "Cultural Pessimism" agenda, the former Soviet Comintern (Communist International) asset, now living on the largesse of the Rockefeller Foundations and other Anglo-American fondi, wrote an infamous book, The Philosophy of Modern Music, a barely intelligible diatribe against Classical culture. Ostensibly a commentary on the musical compositions of Igor Stravinsky and Schoenberg, the Adorno book made clear the purpose of modern music: "What radical music perceives is the untransfigured suffering of man.... The seismographic registration of traumatic shock becomes, at the same time, the technical structural law of music. It forbids continuity and development. Musical language is polarized according to its extreme; towards gestures of shock resembling bodily convulsions on the one hand, and on the other towards a crystalline standstill of a human being whom anxiety causes to freeze in her tracks.... Modern music sees absolute oblivion as its goal. It is the surviving message of despair from the shipwrecked." Adorno continued, "It is not that schizophrenia is directly expressed therein; but the music imprints upon itself an attitude similar to that of the mentally ill. The individual brings about his own disintegration.... He imagines the fulfillment of the promise through magic, but nonetheless within the realm of immediate actuality.... Its concern is to dominate schizophrenic traits through the aesthetic consciousness. In so doing, it would hope to vindicate insanity as true health." To bring about the total disintegration of postwar European and American society—which, he argued, was the precondition for the defeat of the authoritarian impulse—Adorno insisted that all forms of beauty had to be purged. Instead, he argued for a steady cultural diet of "Top Forty" pop music and other degenerate forms of "mass culture," which, he argued, over time, would trigger various forms of mental breakdown, on a mass scale. Adorno itemized these: 1. depersonalization, the loss of connection to one's own body; 2. hebephrenia, which he defined as "the indifference of the sick individual towards the external"; 3. catatonia ("a similar behavior is familiar in patients who have been overwhelmed by shock"); and 4. necrophilia. Adorno declared, "Universal necrophilia is the last perversity of style." Adorno summarized his case for the exploitation of "Top Forty" music: "The authoritarian character of today is, without exception, conformist.... In the final analysis, this music tends to become the style for everyone, because it coincides with the man-in-the-street style." Adorno had practiced what he preached. During the 1940s, he had ventured to Hollywood, where he teamed up with Igor Stravinsky to compose motion picture scores. In Hollywood, Adorno and Stravinsky were part of the "British Set," a collection of avant-garde cultural degenerates which also included Aldous Huxley, whose fictional and non-fiction writings propagandized for the use of brainwashing and psychotropic drugs to pacify whole societies, and create "concentration camps without tears"; Christopher Isherwood, author of the Berlin Diaries (later adapted for the stage as Cabaret), which promoted that degenerate Weimar culture of drugs and perversion that helped usher Hitler into power; Alexander Korda, protégé of Frankfurt School founder Georg Lukacs, later a leading figure in Britain's wartime Special Operations Executive (SOE) and a leading Hollywood movie producer. The "British Set," particularly Isherwood, were the "Hollywood connection" for British literary perverts W.H. Auden and Stephen Spender, who would play pivotal roles in the CCF, and, later, in the 1960s Counterculture project, in league with such Frankfurt School cultural icons as Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm. Adorno had written his Philosophy of Modern Music prescription for producing a society of necrophiliacs, through the perversion of music and culture, while also working, with Horkheimer, on The Authoritarian Personality. This effort was, at the time, the most ambitious mass social profiling of the American public ever undertaken. The project, part of the larger Studies in Prejudice series, financed by the American Jewish Committee, aimed at "proving" that the American people, despite their heroic sacrifices to defeat Hitler and Mussolini, were intrinsically fascist and anti-Semitic, and that advanced techniques of psychological manipulation were vital and justified for purging the populace of these evil, "authoritarian" impulses. The two key weapons for this cultural lobotomy: Conformity and Eros, or what is known today as the tyranny of "political correctness." The authors of The Authoritarian Personality let it all hang out in the concluding chapter of the book, in which they summarized their findings and spelled out their recipe for social transformation. The echoes of Bertrand Russell's kindred recipe for brutalizing the flock of human beings into a sheep-like psychological impotence, ring out in the words of the authors of The Authoritarian Personality: "It seems obvious, that the modification of the potentially fascist structure cannot be achieved by psychological means alone. The task is comparable to that of eliminating neurosis, or delinquency, or nationalism [emphasis added] from the world. These are products of the total organization of society and are to be changed only as that society is changed. It is not for the psychologist to say how such changes are to be brought about. The problem is one which requires the efforts of all social scientists. All that we would insist upon is that in the councils or round tables where the problem is considered and action planned the psychologist should have a voice. We believe that the scientific understanding of society must include an understanding of what it does to people, and that it is possible to have social reforms, even broad and sweeping ones, which though desirable in their own right would not necessarily change the structure of the prejudiced personality. For the fascist potential to change, or even to be held in check, there must be an increase in people's capacity to see themselves and to be themselves. This cannot be achieved by the manipulation of people, however well grounded in modern psychology the devices of manipulation might be.... It is here that psychology may play its most important role. Techniques for overcoming resistance, developed mainly in the field of individual psychotherapy, can be improved and adapted for use with groups and even for use on a mass scale." The authors conclude with this most revealing proposition: "We need not suppose that appeal to emotion belongs to those who strive in the direction of fascism, while democratic propaganda must limit itself to reason and restraint. If fear and destructiveness are the major emotional sources of fascism, Eros belongs mainly to democracy." Eros was precisely the weapon that the Frankfurt School and their Congress for Cultural Freedom colleagues employed, over the next 50 years, to create a cultural paradigm shift away from the so-called "authoritarian" matrix of man in the living image of God (imago viva Dei), the sanctity of the nuclear family, and the superiority of the republican form of nation-state over all other forms of political organization. They transformed American culture, step by step, toward an erotic, perverse matrix, associated with the present "politically correct" tyranny of tolerance for dehumanizing drug abuse, sexual perversion, and the glorification of violence. For the "anti-authoritarian" revolutionaries of the Frankfurt School, the ultimate antidote to the hated Western Judeo-Christian civilization was to tear that civilization down, from the inside, by turning out generations of necrophiliacs. But the "Kulturkampf" project, aimed ultimately at stripping the United States of the entirety of its European Renaissance/republican heritage, would be unleashed, first, with lethal efficiency, on the already-shattered populations of a Western Europe, which had gone through two decades of depression, fascism, and war. 'Kulturkampf' in Paris In April of 1952, CCF embarked upon its maiden voyage in mass brainwashing to spread cultural pessimism, when it held a month-long festival in Paris entitled "Masterpieces of the 20th Century." Over 30 days, CCF presented 100 symphonies, concertos, operas, and ballets by over 70 composers of the 20th Century! The conference opened with a painful performance by the Boston Symphony of the "Rite of Spring," by Adorno's collaborator Igor Stravinsky. Also getting top billing at the Paris conference were Adorno's teachers, Schoenberg and Alban Berg, the leading atonalists; Paul Hindemeith; and Claude Debussy. Other works performed were those by Gustav Mahler, Bela Bartok, Samuel Barber, Erik Satie, Francis Poulenc, and Aaron Copland</B>, to name a few. Paris saw its first productions ever of Alban Berg's "Wozzeck," Benjamin Britten's "Billy Budd," Gertrude Stein's and Virgil Thomson's "Four Saints in Three Acts," with Alice B. Toklas attending (she was famous for handing out brownies laced with hashish). CCF continued its assault in this field. In 1954, it held two conferences: one a festival at the Palazzo Pecci in Italy which was devoted almost entirely to atonal music and the 12-tone scale, and another, in April of that year—the International Conference in Rome, entitled "20th Century Music," which was devoted solely to avant-garde music. The latter included prize competitions, and the winners were given American premieres by the Boston Symphony at its summer school at Tanglewood. The Symphony was hitched tightly to CCF, and eight of the 11 board members of CCF's music project were associated with Tanglewood. Classical culture—the tradition of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, and Brahms—was repudiated as an "authoritarian" tool of Soviet Communism and wartime German and Italian fascism. For example, the CCF conducted a witchhunt against the great German conductor Wilhelm Furtwaengler as a Nazi. The month-long Paris show also showcased an equally grotesque modern art and sculpture exhibit which New York's Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) organized. It included works by Matisse, Derain, Cezanne, Seurat, Chagall, Kandinsky, and other masters of early-20th-Century modernism. Jackson Pollack and Alexander Calder were leading figures of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom. MOMA, a project of Nelson Rockefeller and his family, played a big role in CCF and its art projects. In 1955, they ran CCF's "Young Painters" exhibit in Rome (and touring the continent), and in 1960, MOMA ran another European show exclusively showcasing abstract impressionism—which, like Adorno's work in music, was known to express mental schizophrenia. George Kennan and Allen Dulles were big supporters of modern art, and the Fairfield Foundation, set up to conduit CIA funds to CCF, also funded MOMA. The maiden Paris "Kulturkampf" of 1952 also included literary debates with Nashville Agrarian "Fugitive" writers Allen Tate and William Faulkner; Fabian perverts Stephen Spender and W.H. Auden; and others. The entire Paris show was run under the auspices of the Office of Special Plans of the State Department, run by the CIA's Frank Wisner and funded by the Fairfield Foundation, a CIA money laundromat. Synarchist Spooks Launched CCF Frances Stoner Saunders, the author of The Cultural Cold War, a history of CCF, documented that CCF was the 1950 brainchild of two prominent groups of private individuals, who would soon assume prominent positions in the Cold War intelligence structures. The first was centered around Allen Dulles, longtime friend of the Time magazine empire's Henry Luce, who ran a group of activists and planners called "the Park Avenue Cowboys." Dulles and his group worked to establish a permanent intelligence organization in the aftermath of World War II. This group was comprised of Dulles, Frank Wisner, C.D. Jackson, Kermit Roosevelt, Tracy Barnes, Richard Helms, and Royall Tyler, who would go on to head the World Bank. CCF was created under the auspices of Wisner, who was then heading the Office of Policy Coordination at the State Department, which later transferred to the CIA as the covert action section. Dulles's personal liaison to the intelligence community who ran CCF on the ground, from its international headquarters in Paris, was Tom Braden, who had been Nelson Rockefeller's executive secretary for the Museum of Modern Art from 1947-49 before joining the CIA. At an appropriate moment, in 1967, Braden was also the person designated to "out" the Congress as a CIA front. In a famous Saturday Evening Post article entitled "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,' " Braden had written: "I remember the enormous joy I got when the Boston Symphony Orchestra won more acclaim for the U.S. in Paris than John Foster Dulles or Dwight D. Eisenhower could have bought with a hundred speeches. And then there was Encounter, the magazine published in England and dedicated to the proposition that cultural achievement and political freedom were interdependent. Money for both the orchestra's tour and the magazine's publication came from the CIA, and few outside of the CIA knew about it. We had placed one agent in a Europe-based organization of intellectuals called the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an editor of Encounter. The agents could not only propose anti-Communist programs to the official leaders of the organizations but they could also suggest ways and means to solve the inevitable budgetary problems. Why not see if the needed money could be obtained from 'American foundations'? As the agents knew, the CIA-financed foundations were quite generous when it came to the national interest." C.D. Jackson, an early "Cowboy," was one of Luce's top intelligence hands and executives. He had joined Time-Life in 1931 as an advertising executive. During the war he became the deputy chief of the Psychological Warfare Division of SHAEF (Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force). After the war, he returned to become vice president of Time-Life. Jackson left Time-Life to take on various intelligence roles for Dulles, becoming the president of the National Committee for a Free Europe, a Dulles initiative, which was the precursor to CCF and which funded many CCF operatives. He was also instrumental in creating Radio Free Europe, a CIA project launched under the auspices of the National Committee for a Free Europe. When Eisenhower took office in 1953, Jackson was posted special advisor to the President for Psychological Warfare. Here he approved the core of the CCF projects and personally helped create and promote the American Committee for Cultural Freedom, whose board he ultimately joined. Jackson laundered articles to Luce's publications to promote CCF activities. The second grouping of private individuals was centered in the person of Charles "Chip" Bohlen. Regular meetings took place at his home in Georgetown with Isaiah Berlin, the British "philosopher" who was implicated in the early-1950s Kim Philby espionage scandal, and George Kennan. This second grouping was known as the "Sovietologists." Bohlen had spent years in Russia and was posted after the war as Ambassador to France, where he helped direct the CCF's international secretariat. He was the mentor of Nicolas Nabokov, the Soviet exile and composer who became CCF's General Secretary. Kennan was instrumental in creating the secret intelligence mechanism which would ultimately run CCF, and he was an influential participant in many of its international symposia. Author of the famous 1947 "Mr. X" article in Foreign Affairs announcing the Cold War, his philosophy was to outdo the Soviets in lies and deceit, for, in his estimation, truth and economic aid were useless in such combat! He authored numbers of National Security directives for the Truman White House, including PSBD-33/2, establishing the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), whose papers are still classified. PSB was established on April 4, 1951. Its first chairman was Gordon Gray. Its purpose was to centralize and coordinate the psychological warfare operations of the CIA, Department of Defense, and State Department. As Charles Burton Marshall, a PSB officer who became a vocal opponent, detailed, in a critique of its working principles and activities, PSB was run by a group of self-appointed elites in a totalitarian nature that was "in a manner reminiscent of Pareto, Sorel, Mussolini and so on.... Individuals are relegated to tertiary importance. The supposed elite emerges as the only group that counts. The elite is defined as that numerically limited group capable and interested in manipulating doctrinal matters." By May of 1952, PSB took over the supervision of "Packet," the code name for the CIA's psychological warfare program to influence overseas "opinion leaders." Under this rubric, PSB assumed the supervision of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom; the Moral Rearmament Movement, which had been a hotbed of wartime Synarchist activity, with Rudolf Hess and other top Nazis being among the leading members; the Crusade for Freedom, which was the funding conduit for Dulles's National Committee for a Free Europe (NCFE); NCFE's Radio Free Europe; and Paix et Liberté. A PSB document from June 1953 defined these programs as necessary to "break down worldwide doctrinaire thought patterns which have provided an intellectual basis for Communism and other doctrines hostile to American and Free World objectives." C.D. Jackson, the Dulles-Luce operative, became the Delphic potentate for these programs. His detailed log at the White House showed PSB planners had to consult with him before their plans became operational. Jackson met regularly with Tom Braden to approve CCF operations. The president of the CCF's Executive Committee was Denis de Rougemont, a Swiss national who had introduced Paris to the works of Nazi philosopher Martin Heidegger, Soren Kierkegaard, and Karl Barth before World War II, through his magazine Hic et Nunc. De Rougemont, known for his book Love in the Western World, wrote a Gnostic broadside attacking the morality of the United States under FDR, which can only be taken as an attempt to undermine the mobilization to defeat Fascism in World War II. Entitled "On the Devil and Politics," and written while he was stationed in the U.S. working for the Office of War Information (OWI), it was published in the June 2, 1941 issue of Christianity and Crisis. De Rougemont's thesis is that all men have an inherently evil side to them which is at least an impulse. Every individual risks that his impulse might actually become real under certain circumstances, and an individual must know that evil resides in himself, or he is not a functioning human being. "(American democracy) too believed and still believes that the Nazis are animals of an altogether different race from Americans. She too risks discovering some day that after all, they are men like us. And it is quite true that they are men like us, in the sense that their sin is also in us, secretly.... It seems to me that the clearest lesson which emerges from European events is this: The sentimental hatred of the evil that is in others may blind one to the evil that one bears in himself and to the gravity of evil in general. The overly facile condemnation of the wicked man on the opposite side may conceal and favor much inward complaisance toward that very wickedness. I suspect a profound ambivalence in certain democratic denunciations of Hitlerism, for in the violence of the tone and the obstinate simplism of the judgements, we betray our bad conscience, our secret anxiety, our unacknowledged temptation. In regard to anti-fascists who wish only to be anti, I cannot help thinking that sooner or later the pro which slumbers in a corner of their soul will suddenly awaken and overwhelm them.... I believe that I know whereof I speak when I say to the honest democrats: Look at the Devil that is among us! Stop believing that he can only resemble Hitler, or Stalin, or Senator Wheeler, for it is you yourself that he will always contrive to resemble the most.... And then only will you be cured of your almost incredible naiveté before the totalitarian danger and be able to escape hypnosis." How Dulles Ran CCF CCF was run through Frank Wisner's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), which gave CCF the codename QKOPERA. Reporting to Wisner was the CIA's Lawrence de Neufville, who worked at the Agency's French Labor desk. Michael Josselson of the CIA worked in CCF's Paris headquarters. James Burnham, the former Trotskyite, was hired as a consultant to OPC and was the primary liaison between the CIA and the intellectual community. The bag man and paymaster for the operation was Irving Brown, who also ran CIA covert programs through European trade-union covers. Recently discovered archival material from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics indicates that Brown was under investigation in the mid-1960s for trafficking in drugs, or money-laundering from drug-trafficking (which provided funds for covert operations). U.S. documents linked him to notorious French crime bosses and Italian mafia figures. The Fairfield Foundation and several other foundations were created by the CIA as fronts to pass funds. Once programs were established, the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations took over major aspects of the funding, with the help of other leading U.S. family foundations. Former German High Commissioner McCloy had personally written to mid-1960s Ford Foundation president McGeorge Bundy, to secure funding for the Congress, at the moment that the CIA was exposing its former ties to CCF, via the Tom Braden Saturday Evening Post story. Victor Marchetti, the former top CIA officer who wrote the first major exposé of the Agency's covert operations, the 1974 The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, explained that the Agency had gone overboard in their use of front foundations: "The CIA's culture-loving, optimistic, freewheeling operators, however, made serious tactical errors in funding these 'private' institutions. Over the years, the Agency became involved with so many groups that direct supervision and accounting were not always possible. Moreover, the Agency violated a fundamental rule of intelligence in not carefully separating the operations of each organization from all the others. Thus, when the first disclosures of CIA involvement were published early in 1967, enterprising journalists found that the financing arrangements and the conduit foundations were so intertwined and over-used that still other groups which had been receiving CIA funds could be tracked down." In 1954, Cord Meyer replaced Tom Braden at the CIA's International Organizations Division (IOD) as Dulles's personal liaison to CCF operations. Meyer had been the editor of Yale's literary magazine and a graduate in the class of 1942. His favorite poets were Allen Tate and John Crowe Ransom, who were at the center of the Nashville Agrarians. Ransom's handful of protégés in 1938 were a special crew, known as "Ransom's Boys." Meyer recruited several to the CIA. Robbie Macauley, Ransom's assistant at the Kenyon Review, was posted to IOD to replace Lawrence de Neufville in the summer of 1954. He moved to Paris to oversee CCF operations. In 1956, Meyer placed another of the "Ransom's Boys," John "Jack" Thompson, as the executive director of the Fairfield Foundation, a post he held for more than a decade. Needless to say, Tate, Ransom, and fellow Agrarian Robert Penn Warren all wrote for CCF's Encounter magazine. The American Branch of the Congress The American branch of CCF was founded in 1951. The principal force behind the American Committee for Cultural Freedom (ACCF) was Sidney Hook, its first chairman. Hook was then a contract consultant to the CIA, and he liaisoned with CIA director Walter Bedell Smith and PSB director Gordon Gray. Hook had been an early student at the Frankfurt School, during his Marxist youth in the 1920s. His From Hegel to Marx was a compilation of lecture notes from the Frankfurt School founder, Karl Korsch, a leading Comintern operative at the time, and later a close associate of Bertrand Russell in launching the linguistics project associated with MIT's Professor Noam Chomsky today. When the Frankfurt School was to be redeployed to the United States at the point of the Hitler takeover in Germany, it was Hook and his mentor (and fellow CCF director) John Dewey, who provided the funding and political support for the emigré invasion, through Columbia University and the New School for Social Research, which later provided a home to fascist philosopher Leo Strauss, and Martin Heidegger's mistress and Frankfurt School/CCF ideologue Hannah Arendt. Irving Kristol, managing editor of The American Jewish Committee's Commentary magazine, served as ACCF's first Executive Director. Kristol, in a 1995 autobiographical essay, touted himself as the godfather of neo-conservatism. He identified CCF founder Lionel Trilling, Leo Strauss, and Nashville Agrarian writer John Crowe Ransom as the three leading intellectual influences on his life. ACCF board members included Sol Levitas, editor of the New Leader. Levitas was a protégé of Allen Dulles and C.D. Jackson.[/b] Dulles used Levitas's New Leader to promote the creation of a "commission of internal security" to investigate subversive influences in the United States. Levitas provided intelligence reports from his international correspondents to Henry Luce, for which he was paid. Philip Rahv, editor of Partisan Review, was also a board member of ACCF. Luce became Partisan Review's financial angel when it was about to go bankrupt, and he also surreptitiously funded ACCF. Close Encounter of the Third Kind In early 1951, Frank Wisner travelled to London to meet with his counterparts in Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Over a series of meetings it was decided to create a flagship intellectual journal for CCF. It was agreed that the Americans and British would have joint oversight over the London-based Encounter magazine, and there would be joint funding. ACCF executive director Irving Kristol was chosen by Sidney Hook to become co-editor with British Fabian Stephen Spender. Born in February 1909, Spender was orphaned in his early teens, and in 1928, he entered University College, Oxford. There, he was taken in by several leading literary giants with whom he formed close relationships. According to biographer David Leeming, T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf served as surrogate parents; W.H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood served as surrogate older brothers. Isherwood and Auden, both homosexuals, were British intelligence operatives, stalking the European and North American cultural scenes for particularly degenerate and vulnerable recruits. Spender left Oxford without getting a degree, and travelled extensively through Europe, having numerous pedophilic affairs, living for a time in Weimar, Germany. He became a well-known poet and essayist in these circles, and his poetry contained allusions to his affairs. "Whatever happens," he wrote, "I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution." Spender worked for the British Control Commission in Germany after the war and then spent much of his time in the United States, where he was taken under the wing of John Crowe Ransom and Allen Tate. In later years, he would befriend "beatnik" poet Allen Ginsberg, the LSD advocate and sexual notable, who became one of the gurus of the counterculture movement of the '60s. As time went by, CCF would add to its own family of magazines Kenyon Review, Sewanee Review, and Poetry—all projects of the Fugitives and their associates—The Journal of the History of Ideas, which Luce supported; Partisan Review, Paris Review, and Daedalus. Kristol moved to London in early 1953 to assume his new duties, and Sidney Hook went along to manage the editorial ideas and to oversee the start-up. By June, Encounter was up and running with a $40,000 grant from the Fairfield Foundation. At the outset, it ran articles by Julian Huxley, Allen Tate, Lionel Trilling, Robert Penn Warren, W.H. Auden, Thornton Wilder, Jayaprakash Naryan, Mircea Eliade, André Malraux, and Guido Piovene. Malcolm Muggeridge, a member of the CCF steering committee, was the liaison to British MI6. His funding conduits to CCF for this project were Sir Alexander Korda, the film director, and Lord Victor Rothschild, who remained close to Encounter up through the mid-1960s. Frederic Warburg, of Secker and Warburg, agreed to use his company as the publisher. Warburg was the publisher of George Orwell, who was also quite active in CCF. Warburg was the treasurer of the British Society for Cultural Freedom (BSCF), whose founding members included T.S. Eliot, Isaiah Berlin, Lord David Cecil, and Richard Crossman, the Secretary General of the British Labour Party. The Information Research Department paid into a private account at Secker and Warburg; that account paid BSCF, which passed on cash to Encounter. In intelligence community parlance, it was a "triple pass" which paid Spender's salary. Rightwing Fabianism Kristol published many Labour Party writers from Encounter, including Hugh Gaitskell, Roy Jenkins, C.A.R. Crosland, Richard Crossman, Patrick Gordon-Walker, John Strachey, Rita Hinden, Denis Healey (British correspondent of Levitas's New Leader), and Roderick Macfarquhar. Many of these individuals were active participants in CCF international seminars; others, like Gaitskell, travelled on behalf of CCF projects. Crosland worked with Daniel Bell, who took official leave as labor editor of Luce's Fortune magazine to plan CCF's founding international seminars. Crosland also joined CCF's international governing committee. CCF funded Rita Hinden to expand the Fabian Society's official journal, Venture. When the British Labour Party beat the Conservatives at the polls in 1964, there were half a dozen regular Encounter writers placed in Harold Wilson's new government. CFF's Very Own Comintern The working relationship between the British elites and their American counterparts, in what ultimately became the CCF, traced back to a 1948 tour of America by Arthur Koestler. Koestler was an experienced intelligence operative with a checkered past. Born in 1905 in Budapest, as a young man he was an aide to Vladimir Jabotinsky, the self-professed Zionist promoter of Mussolini Fascism. When he was 27, he joined the Communist Party and went to Russia, where he wrote Of White Nights and Red Days, which was funded by the Comintern. Koestler next operated in Germany, and was exiled to Paris when Hitler took power. There, he worked for leading Comintern agent Willi Munzenberg, and became an expert in running infiltration and neutralization operations against political organizations. In 1936, Munzenberg deployed him on a spy mission to Spain, where he was interned as a political prisoner. Though he was a well-known Sovet intelligence asset, it was the British who intervened to get Koestler freed. In 1938, he resigned from the Communist Party and went to Paris. During World War II, he was interned in France, and while in jail, wrote his "Damascus Road" repudiation of communism, Darkness at Noon. His book became one of the propaganda documents of choice for Dulles and company, circulated through the Congress for Cultural Freedom. After release from prison, he made his way to England and joined the Ministry of Information, receiving British citizenship. When Britain created the Information Research Department (IRD) in February of 1948 to covertly fight the Cold War, Koestler became an official advisor and one of their most important agents. IRD purchased 50,000 copies of Koestler's Darkness at Noon and distributed them in Germany. Luce's Time magazine printed his book in the United States. During 1948, Koestler was sent on a tour of the U.S. with the cooperation of the U.S. intelligence community. His purpose was to solidify a network of operatives who would recruit America's intellectuals, many of whom were former fellow travellers of communism, to help the Anglo-American elites fight the Cold War. Koestler first went to Paris to meet with André Malraux and Charles Bohlen, the newly appointed Ambassador to France, to discuss his trip. While onboard ship for the U.S., he had extensive meetings with John Foster Dulles. James Burnham, who would become the éminence grise at William Buckley's National Review, was his permanent escort. Koestler established a working relationship with the CIA, and together, they targetted what the State Department called the "Non-Communist Left"—intellectuals and trade unionists who were disillusioned with communism, but who were still faithful to the ideals of socialism. In Europe they would target the Democratic Socialist movement. In the U.S., their targetting included many of the supporters of President Roosevelt's New Deal. Koestler, along with the CIA's Michael Josselson and Melvin Lasky, surreptitiously planned the founding Berlin Congress in 1950 to launch CCF. Koestler also wrote the founding Manifesto adopted at that conference. Lasky, an American, was an expert in cultural warfare and had been promoted by German High Commissioner John J. McCloy. Based in Berlin, Lasky ran Der Monat, a German-language anti-communist cultural journal which became a CCF publication. Lasky was also the correspondent for Levitas's New Leader, as well as Partisan Review. New Paradigm: Deindustrialization and Depopulation Vladimir Lenin once wrote that the Western elites would purchase the rope to hang themselves. CCF's venture into economic and cultural "reform" proved Lenin's point. Through a string of Cold War-era study groups, seminars, international conferences, and books, the Congress became an early, leading promoter of the Malthusian ideas of the "post-industrial society." In 1956, Daniel Bell took leave from his post as labor editor of Luce's Fortune magazine (the same magazine which promoted Italian fascist labor policies) to become the first director of CCF's Seminar Planning Committee. In April 1957, the first seminar was held in Toykyo entitled "Problems of Economic Growth." Thirty economists from 12 Western, Asian, and African countries attended. According to Frances Stone Saunders in The Cultural Cold War, "The conference was the precursor of the impending shift by development economists from an emphasis on growth of per capita income to one on the quality of life, social justice, and freedom as the true measure of development." Bell would later author The Coming Post-Industrial Revolution, ushering in the consumer society, and marking the end of the American System of productive economic activity. The "post-industrial society" was the perfect vehicle for the burgeoning drug/rock/sex counterculture, which had been the long-term cultural warfare objective of the Congress and its Anglo-American Synarchist backers. Bibliography "Benito's Birthday," Time magazine, Vol. 1, No. 23, Aug. 6, 1923. Coleman, Peter, The Liberal Conspiracy, The Free Press, New York, 1999. Fortune magazine, Vol. X, No. 1, 1934. Minnicino, Michael, "The Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness,' " Fidelio magazine, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992. Saunders, Frances Stoner, The Cultural Cold War, New Press, New York, 2000. Swanberg, W.A., Luce and His Empire, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1972. White, Carol, The Plot To Destroy Civilization: The New Dark Ages Conspiracy, New Benjamin Franklin House, New York, 1980. Zepp-LaRouche, Helga, ed., The Hitler Book, New Benjamin Franklin House, New York, 1984. This article appears in the June 25, 2004 issue of Executive Intelligence Review. [/b] This link has most of the text above then branches out to websites and pages which I prefer not to cite here due to their Illuminati and Bilderberg tangential tirades. Caveat Hannibal Lector. http://www.politicalfriendster.com/showPer...ultural-Freedom- http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/Ar...Entity=HuxleyAL http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/jo...07/7.4tudda.pdf Tudda, Christopher J. "Reenacting the Story of Tantalus": Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation Journal of Cold War Studies - Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp. 3-35 The MIT Press Christopher J. Tudda - "Reenacting the Story of Tantalus": Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation - Journal of Cold War Studies 7:4 Journal of Cold War Studies 7.4 (2005) 3-35 "Reenacting the Story of Tantalus" Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Failed Rhetoric of Liberation Chris Tudda This article explores the relationship between public rhetoric and confidential foreign policy decision-making during the Eisenhower administration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, pursued two contradictory diplomatic strategies. On the one hand, they wanted to establish a globalist foreign policy. A key component of this strategy was "liberation policy"; that is, freeing the peoples of Eastern Europe from Soviet control. They believed they could best preserve globalism by "educating" the U.S. public and North American Treaty Organization (NATO) allies about the danger posed by the Soviet Union and the need for liberation. Eisenhower and Dulles consciously chose to use what I have called rhetorical diplomacy in order to achieve this goal. Rhetorical diplomacy involved the use of belligerent rhetoric in private meetings with allied and Soviet officials and in public speeches, addresses, and press conferences. Publicly, the Eisenhower administration embraced liberation policy while appealing to an audience of unilateralists, liberationists, East European exiles, and the East European nations themselves. On the... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Project MUSE ® | Search | Journals | About MUSE

This is about Fred Schwarz, Billy James Hargis and their CACC, not Wal Mart.

Sometimes using McCarthyism against former McCarthyites is the best way to make a point. Dick Gregory was not particularly aware of the history of IHR, Carto or The Liberty Lobby and perhaps just wanted another podium another stage and another audience who was willing to entertain his theories, his thesis, his theme, whatever. I am only acerbic when acid is thrown in my face or into my threads. The Grafitti Tagger has not stopped his activity despite being warned many times. I maintain that I am right about Otto F. Otepka and Mellen and Pease were taken in by the siren song of The Ordeal of Otto Otepka and that they were brainwashed. I hold that the same thing occurred with L. Fletcher Prouty. "Oh, I am not a MEMBER of Liberty Lobby, I never JOINED the Liberty Lobby." What the hell does that matter? He WAS The Liberty Lobby for years and so was Lane and even Warren Richardson, too. Did you see Prouty at the JFK road show at the Harvard School of Government with Oliver Stone. Only two people stood up to question Prouty on his background, his motivations and his hypocrisy and I was one of them. More hissing and booing than applause but it was scattered. Imagine hissing and booing at Harvard? And support of Prouty? Stone used Roy Hargraves as perhaps the only other advisor on JFK, I think but Roy was not a road show type of person. Now Hargraves really knew whereof he spoke. "But who shot JFK Roy? Who shot him?" said Mary Ferrell and he told her. It was a now deceased former Interpen member who worked for Ray S. Cline. That's all she wrote.

Actually using Survival of the Fittest Analysis, the weakest lion would always be eaten first and the strongest lions would have consumed him thus surviving to procreate with the cutest female lion and propagating the species. At the point when you walked in expecting nothing but dead lions you would have been seen as dinner for four maybe five. And you would have continued the trap set for the next victim.

Perhaps I should have said... No one who is considered credible, non-biased and sufficiently knowledgeable about the JFK conundrum ever said Castro in retaliation went after JFK. There isn't that MUCH better?

Boy you are just like Chinese Water Torture. The word for you in relation to the JFK conundrum is "irrelevant".

This treatment is reserved for inveterate Lone Nutters and SBT gurus who deliberately and callously attempt to denigrate my projects and my work of 10 years or more without having a clue about the topics they criticize. Rahn's son is doing 25 years to life in the State Pen for armed bank robbery because his father had no time to get him out of a jam which threatened his life. That is the kind of mentor and father he is. I have no respect for him or anyone who would cite or promote his Psyops Warfare brand of antagonism and deliberate provocations. He drove his kid to rob that bank with his tactics and techniques and now he is paying the price.

The anti Castro exiles were told that their pending assistance in the JFK hit would result in another invasion of Cuba. And Revilo Oliver and Billy James Hargis tried like heck to blame Castro for JFK's demise in order to make it all happen that way. No one ever said Castro in retaliation went after JFK. Maybe the CIA started circumventing RFK in order to elicit the support of some of the anti Castro Cuban exiles in either the Miami plot or the Dallas plot. In a way saying... this is how it is going to be after the fact. Bobby will be powerless to stop us after his brother is dead. He can't even stop us now, because we know JFK is history. I still think that Frank Sturgis and others from groups that splintered off from 30th of November Movement were involved in BOTH Miami and Dallas plots though I can not produce eyewitnesses to this false promise of a renewed Castro invasion. At the end of the plot to kill JFK, the Cubans could only say: OK when do go get Castro? Well there is too much heat, it is too risky. Hey, that's not what you said last month. We are telling. Yeah, who you going to call? Who you going to tell? You guys are guilty as Hell and will fry for it. So STFU and get back on the Rex for now. Over simplified? Mebbie.

Interesting to note that your discovery of the fact that Collins Radio became part of Rockwell International meshes nicely with my theory that the Rockwell takeover of Draper Corp. in 1967 was for all intents and purposes the payback to Wickliffe Draper for removing JFK as an obstacle to expanding the Viet Nam war effort. I remember when we shared the same conference room in Washington, DC at the COPA conference and presented back to back stories about Rockwell's role in the JFK conundrum. Can you remind me again about that secretive NSA building you discovered with a Rockwell logo on the outside? This project was essentially hidden from Congress, right? I think it was only a few years later that Rockwell was forced to sell its Defense assets to Boeing just before Congress was going to slam the door shut on future Rockwell DOD business due to their 20 year record of surreptitious activities and sloppy defense projects. Take a look at Confederate Yankees in King Camelot's Court and especially the subsequent posting about Frank Wisner's and William Draper's roles in the Culture Wars efforts headed by C.D. Jackson and Frank G. Wisner II. This one blows my mind since I can not figure why these big time CIA heavyweights would even bother with Culture Wars. I subtitled it Will of the WASPS...

Make up your own mind about this site... starting to get a bit complex and a bit arcane here... Le Cercle http://www.gnosticliberationfront.com/le_c...mbership%20list Le Cercle is a secret transnational intelligence and direct action group, that, according to all accounts, is funded by the CIA. We only know the dates and places of a handful of Circle meetings (1), which were attended by about a hundred persons at a time. Before the 1990's, it was called Cercle Violet, or initially, Cercle Pinay, in both cases after its (French) chairman. In later times, chairmanship of Le Cercle went on to the British. The Pinay Circle used to fight the spread of communism worldwide, at all costs, even in our own backyard. This threat largely ceased to exist when the USSR collapsed and the role of the Circle had to change. Today, its members are probably talking about "Al-Qaeda infiltration" instead of "communist infiltration", although looking at the people involved with the Circle, one wonders how many actually believe in the 'War on Terror' as a tool to spread "freedom" and "democracy". We will get to that later. Circle members Nadhmi Auchi (together with Prince Andrew at the Anglo-Arab Organization), Zbigniew Brzezinski, Giulio Andreotti, Lord Lamont, and Frank Wisner, Jr. In 1980, German intelligence chief Hans Langemann described the Circle as: "... the Circle consists of a loose gathering of various conservative and anti-Communist politicians, publicists, bankers and VIPs that meets some twice a year in various parts of the world. Its origins stem from the former French Prime Minister Antoine Pinay. The Circle, which still exists today, also invites guest speakers... One recent development is the establishment within the Circle of a command staff or of an inner circle which then works out particularly suitable means for action on current political questions." We first heard about the Pinay Circle in 1975, when about 1500 internal pages from the British Institute for the Study of Conflict (ISC) were leaked to Time Out Magazine. Later, in 1980 and 1982 (#37), Der Spiegel made references to this group and the involvement of Frans Joseph Strauss with it (Der Spiegel and Strauss were sworn enemies ever since the 1962 'Spiegel Affair'). The articles of Der Spiegel were based on internal memos from Hans Langemann, who was chief of security of the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior and Director of Security during the 1972 Olympics. Looking at the few papers that have been published, it appears that Langemann was informing persons within the German government about the clandestine efforts of the Circle to get Franz Joseph Strauss elected. How they ended up on the desk of Der Spiegel seems to be unknown. After Der Spiegel published this information, a few intelligence magazines and newsletters like Lobster and 'Intelligence' became interested in this group. Lobster Magazine wrote its first article about this group in 1985, followed by a couple of other articles in the years following. After that, Lobster would sometimes find tidbits of new information they shared with their readers. Since the late 1990's, information about this group has become more accessible due to the introduction of the internet and scandals surrounding Jonathan Aitken and Nadhmi Auchi. According to Lobster in 1986, the Pinay Circle was created in 1969 by Antoine Pinay, Jean Violet, and Otto von Habsburg. Their exact source is unclear. It could be 'Intelligence', the original Time Out article, or author Roger Faligot (2). Anyway, this date has indirectly been disputed in 2003 by The Observer who suggested that the Circle was created in the 1950's, again by Antoine Pinay, but this time with the German chancellor Konrad Adenauer (who died in 1967) (3). Because the earlier Lobster article seems to have been based on some of the original ISC documents, and because they name a specific year, I consider this source the most reliable. However, looking at the Stay-Behind networks, it's likely that there have been earlier Circle-like meetings. In any case, there's no doubt that all the earlier named people were working together in the 1950's and 1960's in building up a United Europe, allied with the United States. Pinay and at least representatives of Adenauer were visiting Bilderberg and Jean Violet was already working for Habsburg on projects like the Académie Européenne de Sciences Politiques (ultraconservative Pan-European society). They also shared another very interesting commonality, they were all faithful Catholics. And not just that; Pinay, Habsburg, and Adenauer were members of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) (4). Pinay, Habsburg and the less prominent Jean Violet have also been accused of involvement with Opus Dei (5). This is all the more interesting because Joseph Retinger, who recruited Bernhard and others to set up Bilderberg, was another Vatican agent; a Jesuit and likely a Knight of Malta (6). At the end of WWII, the Knights of Malta have been involved with smuggling nazis out of Germany with the help of the OSS (later CIA), an organisation they themselves helped to establish (4 / 7). In turn, the CIA funded the covert anti-communist war in Europe, including Radio Free Europe, the Economist, the European Council of Princes, the Gehlen Organization (8 / 9), the Stay-Behind networks (10), the Pinay Circle, and the overall European moverment. A lot of this money was funneled through American Committee on United Europe (ACUE), which was established at the direction of Duncan Sandys, Joseph Retinger, Allen Dulles, and William Donovan. Dulles and Donovan were top CIA chiefs and Knights of Malta, Retinger a Vatican agent, and Duncan Sandys a son-in-law of Churchill. Besides the CIA's clandestine efforts, the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Institute were the prime sponsors of the ACUE (11). Undoubtedly, a case can be made that the communist empire was 'evil'. One only has to read books like Rummel's 'Death by Government' or Solzhenitsyn's 'The Gulag Archipelago'. On the other hand, another case can be made that the recruitment of nazi spy chief Reinhard Gehlen hasn't done the East-West relations any good. These days it is quite clear that this Circle member has been exaggerating the communist threat to justify his own existence (12). Then there is another unanswered question about the role of western companies and individuals who have been selling the USSR all the technology it needed to become a super power (13). Why was this allowed to happen? Why hasn't this been recorded in the history books? And how many members of the Pinay Circle were involved or aware of these dealings? Plenty of questions that will remain for now. The other prominent force in Le Cercle is the British throne and the City of London. Undoubtedly, the British played a role in creating the Pinay Circle, but only in more recent years their influence can be seen. Antoine Pinay and Jean Violet have already been named as chairmen, probably the first and second. In different news articles of later years, three other persons have been named as chairmen of Le Cercle. First, Julian Amery (14), followed by his protege Jonathan Aitken (15), and finally Lord Norman Lamont (16), who is still the chairman of Le Cercle today. These three persons have in common that they have all been made members of the Queen's Privy Council (17), which in itself sends a pretty clear message across of who's involved. It also turns out that the father of Julian Amery has been one of the most crucial persons in establishing Israel, while at the same time conceiling his whole life that he was a Jew. Appointed to the War Cabinet by Round Table & Pilgrims Society member Lord Alfred Milner, Leopold Amery was the author of the final draft of the Balfour Declaration, which was sent to Lord Lionel de Rothschild. It committed Britain to the establishment of a Jewish National home in Palestine. Leopold was also a key player in creating the Jewish Legion, the forerunner of the Israeli Defense Force (18). Today's chairman, Lord Lamont has been a long time director of N.M. Rothschild and Rothschild Asset Management. All three men have a very interesting history and you can find more details further down in this article or on the membership page. In addition, it might also be interesting to note that Queen Elizabeth II is head of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, the protestant counterpart of the earlier mentioned Knights of Malta. Both claim to have been descended from the medieval Knights Hospitaller, the organization to which all the Templar assets were transferred, together with a good portion of its members. Queen Elizabeth II is also head of the much more exclusive Order of the Garter and patron of the elite Anglo-American Pilgrims Society. The British royals are leading members of the United Grand Lodge of England, the British Invisibles, the Anglo-Arab Organization, and the 1001 Club. The British Invisibles promote the interests of the 'Square Mile'. The Anglo-Arab Organization supposedly promotes Anglo-Arab friendship, although it's headed by the very questionable Circle member Nadhmi Auchi. The 1001 Club is a fundraising mechanism for the WWF and a secret meeting place for businessmen and politicians from all over the world. So you see, good or bad, there's a lot of activity going on around the British Royals and the business interests of the City of Londen. Naturally, the intelligence part is even more hidden. Known Circle meetings have been held in Washington DC, Lisbon, Paris, Zurich, Munich, and Muscat (Oman). There might have been a good reason for the creation of the Pinay Circle in 1969. In the midst of the Cold War, on November 13, 1968, Russian leader Leonid Brezhnev told his audience: "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries." This statement was called the 'Brezhnev Doctrine' and ment that the Soviet Union would openly intervene militarily if any country under its control tried to push off the communist influence. Brezhnev had already made that clear 3 months earlier, when he quashed the rebellion in Prague. From now on, if a western country would convert to communism, it would probably take world war III to ever switch it back to a capitalist economy. These Soviet actions could easily have led to the creation of this covert direct action group. When you reverse Brezhnev's statement you'll find that it matches perfectly with what the Pinay Circle has been doing: "When forces that are hostile to capitalism try to turn the development of some capitalist country towards communism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all capitalist countries." On November 8, 1979, Langemann wrote the following (19): Protected source contributions to state security. Personal for the state minister only. "The militant conservative London publicist, Brian Crozier, Director of the famous Institute for the Study of Conflict up to September 1979, has been working with his diverse circle of friends in international politics to build an anonymous action group, a 'transnational security organisation', and to widen its field of operations. Crozier worked with the CIA for years. One has to assume, therefore, that they are fully aware of his activities. He has extensive connections with members, or more accurately, former members, of the most important western security and intelligence services..." Amongst other points in the (Crozier) planning paper are: Specific Aims within this framework are to affect a change of government in the United Kingdom - accomplished. In West Germany to defend freedom of trade and movement and oppose all forms of subversion including terrorism ... What the group can do if financing is available. Conduct international campaigns aiming to discredit hostile personalities or events. [examples that have been named are propaganda spread through the tv, lobbying, organizing demonstrations, or undercover financial support to opponents] Creation of a (private) intelligence service specialising according to a selective point of view. The establishment of offices under suitable cover each run by a co-ordinator from the central office. Current plans cover London, Washington, Paris, Munich and Madrid. "As far as can be judged by outsiders Crozier has initiated with his group the project 'Victory for Strauss'..." In the regular media Brian Crozier is usually only known as a historian, strategist, journalist, and author of 'The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire'. That Crozier has been recruited by MI6 and the CIA is less well known, together with his connections to most other European intelligence agencies (20). Crozier also worked for the Information Research Department (IRD), an intelligence disinformation service, which spread a huge amount of anti-communist propaganda through papers, magazines, radio, and television by using media outlets as the BBC and Reuters. Crozier would call them "benign deceptions". Brian Crozier was also the chairman of the anti-communist Institute for the Study of Conflict (ISC), which, through him, received assignments from the "Pinay Committee". This is according to the ISC's own documents, which were leaked in 1975, possibly to expose the role of the Pinay Committee. In 1976, Brian Crozier set up a covert advisory committee called 'Shield', in order to get Margaret Thatcher elected. The words of the committee became Thatcher's election campaign, which resulted in her election as Prime Minister in May 1979, 1983, and 1987. This is why Crozier's planning paper says "Change of government in the United Kingdom - accomplished." Just as her Cercle-supported American counterpart, Thatcher made sure that a strong anti-communist policy was followed, together with a policy of privatization of public goods. When Thatcher was elected, Crozier and the Pinay Circle started supporting the election campaign of Franz Joseph Strauss to become Chancellor of Germany. The Circle spread articles in newspapers and magazines to counter the scandals Strauss had been involved with many years earlier, saying these allegations were KGB propaganda. In the end, they failed miserably and Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor. Does this mean that the German people were blessed with Kohl? Maybe, but it's interesting to note that in 2002 the Observer reported about a classified BND report which accused Herbert Batliner (1001 Club), friend to Helmut Kohl and senior lawyer and fund manager from Liechtenstein, of laudering money for Kohl's Christian Democrat party (21). Whoever this person is, it's probably no coincidence that he is today's president of Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze Sociali located in Vatican City. Liechtenstein's ruler, Hans Adam II is a Knight of Malta, a member of Opus Dei, and a member of the Habsburg dynasty. It's hard to say if the Vatican and London factions are true rivals. Just take a look at someone like George H.W. Bush, he's close to both interests. Besides having funneled money to Kohl's political party, the BND also accused Batliner of having done the same for Marcos, Escobar, and Mobutu (1001 Club). As expected, Batliner has been cleared of all charges. Another scandal Kohl has been involved with has to do with the illegal arms trade of the Thyssens, which involved many members of the BND. For the details, take a look at this biography of Walther Leisler Kiep. All these people are closely related. The son of Otto von Habsburg, Karl, married Baroness Francesca, the daughter of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza (1001 Club). The Bushes and Harrimans were caught in 1943 shipping arms to Nazi Germany in name of the Thyssens. Today, George H.W. Bush has written the website introduction to Atlantik-Brücke, an important but low-profile German-US discussion forum set up by the Warburg family. Until recently, it was headed by the Thyssen-associate Walther Kiep. You keep going round and round. And just as Batliner, Kiep has never really been affected by the scandals he became involved with. Back to the document above. Further down in it you can see how the Circle operates. Examples of point two, the creation of intelligence agencies, are the Stay-Behind networks, the CIA's Knights Templar (22), the Safari Club (23), Shield & The 61 (24), Group 13 (25), SFD-K (26), ISA (27), and Rumsfeld's P2OG (28). These agencies can be set up for any amount of time for any purpose. If they get exposed, you just start over under a different name with different people. Circle members Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner, William Colby, Stefano Delle Chiaie, Giulio Andreotti, General Stilwell, and probably Karel Meulmeester have all been involved in the creation or maintenance of the Stay-Behind networks. Circle members Allen Dulles, Frank Wisner, and Kermit Roosevelt were members of the Knights Templar. Circle members Alexandre de Marenches and Kermit Roosevelt set up the Safari Club. Circle member Brian Crozier set up Shield and The 61. Who set up the assassination squad Group 13 is unknown. Circle member General Stilwell set up SFD-K and ISA. Finally, Rumsfeld is one of those persons that just has to be a Circle member. Can't imagine it any other way. Another paper from Langemann confirms the 'hands on' approach of the Circle: "On 5 and 6/1 1980 members of the Circle met in Zurich to discuss executive measures..." The main things discussed were: (a) international promotion of the Minister President (Strauss) in international publications ( influencing of the situation in Rhodesia and South Africa following a European Conservative guideline and © the establishment of a powerful directional radio station aiming at the Islamic region and including the border populations of the Soviet Union. Earlier, I mentioned Bilderberg, an organization people often compare with the Pinay Circle. In 1954, Bilderberg was created as a secret unofficial discussion forum. Communists weren't allowed to join the bankers, businessmen, publicists, and politicians at these annual meetings. The purpose of Bilderberg was to bring Europe together, to strengthen it against the communists, and to keep it allied with the United States. Many people, including politicians, weren't too happy with the way the Americans acted ("like elephants in a porcelain shop") and the way they influenced the European economies through their Marshall aid. At Bilderberg, representatives from one country or from one sector could ventilate their frustrations with another party. The 'off the record', informal, and confidential setting made it far easier to work towards a solution. This was crucial in post-war Europe and since the aim is a United Europe allied with the United States it is still important today (29). However, the Pinay Circle seems to have been fundamentally different than Bilderberg. The Bilderbergers were more interested in resolving conflict with the usual political and economical means; by talking, standing together, issuing boycots, etc. It was, and is an extension of ordinary politics and ordinary business. In some cases you might call it conspiratorial, but all in all it's not that terribly exciting. On the other hand, the Pinay Circle is more of an extension of the international intelligence agencies. And not necessarily that part of the intelligence agencies that only gather information, but that part that is more involved with the 'hands on' work. That part that 'stimulates' regime change. At the moment, we just don't have enough information about the the Circle to reach a conclusion, but when we look at the names we have available, we should be able to get a more detailed picture of what this group is all about. At the moment, we have the names of about 60 people that have visited the Circle at least once. Turns out that at least half of them can be considered controversial. (You can find many more names and details on the full membership list) 1. Jonathan Aitken Former Privy Councillor involved with brokering illegal arms deals on behalf of different British companies. Has a warm relationship with MI6. Former chairman of Le Cercle. 2. Prince Turki Al-Faisal Studied at Princeton, Cambridge and Georgetown (Jesuit) Universities. Long-time Bin Laden protege. Says he last met with Bin Laden in 1990, but has been accused of being in contact with him up until 2001. On November 1, 2001, The Guardian wrote, "Two months before September 11 Osama bin Laden flew to Dubai for 10 days for treatment at the American hospital, where he was visited by the local CIA agent, according to the French newspaper Le Figaro... [French] Intelligence sources say that another CIA agent was also present; and that Bin Laden was also visited by Prince Turki al Faisal, then head of Saudi intelligence, who had long had links with the Taliban, and Bin Laden..." Al-Faisal had been a 25 year head of Saudi intelligence when he suddenly resigned on September 1, 2001. In recent interviews, he avoided mentioning the U.S.'s & U.K.'s illegal weapons supplies to Bin Laden in the 1980's. Blames a lot of terrorism on Israel and the Muslim Brotherhood (which, looking at his past, he seems to sympathize with). Faisal, together with the ISI and the CIA, played a major role in bringing the Taliban to power. 3. Lord Julian Amery Former chairman of Le Cercle. Privy Councillor, protege of Jonathan Aitken, and former consultant to the BCCI. His SMOM brother was a Nazi propagandist in Germany and Italy and worked as a gun runner for General Franco. In contrast, his father was one of the most prominent founders of a Jewish 'homeland' in Palestine, while at the same time never having mentioned he was a Jew himself. Said to have been at a secret meeting with Nicholas Elliot (Le Cercle), Henry Kissinger (Le Cercle), and Prince Johannes von Thurn und Taxis (1001 Club) on Sharon's ranch on Nov. 15, 1982. 4. Giulio Andreotti Accused of being the true head of P2. Opus Dei member and a Knight of Malta. Said to be a member of the Priory the Sion (Monarchist templar organization. It is very possible that the history of the organization has been made up). Under pressure he was the first to disclose the Italian 'Stay-Behind' network - Gladio. Investigated for protecting and working with the mafia. Convicted of ordering the murder of a journalist, but was released immediately. He was later acquitted of the charges and still walks free. 5. Nadhmi Auchi Former member of Saddam's inner circle. Very involved with the British government, the British royals, and illegal arms trafficking to Iraq. Chairman of the elite Anglo-Arab Organization, which is attended by the British royals and kings of the Middle-East. A bit like Le Cercle it seems. 6. Zbigniew Brzezinski Very anti-communist national security advisor who set up the Trilateral Commission in 1973. Wrote a book in 1997 in which he more or less proposed to invade the Middle-East for its resources and push Russia and China out of area. Of course, the American people had to be 'pursuaded'. His son has been accused of financing the pro-Nato opposition in the 2004 elections of the Ukraine. 7. Anthony Cavendish Former senior MI6 officer, who acted as a consultant to Nadhmi Auchi's (corrupt) business empire. Involved in a lot of covert ops. 8. Lord Robert Cecil Lord Cranborne, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. Latest head of the very powerful Cecil family that has produced numerous members of the Order of Garter and the Privy Council since the 1500s, starting with Sir William Cecil. They intermarried with elite blue blood families as de Vere, Arundel, Plantagenet, and Cavendish. William Cecil and his protégé Sir Francis Walsingham devised the first version of the SIS (MI6) back in the 16th century. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury and his namesake coordinated the Round Table together with the Rothschild family. One of the sons of this 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (again, exactly the same name) was a member of the Pilgrims and as usual another giant in the globalization process. There are rumors the Cecil family had a stake in PERMINDEX, which has been linked to JFK's assassination. For full details of this highly interesting family look in the membership list. This Cecil, a Privy Councilor, married Hannah Stirling, niece of Lt Col David Stirling. Stirling was the co-founder of the SAS, founder of GB 75 (seemingly a short-lived psyop in 1974), worked with MI6 at times, ran Television International Enterprises which ran a security service for overseas heads of state, and headed Operation Lock, an assassination program in Southern Africa. 9. Paul Channon As trade minister he allowed a chlorine plant secretly to be sold to Iraq by the British company Uhde Ltd, in the knowledge that it was likely to be used to make mustard and nerve gas, which was used in the war with Iran at that time. 10. Stefano Delle Chiaie Fascist Gladio bomber who was a member of the P2 and a member of the SID (Italian intelligence). Involved in the failed 1964 fascist coup in Italy and indicted for the 1969 bombing of the Bologna railway station, which claimed the lives of 85 people and injured more than 200. He was released in 1989. 11. Jacques Chirac Close associate of Jean Violet and Alexandre de Marenches. Considered Hussein as a friend and sold him nuclear technology in the 1970's. He also agreed to train 600 Iraqi nuclear technicians and scientists. "Jacques Iraq" is the only Western leader to have personally met with the Iraqi president. He is said to have closed down the Safari Club after it's existence was discovered. 12. William Colby As a CIA employee he set up the Scandinavian Stay-Behind networks in 1954. Ran a covert op against the Italian communist party in the 1950's. Directed the CIA's Phoenix program in Vietnam. Involved in a coup in Chile as CIA director. Either Opus Dei or SMOM. Maybe both. 13. Brian Crozier CIA and MI6 employee. Founder and chairman of the London Institute for the Study of Conflict. Psyop and disinformation specialist. His secret Shield Committee got Margaret Thatcher elected as prime minister of the UK. Also set up 'the 61' in 1977, a 'private sector operational intelligence agency'. 14. Nicholas Elliot Officer in MI6's 'Section D', which specialized in sabotage and unconventional warfare. Member of Crozier's Shield Comittee and member of 'The 61'. Accused of having let his friend Kim Philby escape to the USSR. Sat on the board of Lonrho where he was accused of basically doing nothing of importance (besides being an intelligence asset). Stood in contact with George H.W. Bush at the time he went from being a CIA director to vice-president. Said to have been at a secret meeting with Julian Amery, Henry Kissinger, and Prince Johannes von Thurn und Taxis (1001 Club) on Sharon's ranch on Nov. 15, 1982. 15. Sir James Goldsmith His first wife was the 18 year old daughter of 1001 Club member Antenor Patiño and a Spanish Royal. Patiño didn't want his daughter to marry with a Jew so the couple ran off. His wife died of massive cerebral hemorrhage some time later. Goldsmith was nicknamed the 'Green Billionaire' and became deeply involved with British intelligence. Financed the founding of the radical Friends of the Earth movement in 1970. Accused of smuggling his friend Lord Lucan out of the country after this person was investigated for the murder on his children's nanny and the attempted murder on hs wife in 1974. From 1980 to 1982 Goldsmith was involved in a Circle coordinated propaganda effort in order to get the neo-fascist Franz Joseph Strauss elected as Chancellor of Germany. In 1990 Goldsmith bought KAS Enterprises, a private SAS front company that had been running Operation Lock under the supervision of SAS founder David Stirling (his niece married Lord Cranborne of Le Cercle). Operation Lock was an assassination program in the whole of Southern Africa which targetted anti-apartheid leaders. This operation was closely associated with the WWF's 1001 Club. David Stirling, Lord Lucan, James Goldsmith, and Tiny Rowland, were all members of The Clermont gambling club in the 1960's. It has been claimed that during this time these people were thinking about committing a facist coup against the labour government. Some of Goldsmith's other friends included Circle members Kermit Roosevelt and George Soros. In the 1990s he founded the Euro-sceptic Referendum Party. In 2003, his son Benjamin, married Kate Rothschild of the Rothschild family. 16. Otto von Habsburg Former heir to the Habsburg Kingdom. Said to have been sponsored by MI6 after his family was kicked out of Austria. His son married the daughter of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza (1001 Club). During the Habsburg dynasty they were extremely close with the Thurn und Taxis family (1001 Club, Mont Pelerin Society, seems to have been involved with intelligence). Co-founder of the Pinay Circle together with Antoine Pinay. Long time president of the CIA sponsored anti-communist European Council of Princes until 1992. Member of the Knights of Malta, Opus Dei, Mont Pelerin Society, and said to have been a member of the Priory the Sion (Monarchist templar organization. It is very possible that the history of the organization has been made up). 17. Michael Howard For some reason he released one of Britain's biggest drug kingpins John Haase, 10 months into a 18 year prison sentence. A member of Haase’s gang, Simon Bakerman, imprisoned for running an amphetamine factory, is Michael Howard’s cousin. Described as being 'Dracula-like'. Together with Nadhmi Auchi and Prince Andrew he is a member of the Anglo-Arab Organization. Auchi is the chairman. 18. Henry Kissinger Accused of everything, convicted of nothing. Fritz Kraemer and Rockefeller protege. Member Pilgrims Society, 1001 Club, Bilderberg, Trilateral Commission, Council on Foreign Relations, and Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay. Had top positions in companies like J.P. Morgan, AIG, and Hollinger. Set up Kissinger Associates. Played a leading role in the 1991 Iraq gate scandal in which it was found out that 5 billion dollars of unauthorized loans had been made to Iraq. These loans were used by the Iraqis to buy weapons. Initial head of the 9/11 Commission, but it turned out he was a little bit too controversial. 19. Norman Lamont Longtime director of N.M. Rothschild and Rothschild Asset Management until 1995. Member of the Privy Council. Chancellor of the Exchequer. Became chairman of Le Cercle in 1996. Lamont was a director of one of Nadhmi Auchi's biggest companies, Compagnie Internationale de Participations Bancaires et Financieres, the financial arm of General Mediterranean Holdings. Vice-chairman of the International Nuclear Safety Commission (chairman Mikhail Gorbachev) and chairman of the Oil Club (monthly meeting of energy professionals). In February 2005, John Major and Norman Lamont were accused of holding up the release of papers on Black Wednesday under the Freedom of Information Act. Black Wednesday refers to September 16, 1992 when the British government was forced to withdraw the Pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) by currency speculators - most notably Circle member George Soros who made $1 billion that day. 20. Alexandre de Marenches SMOM member who set up the right wing intelligence and direct action group, the Safari Club. In 1978, Le Monde claimed that de Marenches led a domestic campaign of terrorism and disinformation while being head of the SDECE. 21. David Rockefeller Accused of everything, convicted of nothing. Just as Kissinger involved in everything. 22. Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. Son of President Theodore Roosevelt. Headed Operation Ajax, which overthrew Mohammed Mossadegh of Iran in favor of the brutal Shah. Member of the 'Knight's Templar', an elite intelligence group within the CIA. Was one of the 5 founders of the African Wildlife Foundation in 1961, together with Russell E. Train and 1001 Club member Arthur W. Arundel. Helped de Marenches in setting up the secret intelligence group Safari Club in 1976. Crony of Sir James Goldsmith, who was nicknamed 'the Green Billionaire'. 23. Tiny Rowland Enemy of Dodi al-Fayed. Chairman of Lonrho and an MI6 intelligence asset. Financed communist rebels and regimes in Africa (unusual for Circle members). Close associate of controversial people like Ashraf Marwan ("Dr. Death"), Gaddafi, Ahmed al-Dam (financed the Abu Nidal Organization, which held numerous accounts with the BCCI), and Adnan Khashoggi (notorious international arms dealer with a large account at the BCCI). 24. George Soros Owns Quantum Fund, which is said to be a front for some of the Rothschild and Windsor investments. Financed the pro-western movements in Georgia, The Ukraine, and Russia, which led to several regime changes. Also named as an important instigator of the 1997 East Asian fires, the 1997 East Asian economic collapse, and the privatization of the Human Genome Project in 2003. Len Horowitz has documented how many of the crucial patents went to Rockefeller University. Trustee of the Center for Russian Leadership Development (Open World Program). Founder of the Open Society Institute. Close associate of Circle member Sir James Goldsmith. 25. Antonio de Spinola Headed the Porugese right-wing coups in 1974 and 1975. Eventually he had to flee to Spain. Frank Carlucci and Henry Kissinger approved the regime change. 26. General Richard Stilwell CIA and SHAPE official. Supposedly controlled the Stay-Behind networks together with General Lansdale (NSA / Northwoods / Mongoose). Involved with wrestling control of the South-American trade union movement at the direction of SMOM head J. Peter Grace and David Rockefeller. Has been named as an SMOM member himself. Created new army intelligence units like SFD-K and ISA. That last one is said to have been involved in drug smuggling and arms trafficking. Just as his son (died in 2002 in a car crash), he was a close associate of people like Richard Armitage, Frank Carlucci (chairman Carlyle), and Peter G. Peterson (chairman The Blackstone Group). 27. Frans Joseph Straus Corrupt neo-fascist German politician. Accused of taking arms industry bribes from the Thyssens (1001 Club). Died in 1989 on a hunting trip with Prince Johannes von Thurn un Taxis (1001 Club). 28. Geoffrey Tantum MI6 head of the Middle-East section. Met the disgraced Jonathan Aitken every six weeks. 29. Jean Violet Suspected of having been a fascist collaborator in France during WWII. After the war he became a member of Opus Dei and was involved with Antoine Pinay, Otto von Habsburg, Philippe de Weck, and the French foreign intelligence service. Named as a co-founder of the Pinay Circle. 30. Paul Volcker Chairman of the controversial Independent Inquiry Committee into the Oil-For-Food program. Member Pilgrims Society, visitor of Bilderberg and Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay. Former director of the CFR and chairman of the Trilateral Commission. Member of the Circle of Presidents of the RAND Corporation and chairman of the board of trustees of the Group of Thirty. Has been employed at the Federal Reserve, Chase Manhattan, Wolfensohn & Co., and Power Corp. 31. Philippe de Weck Chairman of UBS (now UBS Warburg). He was an Opus Dei member and an associate of Circle founders Antoine Pinay and Jean Violet. He also stood in contact with members of the P2 lodge. In the late seventies, De Weck was a key person in ripping off the French oil company Elf for a total sum of about $200 million. It is suspected that the money was used for political, catholic and anti-communist purposes, although this has never been proven. After this debacle, the pope appointed Weck to the supervisory board of the Vatican Bank at about the same time of the Calvi murder. 32. Frank Wisner, Jr. His father was an OSS and CIA veteran who set up Operation Bloodstone (recruiting of nazis to fight the war against the Soviets) and Operation Mockingbird (successful effort to subvert the US media). His father was also involved in coups in Iran (1953) and Guatamala (1954), an associate of communist spy Kim Philby, and funded a Hollywood production of Animal Farm, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell. His father was also a member of the 'Knight's Templar', an elite intelligence group within the CIA. Frank Wisner, Jr. is a career CIA agent, a vice-chairman of AIG, vice-chairman U.S. Bangladesh Business Council, and has been an ambassador to many countries. As an ambassador to India he was lobbying for Enron, a company he joined in 1997. He has been, or still is a director of the U.S. India Business Council, EOG Resources Inc., the AIG Investment Bank in Russia, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown (Jesuit), the American University of Beirut, the American University of Cairo, and Hakluyt (a London-based corporate investigation firm formed by ex-MI6 agents). Most of the Circle members involved with intelligence have already been named. Some that haven't are Sir Dick Franks (director-general of MI6 1979-1982), general Charles Fraser (South-African counterinsurgency expert), Donald Jameson (former chief of the CIA's Soviet Division who was at least aware of the remote viewing projects), colonel Billy Maclean (MI6 officer involved with guerrilla warfare in the Middle-East), Thomas Twetten (CIA Deputy Director of Operations involved with planning an assassination on Hussein), Ion Iliescu (probable KGB spy who helped to topple Ceausescu). Iliescu probably visited the Circle only after the USSR collapsed. He met publicly with Brian Crozier and Donald Jameson during the 1990's. One other person I always like to mention is Edwin J. Feulner, today's president of the extremely influential Heritage Foundation, former chairman of the Institute for European Defense and Strategic Studies in London, and named as nr 45 of the top 50 most influential politicians by George magazine (number one was Alan Greenspan, number two was Dick Cheney). And keep in mind that membership isn't limited to people from Europe and North-America. Besides Prince Al-Faisal of Saudi-Arabia, the Sultan of Oman and the King of Jordan have also attended Circle meetings. Circle members Otto von Habsburg, Antoine Pinay, Paul Volcker, Reinhard Gehlen, and Prince Al-Faisal. A couple of examples of people that have (or had) a close relationship with the Circle are George Ball, Stephen Bechtel, William Buckley, George H.W. Bush, Frank Carlucci, William Casey, Alexander Haig, Fritz Kraemer, Victor Krulak, General Lansdale, Vernon Walters, and John Hay Whitney. These are right wing oriented people involved with known Circle members, the Institute for the Study of Conflict, different intelligence agencies, and / or the Knights of Malta. Then we know of some politicians that had a close relationship with the Circle and have been supported by it: Richard Nixon 1969 Has visited the Circle. Giscard d'Estaing 1974-1981 His campaign was funded by strange elements like Opus Dei and French templar initiate Jaques Massie. Massie stood in contact with P2 head Licio Gellie and was later murdered together with his entire family (30). d'Estaing lost the 1981 election from Miterrand. At that moment, Circle member de Marenches immediately quit as head of the SDECE. Antonio de Spinola 1974-1975 Has visited the Circle. Headed 2 coups in Portugal against the communists with the consent of Circle members. They failed. Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990 Came to power through Brian Crozier's Shield committee and one of her unofficial advisors was Lord Victor Rothschild, a Cambridge Apostle and (former) MI5/MI6 agent. In January 2005, her son Mark was fined half a million dollars and received a four-year suspended jail sentence in South Africa for abetting a coup attempt in Equatorial Guinea. This of course is very similar to Mark Brzezinski, son of Circle member Zbigniew Brzezinski, who was accused of abetting a regime change in The Ukraine in 2004. Frans Joseph Strauss 1982 Crozier and Goldsmith were running a clandestine campaign to counter accusations against Strauss as KGB propaganda. Failed. John Major 1990-1997 Circle members Norman Lamont and Robert Cecil were running his election campaigns. John Major has been chairman of Carlyle Europe, chairman of the Ditchley Foundation, a member of the Order of the Garter, and a member of the Privy Council. He is also one of the few Brits that visited the Bohemian Grove. Robert Cecil is a member of maybe the most powerful behind-the-scenes family in England. Since the 16th century they had many family members in the Order of the Garter and the Privy Council. One of his grandfathers was a crucial figure in establishing the Round Table. Undoubtedly, many politicians have been targets of the Pinay Circle, but in the few documents we have, no specific names have been given. It is also unknown to what extent the Pinay Circle has been involved in discrediting political figures. Also, the role of the Circle in assassinations, arms trafficking, the drug trade, and possibly even conducting terrorism at home or abroad is unknown. Many individual members are heavily involved in this line of business, but it's doubtful that the Circle is used as a platform to discuss these issues. Looking at the 2005 speech made by Prince Al-Faisal, all these people are concerned about is human rights and peace on earth (31). Even though you might like his speech, let me repeat something important; Al-Faisal is the former Bin Laden protege who is accused of meeting with him in July 2001 together with the CIA and several of Bin Laden's family members (32). At the same time, Al-Faisal was accused of having arranged trips to Osama for some of these same family members (33). If that isn't enough, Al-Faisal also decided to leave as 25 year head of Saudi foreign intelligence on September 1, 2001 (34). Al-Faisal by the way, blames terrorism on either the Zionists (35) or the secretive and extremist Muslim Brotherhood (36). On the surface, the Muslim Brotherhood is a friendly charitable and harmless society, not unlike the Knights the Malta or Opus Dei. But even though it publicly denounces every terrorist attack, today it's generally accepted that the Brotherhood is the coordinating secret society for international Islamic terrorism (37). The founders of the PLO, Hamas, and Al-Qaeda were all members of the Brotherhood before they started their own terrorist organizations. Bin Laden and Zawahiri are just the figureheads of the Al-Qaeda branch, just as Arafat was the figurehead of the PLO branch, and Sheikh Yassim of the Hamas branch, that's all. We still don't know very much about the inner workings of the Muslim Brotherhood, although we do know that branches of it are protected by western intelligence agencies (38). The key to understanding international terrorism and crimes against humanity is to understand the world's secret societies. Le Cercle is probably quite important, but there many more. References [1] Meetings of the Pinay Circle / Le Cercle [2] April 1986, Lobster Magazine, Appendix 2: 'The Pinay Circle' [3] April 6, 2003, The Observer, 'So, Norman, any regrets this time?' [4] Winter 1986, Covert Action Information Bulletin, #25, 'Special: Nazis, the Vatican, and CIA' [5] March 11, 2004, Reseau Voltaire, 'Apartheid et anti-communisme, Les gentlemen du Cercle Pinay' [6] Joseph Retinger, father of Bilderberg & Vatican agent. [7] May 5, 1989, National Catholic Reporter, 'Who's who - Knights of Malta' [8] September 24, 2000, New York Post, 'CIA Admits Long Relationship With WWII German Gen. Reinhard Gehlen' [9] May 7, 2001, San Francisco Bay Guardian, 'The CIA's worst-kept secret' [10] 2005, Daniele Ganser, 'Nato's Secret Armies' [11] 2003, Christopher Booker & Richard North, The Great Deception, 'The secret history of the European Union', page 43 [12] Winter 2002, Lobster Magazine, 'How many divisions does the Pope have' (see also reference 8 & 9) [13] 1986, Antony Sutton, 'The best enemy money can buy' (partial timeline) [14] November 1991, Lobster Magazine, 'Another Pinay sighting' [15] July 10, 1997, An Phoblacht/Republican News comments about a recent Independent article on Le Cercle [16] 2005, Benador Associates, Biography of Lord Lamont says he is the chairman of Le Cercle since 1996 [17] Wikipedia Privy Council membership list (membership is for life. Aitken is one of the few who had to resign from it) [18] February 1999, History Today, William D. Rubinstein, 'The Secret of Leopold Amery' [19] November 1988, Lobster Magazine, #15, 'Brian Crozier, the Pinay Circle and James Goldsmith'* [20] December 1993, Lobster Magazine, #26, Book review: 'Free Agent: the unseen war 1941-1991'* [21] October 27, 2002, The Observer, 'Trouble in banking paradise as Uncle Sam's sheriffs ride in' [22] 1977, David Atlee Phillips, 'The Night Watch' [23] The Safari Club [24] Wake Up Magazine, 'The Psyops War - British Intelligence and the covert propaganda front...' [25] Group 13: Her Majesty's assassination squad [26] General Stilwell's SFD-K [27] General Stilwell's Intelligence Support Activity (ISA) [28] Rumsfeld's Proactive Preemptive Operations Group (P2OG) [29] NPS / VPRO, Andere Tijden, ' Bilderberg-conferentie 1954', first broadcasted on January 6, 2004. Includes interviews with Bernhard, Retinger's secretary, and recordings from the 1954 meeting. [30] August 1984, Lobster Magazine, #5, 'Brief Notes On The Political Importance Of Secret Societies' (part 1)* [31] June 21, 2005, Saudi Embassy in London, 'Ambassador talks to major foreign policy-security group' [32] October 31, 2001, Le Figaro, Bin Laden visited by Saudi Circle member (don't forget this very similar event) [33] November 05, 2001, The New Yorker, 'The House of Bin Laden' (membership list) [34] August 8, 2003, Telegraph, 'Saddam, Osama and me' [35] June 27, 2004, The Sunday Telegraph, 'Saudi envoy's Zionist claims 'are offensive' [36] April 27, 2004, Council on Foreign Relations, 'The United States and Saudi Arabia: A Relationship Threatened By Misconceptions' [37] September 11, 2004, Washington Post, 'In Search Of Friends Among The Foes; U.S. Hopes to Work With Diverse Group' [38] November 5, 2004, Mad Cow Morning News, 'Bush Officials to 'reach out' to 9.11 Terrorists' Some additional references [A] November 11, 1977, supposed White House memo on Strauss visiting Cercle Violet June 1985, Lobster Magazine, 'The Pinay Circle' [C] October 1989, Lobster Magazine, 'The Pinay Circle and Destabilisation in Europe'* [D] June 1994, Lobster Magazine about Anthony Cavendish and the Pinay Circle [E] February 1, 1998, News Confidential, 'Jonathan Aitken MI6, CIA?' [F] 1999, David Guyatt, 'Circle of Power' (plus additional emails from Guyatt) [G] Winter 2000, Lobster Magazine, about the Sunday Telegraph article on Le Cercle [H] May 2001, Punch Magazine, 'Spooks in the House' (thx to Lobster Magazine) May 25, 2004, St. Helens Capital, 'Chairman attends Paris Meeting of the Oil Club' [J] July 22, 2004, Parliament publication about Lord Norman Lamont confirms he is Le Cercle chairman [K] September 5, 2004, Sunday Times, 'Le Cercle of the elite' [L] Campaign Against Arms Trade, 'The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia' [M] Mark Shernick , 'Did Le Cercle kill Diana?' [N] Simon Regan, 'Who Killed Diana?' [O] European Council of Princes (At this official site you can see how royal families like the Stewarts and Habsburgs are intertwined with the Order of St. John, the Order of Malta, the Ordo Draconis, and the whole Knights Templar theme) [P] Some additional information about the strange 'Dragon genes' ideas of the European Nobles and Royals * Some lengthier articles from Lobster Magazine that haven't been reproduced here. Author: Joël van der Reijden Written: July 26, 2005 Last update: April 10, 2006 Version: 1.5.2 Le Cercle Incomplete membership list Adenauer, Konrad One source. The Observer in April 2003 named Adenauer as a co-founder of Le Cercle in the 1950s (which was established much later according to other sources). Konrad Adenauer was a lawyer and a member of the Catholic Center party, he was lord mayor of Cologne and a member of the provincial diet of Rhine province from 1917 until 1933, when he was dismissed by the National Socialist (Nazi) regime. He was twice imprisoned (1933, 1944) by the Nazis. Cofounder of the Christian Democratic Union (1945) and its president from 1946 to 1966. He was elected chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in 1949 and was reelected in 1953, 1957, and 1961. He served (1951–55) as his own foreign minister, negotiating the West German peace treaty (1952) with the Western Allies and obtaining recognition of West Germany's full sovereignty through the Paris Pacts and through an agreement with the USSR in 1955. In 1956, Adenauer chose former Nazi General Gehlen as the initial chief of the BND (to replace the Gehlen Org), West Germany's post-war intelligence agency. This was probably not only done on the "recommendation" of the CIA, but also to safeguard Europe from the communists. The political architect of the astounding West German recovery, he saw the solution of German problems in terms of European integration, and he helped secure West Germany's membership in the various organizations of what has become the European Union. In 1961 his party lost its absolute majority in the Bundestag, and he formed a coalition cabinet with the Free Democrats. In 1962 a cabinet crisis arose over the government's raid of the offices of the magazine Der Spiegel, which had attacked the Adenauer regime for military unpreparedness. Adenauer seems to be far less controversial than the average visitor of Le Cercle. Adenauer received the Magistral Grand Cross personally from SMOM (The Sovereign Military Order of Malta) Grand Master Prince Chigi. Aitken, Jonathan Great nephew of Lord Beaverbrook. Attended the 1990 Pinay meeting in Oman and the June 2000 meeting in Lisbon. He served as a war correspondent (and MI6 agent) during the 1960s in the Middle-East, Vietnam, and Biafra (short-lived state next to Nigeria). For 18 years he was on the backbenches. Jonathan then became a Conservative Member of Parliament in 1974. In the 1980s Aitkin was a director of BMARC, a company which exported weapons to intermediary countries, who sold these weapons again to the intended countries (Iraq in that case). CEO of TV-Am and chairman of Aitken Hume Plc, a banking and investment group. In 1992 he was appointed as Minister of State for Defense. During this time he stood in close contact with co-Le Cercle member and MI6 head of Middle-East affairs Geoffrey Tantum. Aitken has been a chairman of Le Cercle. Protege of Lord Julian Amery, another former head of Le Cercle with a very significant zionist family history. In 1994, he joined the Cabinet as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, but resigned in 1995 to defend himself against accusations that whilst Minister of Defence Procurement (1993) he violated ministerial rules by allowing an Arab businessman to pay for his stay in the Ritz Hotel Paris (and a stay in Geneva). After telling lie, after lie, after lie, he was jailed in 1999 for 18 months (eventually he served 7), supposedly because he told a lie under oath about a 1500 pound bill. In the end it turns out that Aitken was lobbying for 3 arms contractors, GEC, Marconi and VSEL, in an effort to sell many, many millions worth of arms to Saudi-Arabia. His Saudi business contact was Said Ayas, who worked for Prince Mohammed, son of King Fahd. Through multiple offshore companies in Switserland and Panama, submarines, howitsers, medium-range laser guided bombs, Black Hawks, and EH101 helicopters were sold and shipped. Said suffered a minor stroke in early 1999, which impaired his vision in his left eye. Jonathan has chaired many Parliamentary committees and business groups including The British Saudi Arabian Parliamentary Group. Aitken is one of the few people who had to resign from the Privy Council. These days he has become a devoted Christian author and lecturer. Al-Faisal, HRH Prince Turki Son of King Faisal, who was assassinated in 1975, and grandson of King Ibn Saud. His father King Faisal was a major force behind the Arab oil embargo against the United States in 1973. Faisal studied at Princeton, Cambridge, and Georgetown Universities. Chairman King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies. Co-Founder King Faisal Foundation. Saudi ambassador to the UK who is promoting a peaceful version of Islam and is a big fan of expensive cars. He is a visitor of DAVOS and headed the Saudi foreign intelligence services from 1977 to September 1, 2001, which is when he "asked" to be replaced. As the head of Saudi intelligence during the 1980s, Prince Turki had several meetings with bin Laden, although he rejects any suggestion that he had dealings with the al-Qa'eda leader since the latter founded the terror group in the early 1990s. Faisal is named in a huge 911 law suit that has been launched by the victim's families against a number of Saudi princes, banks, and charities that are alleged to have funded the terrorists responsible for the attack. Faisal, together with the ISI and the CIA, played a major role in bringing the Taliban to power. In public, Faisal defends western intelligence agencies by never mentioning the role of the CIA or MI6 in financing the Bin Laden network. He did, however, talk about it at a meeting of the CFR. Wolf Blitzer of CNN interviewes Faisal in January 2001 (aired February 1, 2001): "The last time I met him [Osama Bin Laden] was perhaps early 1990. It was after the soviets withdrew and he was back in the Kingdom, and he came to say hello, and he had other projects in mind which I turned down at the time, because they were so extraordinary and unacceptable." (what kinds of projects, Blitzer didn't ask) The New Yorker, November 05, 2001: "Both Al-Fagih and Abdel Bari Atwan claim that bin Laden's mother has twice met with her son since he moved to Afghanistan, in 1996. Atwan said that a trip in the spring of 1998 was arranged by Prince Turki al-Faisal, then the head of Saudi intelligence. Turki was in charge of the "Afghanistan file," and had long-standing ties to bin Laden and the Taliban. Indeed, Osama, before becoming an enemy of the state, had been something of a Turki protégé, according to his biographers. Prince Turki, Al-Fagih said, "made arrangements for Osama's mother and his stepfather to visit him and persuade him to stop what he was doing...he didn't promise anything. The second trip, according to Al-Fagih, occurred last spring [2001]...They wanted to find out his intentions concerning the royal family. They gave him the impression that they wouldn't crack down on his followers in Saudi Arabia" as long as he set his sights on targets outside the desert kingdom." The Guardian, November 1, 2001: "Two months before September 11 Osama bin Laden flew to Dubai for 10 days for treatment at the American hospital, where he was visited by the local CIA agent, according to the French newspaper Le Figaro... [French] Intelligence sources say that another CIA agent was also present; and that Bin Laden was also visited by Prince Turki al Faisal, then head of Saudi intelligence, who had long had links with the Taliban, and Bin Laden. Soon afterwards Turki resigned, and more recently he has publicly attacked him..." In the 1990s Faisal worked closely with western intelligence trying to estimate the threat posed by Saddam Hussein and his weapons of mass destruction. He spoke to Le Cercle in June 2005, where he gave his full support for the Bush Administration's agenda and denounced Al-Qaeda and the Israelis. At other occasions he has said that the Zionists in combination with Al-Qaeda are behind the many terrorist attacks in his own kingdom and thinks that the same group is behind 9/11. He fully supports the Iraq invasion and thinks the Iraqis are now "masters of their fate". Back in 1988, BCCI investor and Bin Laden's older brother Salem was a member of the equally secretive 1001 Club. Look for his bio in that membership list. Amery, Lord Julian Son of Leopold Amery (1873-1955), who concealed his whole life the fact that he was a Jew. However, Leopold was extremely pro-Zionist. As political secretary to the War Cabinet (appointed by Lord Milner) he was the author of the final draft of the Balfour Declaration which committed Britain to establishing a Jewish 'National Home' in Palestine (this letter was sent to Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild). He was highly significant in helping to create the Jewish Legion, the forerunner of what later became the Israeli army. As Dominions Secretary in the mid-1920s, he sympathetically presided over a seminal period in the growth of the Jewish community in Palestine. The senior Leopold Amery is described as "a passionate advocate of British imperialism"; he was on the staff of the Times, and wrote a 7 vol. history of the South African War for the Times; served in the Cabinet from 1916-1922, MP 1911-1945, first Lord of Admiralty 1922-1924, Secretary of State for India 1940-1945, and arranged for India to have independence. He was a trustee of the Rhodes Trust. His second son, Julian Amery, attended the 1990 Le Cercle meeting in Oman and has also been a chairman of the Circle. During this time he was a consultant to the extremely corrupt Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) and a mentor to Jonathan Aitken, a later chairman of Le Cercle and another member of the Privy Council. Julian was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, before starting work as a left wing war correspondent in the Spanish Civil War from 1938 to 1939. Worked as an attaché for the British Foreign Office and, after the outbreak of the war, served in both the RAF and the British army. Churchill’s personal representative to Chiang Kai-Shek in 1945 (at the time that Baron Robert Rothschild was present there, at his own request, as secretary at the embassy in Chungking, the headquarters of Chiang Kai-shek's government). In 1950 he became a Conservative member of parliament and served in the cabinets of Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath. He also married Harold Macmillan's daughter in 1950, although politically he was at odds with him. Representative to the Round Table Conference on Malta in 1955. Representative to the Council of Europe 1950-1956. Amery was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1960, and for over 20 years until standing down in 1992 was an active member and Patron of the Conservative Monday Club, where he became friendly with General Sir Walter Walker, subsequently writing the foreword for Walker's anti-Soviet book, "The Next Domino". Julian was an MI6 operative, although it isn't really known what he has been doing in this function. From different reports it seems that Julian was an avid empire-builder. The older brother of Julian, John Amery, was a gun-runner for General Franco (Knight of Malta) and an Italian intelligence officer. He met with Jacques Doriot, a French Fascist leader and was recruited by the Nazis. In November 1942, he began making pro Adolf Hitler broadcasts in Berlin. In April 1943 Amery established the Legion of St. George and attempted to persuade British prisoners to fight for Germany against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front. In the final months of the war Amery moved to Italy where he made propaganda speeches on behalf of Benito Mussolini. He also made broadcasts on Italian radio. Amery was captured by Italian partisans in Milan in April 1945, and soon afterwards was handed over to the British authorities. After being interviewed by MI5 John Amery was tried for high treason and hanged. Andreotti, Giulio Former Italian prime minister and Knight of Malta. A member of the Christian Democratic party, Andreotti held a variety of ministerial posts throughout the 1950s and 1960s and first served as premier in 1972–1973. He subsequently held the premiership again (1976-1979), was minister for foreign affairs (1983-1989), and returned for a third period as premier (1989-1991). In March 1981, Italian police raided the villa of Licio Gelli, the ultra-right leader of P2. Although his files had vanished the index was discovered. Some of the headings included the Giulio Andreotti. Roberto Calvi's (Knight of Malta, "God's banker", and found hanging below a bridge in the City of London) widow fingered Giulio Andreotti as the true head of P2. Others fingered another Knight of Malta, Count Umberto Ortolani as the mastermind behind P2 (In December 1969 he met with Licio Gelli, Roberto Calvi, and others in Rome). Andreotti is also alleged to be a member of the Priory of Sion (one of the more secret monarchist Templar organizations). On August 3, 1990, after having been put under pressure by Italian judge Felice Casson, Andreotti was the first person to admit that there existed a secret army of "stay-behind" units in Italy. In the case of Italy this unit was called "Gladio" and it had been involved in terrorist attacks on its own citizens, while blaming it on left-wing groups. This is how the unknown control group (Le Cercle or similar) kept the communist influence out of Europe. Turned out that these were hidden away in the secret services of most western countries. In 1993, Andreotti was investigated for corruption and accused of protecting the Mafia. Indicted in 1995, he also went to trial in 1996 for ordering the murder of a journalist said to have incriminating information. In 1999, he was acquitted of both sets of charges, a decision that ultimately was upheld on appeal. Auchi, Nadhmi Auchi's business empire, which has assets worth more than £1bn, is held offshore in structures whose ownership is difficult to penetrate. His holding firm, General Mediterranean Holdings SA, is registered in Luxembourg, and the Luxembourg and EU politician Jacques Santer sits on its board (In 1999, the Santer (EU) Commission resigned from their posts after charges of corruption. Santer is a Bilderberger). Billionaire Nadhmi Auchi is widely regarded as a corrupt supporter of Saddam Hussein's regime who got his money from doing deals, especially illegal arms transfers for Saddam. Auchi is a central figure in the U.N. oil-for-food program where both U.S. Congress and a special U.N. investigation are looking into massive corruption and a missing $10 billion. Auchi is a member of Saddam Hussein's inner circle and was tried alongside Saddam Hussein for his involvement in a conspiracy to assassinate an Iraqi prime minister in the 1950s. Auchi used money from military contracts in Iraq to establish close political, business and banking contacts in Britain, Luxembourg, and the U.S. The Observer has discovered that Auchi met Saddam's number two, Tariq Aziz, as recently as October 2002 at a gala dinner in Beirut. But Auchi also has links with British intelligence, through the former senior MI6 officer Anthony Cavendish (Le Cercle), who acts a consultant to Auchi's business empire. During the Gulf War II, Auchi was reported to have full run of the palace in the Green Zone and met with "everyone important," including CPA top leader Paul Bremer. Attempts by a French investigating magistrate to have Auchi arrested during corruption inquiries had been blocked by Britain since July 2001. In November 2003, Auchi was honoured by the catholic Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George and the Royal Order of Francis I. In April 2004 he was briefly arrested. In November Auchi, 66, was given a 15-month suspended sentence and fined £1.4m by a French court for receiving illegal commissions to help Elf build an oil refinery in Spain. Despite this setback, Auchi, a British citizen who lives in London, is forging ahead with the rebuilding of Iraq, his birthplace. The May 2004 Defense Department report said: "His first business coup was to broker a deal to sell Italian frigates to the Iraqi defense ministry, for which he received millions of dollars in commission. The deal to buy the ships and other military equipment from the Italian naval shipyards, Catiri Navali Riunit, sparked an Italian parliamentary investigation into alleged bribes. Investigators discovered that a Panamanian company owned by Auchi, the Dowal Corporation, was used to funnel alleged illegal payments." In the 1980s, he was investigated for his part in alleged bribes to the corrupt leaders of post-war Italy. In the 1990s, the Belgium Ambassador to Luxembourg claimed that Auchi's bank held money Saddam and Colonel Gadaffi had stolen from their luckless peoples. Auchi is chairman of Anglo-Arab Organization (AAO). The July 2004 meeting was attended by Prince Andrew, the Duke of York, Michael Howard (Le Cercle), the Conservative Party leader and leader of the opposition, king Abdullah of Jordan, Sheikh Badawi (Islamic College of London), together with many political, business and media elite. During the 2004 AAO conference Auchi said: " [the organisation, at its core] is the desire to build on, and further enhance, the fruitful, warm and productive relations which have existed over so many centuries between the United Kingdom and the Arab world." Auchi stressed AAO's important role in furthering interfaith dialogue as well as supporting initiatives aimed at "further integration of the welcomed British Arab community into mainstream society." On one of the pictures Auchi is shaking hands with Prince Andrew and king Abdullah. Another ambiguity of his relations with the UK is demonstrated by one of his mementos, hanging in pride of place in his office - a portrait of the houses of parliament which 130 MPs of all parties have signed. It was presented to him by the science minister, Lord Sainsbury, "on behalf of Tony Blair" at the 20th anniversary ceremony of his GMH company. Brzezinski, Zbigniew Zbigniew Brzezinski is a trustee and counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and cochairs the CSIS Advisory Board (located at the Jesuit Georgetown University from which Brzezinski holds honorary degrees). He is cochair of the American Committee for Peace in Chechnya. Earlier, he was a member of the Policy Planning Council of the Department of State from 1966 to 1968. Jimmy Carter’s National Security Advisor and an advisor to Ronald Reagan in the 1970s and 1980s. Zbigniew has always been violently anti-communist. He was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations from 1972 to 1977. In 1973, he set up the Trilateral Commission at the request of David Rockefeller. He was a member of the President's Chemical Warfare Commission (1985); member of the NSC-Defense Department Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy (1987-1988); and member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (1987-1989). In 1988, he was co-chairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force. Today, he is still one of the major influences in Washington. In 1997, Zbigniew wrote a book called 'The Grand Chessboard', which describes a kind of upcoming 'Clash of Civilizations'. His main points: 1. ”About 75 per cent of the world's people live in Eurasia, and most of the world's physical wealth is there as well, both in its enterprises and underneath its soil. Eurasia accounts for 60 per cent of the world's GNP and about three-fourths of the world's known energy resources.” 2. “The most immediate task is to make certain that no state or combination of states gains the capacity to expel the United States from Eurasia or even to diminish significantly its decisive arbitration role.” 3. ”It is also a fact that America is too democratic at home to be autocratic abroad. This limits the use of America's power, especially its capacity for military intimidation… Democracy is inimical to imperial mobilization.” 4. “Moreover, as America becomes an increasingly multi-cultural society, it may find it more difficult to fashion a consensus on foreign policy issues, except in the circumstance of a truly massive and widely perceived direct external threat.” Mark Brzezinski, his son, was accused of undermining Ukrainian elections in 2004 (together with the NDI, Eurasia Society, and George Soros). Soros has been accused of doing the same in Georgia and Russia. Brunello, Monsignor Vatican prelate and BNG agent. Can't find anything about this person, besides what has been claimed by the original author. Burnside, David Wilson Boyd A Northern Ireland politician, and was Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament for South Antrim. In the 1970s Burnside served as Press Officer for the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party. After the collapse of Vanguard he joined the Ulster Unionists. In 1984 David Burnside was recruited by the British Airways Chairman Lord King to become the company's head of public relations. In this role Burnside is widely acknowledged to have become one of the most powerful PR men in Britain, speaking for King, administering a £5 million budget and receiving numerous PR awards both in the UK and around the world. British Airways was witnessing the emergence of a dangerous rival, Richard Branson's Virgin Atlantic. Virgin, which began with one route and one Boeing 747 in 1984 was beginning to emerge as a serious threat on some of BA's most lucrative routes. In 1991, King is reported to have told Burnside and CEO Colin Marshall to "do something about Branson". This began the campaign of dirty tricks, masterminded by Burnside, which ended in Branson suing King and British Airways for libel in 1992. In January 1993, following the settlement and investigations by BA's lawyers the board decided to sack Burnside. He was awarded a settlement of approximately £400,000 and free first class travel on BA for four years. He later reentered politics and had some criticism on the IRA. He was invited to Le Cercle in 1997. Cavendish, Anthony Former senior MI6 officer Anthony Cavendish, acted as a consultant to Nadhmi Auchi's business empire. He was still acting as a consultant in 2003 and could easily still do that today. In the past he worked with George Kennedy Young and James Goldsmith. Unison Committee for Action. He has been a long time friend of the former MI6 Director General (1973-1978) Sir Maurice Oldfield. In his memoirs, that have been partly censored by the British government, he defends Oldfield from charges that he was a Soviet mole. Supposedly, he also made the claim that 50% of MI6 is gay (In any case, Maurice Oldfield admitted that he "from time to time engaged in homosexual activities."). Granta Magazine, issue 24: "In 19--, Anthony Cavendish was made the -------------- officer of -----, the British ------. In 194-, he personally oversaw the illegal invasion of ------- that resulted in the deaths of ----------- of --------------. What did Cavendish finally see that we are not allowed to know now—over forty years later? And why has the British government spent hundreds of thousands of pounds trying to keep us from finding out?" Cecil, Robert Gascoyne Member of the very powerful Cecil family that has produced numerous members of the Order of Garter and the Privy Council, starting with Sir William Cecil in the 1500s. They intermarried with elite blue blood families as de Vere, Arundel, Plantagenet, and Cavendish. William Cecil and his protégé Sir Francis Walsingham devised an intricate spy network during the latter years of Elizabeth I's reign that succeeded in uncovering numerous Catholic plots against the monarch. Sir William Cecil’s daughter, Anne, married Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford and a member of what was quite possibly the bluest of blue blood families in existence. De Vere had worked for William Cecil and the throne since a young age and was later rumored to have written the works of Shakespeare. Lady Diana Cecil married the 18th Earl of Oxford. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury was the Chancellor of Oxford University from 1869 to 1903, a fellow of All Souls, a British prime minister for 14 years, a member of the Order of the Garter, and a member of the Privy Council. Carrol Quigley described the Rhodes secret society and the Round Table Group (All Souls, Oxford) as the 'Cecil Bloc'. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury and his family were really the prime movers behind this network. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury grew to like Benjamin Disraeli, who he had previously distrusted as a Jew. Disraeli eventually became a housefriend to the Cecils and was invested into the Order of the Garter. Baron Lionel de Rothschild was another close friend of Disraeli. One of Cecil's sisters was the mother of Arthur J. Balfour (An occultist who wrote a letter to Lionel de Rothschild in November 1917 declaring that the British government stood behind zionist plans to build a Jewish national home in Palestine) and Gerald W. Balfour. Even today, the Hatfield House is the Hertfordshire home of the family, built between 1609 and 1611 by the1st Earl of Salisbury; a Privy Councillor and Knight of the Garter who was the Chief Minister to James I. Lord Cranborne, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. Born in 1946. Attended Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford and became a merchant banker before going to work on the family estates. He began using Robert as his preferred Christian name from his 21st birthday. In 1970, aged 23, he married Hannah Stirling, niece of Lt Col David Stirling. Stirling was the co-founder of the SAS, founder of GB 75 (seemingly a short-lived psyop in 1974), worked with MI6 at times, ran Television International Enterprises which ran a security service for overseas heads of state, was gold stick to the queen, and headed Operation Lock, an assassination program in Southern Africa. Cecil was selected, unexpectedly, as Conservative candidate for South Dorset in 1976, where his family owned lands, despite the presence of several former MPs on the shortlist. He spoke at the 1978 Conservative Party conference to oppose sanctions on Rhodesia. He won the seat in the 1979 general election, the seventh consecutive generation of his family to sit in the Commons, and in his first speech urged Ian Smith to stand aside in favour of Abel Muzorewa. He attracted a general reputation as a right-winger, especially on matters affecting the Church of England, but confounded this reputation when he co-wrote a pamphlet in 1981 which said that the fight against unemployment ought to be given more priority than the fight against inflation. He took an interest in Northern Ireland, and when Jim Prior announced his policy of 'Rolling Devolution', resigned an unpaid job as assistant to Douglas Hurd. Lord Cranborne became known as an anti-communist through activities in support of Afghan refugees in Pakistan in the early 1980s, and sending food parcels to Poland. He was involved in efforts to fund the Afghan resistance. His strong opposition to any involvement by the Republic of Ireland in Northern Ireland led him to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement and contributed to his decision to retire from Parliament in 1987. However, he had made a useful friendship with John Major while in Parliament. After the 1992 general election, Major utilised a rarely-used process known as a writ of acceleration, to call Lord Cranborne up to the House of Lords in one of his father's junior baronies. Lord Cranborne was summoned as Baron Cecil of Essendon (his father's most junior dignity), though continued to be known by his courtesy style of Viscount Cranborne. He served for two years as a junior Defence Minister before being appointed as Leader of the House of Lords. In 1994, he became a member of the Queen's Privy Council. When Major resigned to fight for re-election as Conservative Party Leader in July 1995, Lord Cranborne led his re-election campaign. He was recognised as one of the few members of the Cabinet who were personally loyal to Major, but continued to lead the Conservative Peers after Labour won the 1997 general election. When the new Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed the removal of the hereditary element in the House of Lords, Lord Cranborne negotiated a pact with the government to retain a small number (later set at ninety-two) of hereditary peers for the interim period. For the sake of form this amendment was formally proposed by Lord Weatherill, Convenor of the Cross-Bench Peers. However, Lord Cranborne gave his party's approval without consulting the Leader, William Hague, who knew nothing and was embarrassed when Blair told him of it in the House of Commons. Hague then sacked Lord Cranborne, who accepted his error, saying that he had "rushed in, like an ill-trained spaniel". All former Leaders of the House of Lords who were hereditary peers accepted Life Peerages to keep them in the House in 1999. Lord Cranborne, who had received the life Barony of Gascoyne-Cecil, remained active on the backbenches, until the House adopted new rules for declaration of financial interests which he believed were too onerous. Cranborne attended the June 2001 meeting of Le Cercle in Lisbon, Portugal. He took 'Leave of Absence' on November 1, 2001. He was therefore out of the House when he succeeded his father as 7th Marquess on July 11, 2003. His uncle and namesake was chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the Versailles Peace Treaty, member of the Pilgrims Society, first chairman of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, and a principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919. The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury was possibly the most important founder of Quigley's Round Table. An older generation Robert Cecil, either the 1th Viscount of Chelwood or the 5th Marquess of Salisbury, is supposed to have said: "The Blood of Christ was replaced by the blood of the German war dead. From the Mayas to the Nazis, the shedding of blood to attract the attention of indifferent powers was the magic significance of human sacrifice. He would have sacrificed the happiness of the whole human race if ordered to do so by the mysterious Force whose commands he obeyed." This is very similar to what Lord Lothian said to the New York Pilgrims on the eve of WWII: "At bottom we are fighting a defensive war. We are trying to prevent the hordes of paganism and barbarism destroying what is left of civilized Europe." It is also similar to what Fritz Kramer supposedly said according to his son: "[He] publicly denounced Hitler's National Socialists as barbarian pagans and their communist rivals as proletarian thugs. He sometimes carried his small German imperial flag with its Christian cross of Malta into their street demonstrations..." Channon, Paul Born in 1935, Channon was conservative member of parliament for Southend West until 1997 at which time, he stood down and was created a Life Peer. He served in the government as president of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Trade and Industry from January 1986 to June 1987 and as Secretary of State for Transport from June 1987 to July 1989. Seems to be a willing servant of the lockerbie coverup and during his time as trade minister he allowed a chlorine plant secretly to be sold to Iraq by the British company Uhde Ltd, in the knowledge that it was likely to be used to make mustard and nerve gas, which was used in the war with Iran. He attended the 1990 Pinay meeting in Oman. Additional note: Sir Richard Loose, Sir Adam Butler and Paul Channon had been at university together and they were the ministers of state at the foreign office, the defence ministry and the department of trade during the same time. Chiaie, Stefano Delle Leading member of P2 and Italy's Secred Service, SID. Delle Chiaie collected information on people with anti-fascist and leftist ideas and sent this data to 'Avanguardia Nazionale', a secret agency he helped to establish. Delle Chiaie's name is inextricably linked to General de Lorenzo's attempted seizure of power in 1964, and to a long string of right-wing scandals and fascist outrages which plagued Italy for more than a decade. They include the abortive coup attempt by the "Black Prince" Valario Borghese in December 1970, the bombing of the Rome-Munich express in August 1974 which killed 12 and injured 48, and the murder of the magistrate investigating the bombing. Delle Chiaie also is inextricably linked to the Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan which killed 16 people, seriously injured 88 more, and directly led to the death of the anarchist Guiseppe Pinelli. The fascists elements in Italy were working together with those in Greece, which let to a fascist coup there in 1967. Delle Chiaie was eventually indicted for the 1969 bombing of the Bologna railway station, which claimed 85 dead and more than 200 injured, but was released in 1989. This media immediately blamed this attack on the communists and socialists, although it turned out that there was no evidence of this. Chirac, Jacques Roman Catholic. Prime Minister under Giscard from 1974 on and liaised with Marenches. Giscard's spymaster on many matters, including the sale of nuclear technology to Iraq. By 1970, France was one of Iraq's main trading partners. Diplomatic and economic ties were given a crucial boost in 1974, when the then French Prime Minister, and current President, Jacques Chirac, called Saddam Hussein a personal friend. In December 1974, then Vice President Saddam Hussein invited then French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac to Baghdad. Chirac accepted and visited Iraq in 1975. Chirac is the only Western leader to have a personal knowledge of the Iraqi president. Saddam Hussein approved a deal granting French oil companies a number of privileges plus a 23 percent share of Iraqi oil. Chirac agreed to sell two reactors to Iraq. The Iraqis purchased a 70-megawatt reactor, along with six charges of 26 points of uranium enriched to 93 percent -- in other words, enough weapons-grade uranium to produce three to four nuclear devices. Iraq also purchased a one-megawatt research reactor, and France agreed to train 600 Iraqi nuclear technicians and scientists -- the core of Iraq’s nuclear capability in later years. 'French industry stands to lose', International Herald Tribune, March 7, 2003: "The first, Jacques Chirac, described the second, Saddam Hussein, as a personal friend, showed him around a French nuclear reactor and invited him to his home for the weekend. It was about this time that the prime minister was nicknamed Jacques Iraq." Mayor of Paris 1977-1995. Marenches and Chirac can be linked to each other through various dealings. Paul Violet, Jean Violet's son, would become one of Chirac's closest advisors. By at least one source it is claimed that Chirac closed down the quite similar Safari Club, probably after its existence became known when the Shah of Iran fell. Clark, Alan Studied law. He did not practice however, and instead became a military historian. Controversial, irreverent, charming and vain, Alan Clark was one of the most colourful British politicians during the 1980s and 90s. Clark entered Parliament as MP for Plymouth Sutton in 1974 and served in various junior ministerial posts at the departments of Employment, Trade and Defence during the Thatcher governments of the 1980s. He attended the 1990 Pinay meeting in Oman. Clark was involved in the Arms-for-Iraq scandal, which eventually caused a landslide towards Tony Blair. At the same time he has cited in a divorce case in South Africa where it was revealed he had affairs with both the wife and his daughter. He temporarily left politics, but he returned to Parliament as member for Kensington and Chelsea in the election of 1997. He died in 1999 of a brain tumor, a year before his book 'Diaries' was published, in which he revealed that the Pinay Circle was funded by the Central Intelligence Agency. To date he is the only Member of Parliament to be accused of being drunk at the despatch box. To journalist Frank Johnson, Alan Clark is supposed to have said that: "Yes, I told him, I was a Nazi; I really believed it to be the ideal system, and that it was a disaster for the Anglo-Saxon races and for the world that it was extinguished. Oh yes, I told him, I was completely committed to the whole philosophy. The blood and violence was an essential ingredient of its strength, the heroic tradition of cruelty every bit as powerful and a thousand times more ancient than the Judaeo-Christian ethic." Colby, William E. William E. Colby, the son of an army officer, was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on 4th January, 1920. He attended Princeton University and graduated in 1940. In 1941 Colby joined the United States Army and in 1943 the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). The OSS trained him for special missions, and he served behind enemy lines in France and on one occupation helped to destroy a German communication centre in Norway. After the war Colby obtained a law degree from Columbia University in 1947. After working for a short time in a law firm, Colby joined the CIA. He served in Stockholm (1951-1953) and then in Rome (1953-1958), where he helped to arrange the defeat of the Communist Party in the Italian general election. In his 1978 autobiography, Honorable Men, Colby explains that he was sent to Scandinavia by Gerry Miller, chief of the CIA Western Europe desk, to build the Stay-Behind (better known as Gladio as this network was called in Italy) networks in Scandinavia. Some of his own words: "[After WWII there was] undertaken a major program of building, throughout those Western European countries that seemed likely targets for Soviet attack, what in the parlance of the intelligence trade were known as 'stay-behind nets', clandestine infrastructures of leaders and equipment trained and ready to be called into action as sabotage and espionage forces when the time came... [This was carried out] with the utmost secrecy...Therefore I was instructed to limit access to information about what I was doing to the smallest possible coterie of the most reliable people, in Washington, in NATO, and in Scandinavia." Colby was CIA station chief in Saigon from 1959 to 1962 and headed the agency's Far East division from 1962 to 1967. Then from 1968 to 1971 he directed the Phoenix program during the Vietnam War. It is estimated that as many 60,000 supporters of the National Liberation Front were killed during the Phoenix program, although Colby put the number at 20,587. Colby also maintained that the deaths arose in combat and were not the result of a criminal assassination program, as critics of Project Phoenix labeled it. On 4 September 1973 President Richard Nixon appointed Colby as director of the CIA. In 1973 he was questioned at a Senate hearing about the 40 Committee he was a member of. Here he admitted that Henry Kissinger was its chairman at that moment. When in 1975 both houses of Congress set up inquiries into the activities of the intelligence community, Colby handed over to the Senate committee chaired by Frank Church details of the CIA's recent operations against the left-leaning government in Chile. The agency's attempts to sabotage the Chilean economy had contributed to the downfall of South America's oldest democracy and to the installation of a military dictatorship. His testimony resulted in his predecessor, Richard Helms, being indicted for perjury. Colby was attacked by right-wing figures such as Barry Goldwater for supplying this information to the Frank Church and on 30 January 1976, President Gerald Ford replaced him with Admiral Stansfield Turner. In retirement Colby published his memoirs Honorable Men (mentioned earlier). This resulted in him being accused of making unauthorized disclosures, and was forced to pay a $10,000 fine in an out-of-court settlement. In 1996 (age 76), after reportedly going out canoeing in the middle of the night, Colby died under suspicious circumstances near his home in Rock Point, Maryland. He did not mention any canoeing plans to his wife, which he usually did, nor was it normal for him to go boating at night. Colby was found with no lifejacket, but according to his wife, he always wore one when on the water. Some people claim that Colby was preparing to leak sensitive information to them. Steven Greer of the Disclosure Project and Catherine Griggs of Colonel George Griggs were among those who claimed that. Colby had just lent its name to a small magazine called 'Strategic Investment', which did research into the death of Clinton-friend Vince Foster. The editors of this magazine think that Colby was murdered for giving the magazine credence. Crozier, Brian Rossiter London-based historian and strategist, intelligence chief, psyop and disinformation specialist, and violently anti-communist. Worked as a journalist for many different papers since 1936 and according to Der Spiegel, the Langemann papers, and other sources he was employed by the CIA. In 1954 Crozier joined The Economist, which, according to Lobster Magazine in 1986, increasingly looked like an outpost of British intelligence. In 1958, he became editor of the Economist Foreign Report. Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution (Right wing institute. Very prominent at the Bohemian Grove). Crozier worked for the secretive Information Research Department (IRD, existed from 1948 to 1977), a disinformation service tied to British Intelligence. In their book on the IRD, Lashmar and Oliver note that "the vast IRD enterprise had one sole aim: To spread its ceaseless propaganda output (i.e. a mixture of outright lies and distorted facts) among top-ranking journalists who worked for major agencies, papers and magazines, including Reuters and the BBC, as well as every other available channel. It worked abroad to discredit communist parties in Western Europe which might gain a share of power by entirely democratic means, and at home to discredit the British Left". Crozier was the founder and chairman of the London Institute for the Study of Conflict up to 1979. The Institute for the Study of Conflict was set up to study urban terrorism, guerrilla warfare, and the threat of communism. It received assignments from the Pinay Circle. In 1976, Brian Crozier set up a covert advisory committee called 'Shield', in order to secretly brief Margaret Thatcher (Order of the Garter) and her closest colleagues on security and intelligence. The papers he wrote became Thatcher's election campaign, who was elected in 1979, 1983, and 1987 as Prime Minister. Lord Carrington (Order of the Garter, Privy Council, Pilgrims Society, chairman Bilderberg) was also privy to the information. The Shield Committee was composed of Crozier, MI6 agent Stephen Hastings MP, Conservative backbencher Nicholas Elliott and Harry Sporborg of Hambros Bank. In February of 1977, Crozier created 'The 61' and included Nicholas Elliott, General Vernon Walters (former Deputy Director of the CIA and later to emerge as President Reagan's ambassador to the UN) and "a leading figure in a major City of London bank". They met to create a 'Private Sector Operational Intelligence' agency whose main aims would be "to provide reliable intelligence in areas which governments are barred from investigating, either through legislation or because political circumstances make such enquiries difficult or potentially embarrassing, and to conduct secret counter-subversive operations in any country in which such actions are deemed feasible." The initial budget of the group was $5 million a year. In another secret memorandum dated 8th November 1979 and addressed "Personal for the state minister only". The National Review writes about Crozier's book, 'The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire': "What the sweep of Crozier's text brings out most clearly is how real the Soviet empire was. Lenin may have conceived it originally in ideological terms as a secular Catholicism with the Kremlin as its Vatican. But centralized power very soon became the primary goal, and his successors, Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev, pursued an imperial strategy in the most brutal and unambiguous way... The Brezhnev Doctrine claimed the Soviet Union's right to intervene in the affairs of any Communist country that moved "in the direction of the restoration of the capitalist system." Duncan, Alan Before beginning his political career he became a millionaire as a trader of oil and refined products first with Shell and then with an independent commodity company, but he remained involved in politics as an active member of Battersea Conservative Association. Between the years of 1984 and 1986 he lived in Singapore. Member of Parliament for Rutland and Melton. since 1992. From 1993 to 1995 he sat on the Social Security Select Committee, his first governmental position was as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Health, a position he obtained in December 1993 and resigned from in January 1994 after it was revealed that he had made a 50,000 pound profit exploiting right-to-buy legislation to buy his neighbour's council house in Westminster. When co-Le Cercle member and arms dealer Jonathan Aitken sued the Guardian two years ago, Alan Duncan defended Aitken by stating he was a "good and honourable man. I think he has struck a rich vein and good for him for taking a stand. There is not enough courage around and he has shown he's got it" (another Circle member, Michael Howard, did the same). In July of 1995 he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Chairman of the Conservative Party, Dr Brian Mawhinney. In June 1997 he was entrusted with the positions of Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party and Parliamentary Political Secretary to the Party Leader. In June 1999 he was made Shadow Trade and Industry Spokesman. Attended the June 2001 meeting of Le Cercle in Lisbon, Portugal. In September 2001, he was appointed a Frontbench Spokesman for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs. In November 2003, he became Shadow Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs. In September 2004, he was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for International Development. He now sits on the front bench as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport, a position he has held since May 2005. Described as a libertarian, wishing to minimise the role of the state and abolish laws against drugs. He is on the council of the Conservative Way Forward group. Duncan is a passionate fighter against AIDS. In 2004 he said: "The poor of the world need deeper debt relief, better aid, and freer and fairer trade." Duncan is openly gay since July 2002. Together with Nadhmi Auchi and Prince Andrew he is a member of the Anglo-Arab Organization. Auchi is the chairman. Elliot, Nicholas Elliot was an officer in MI6's 'Section D', which was created when WWII broke out. It's purpose was to perform more violent operations than usual, like sabotage and unconventional warfare. In 1962 / 1963, MI5 head Arthur Martin, after having interviewed the Russian defector Anatoli Golitsin, arranged for Kim Philby (MI6 officer - head of Soviet Affairs who turned out to be a communist spy) to be interviewed in Beirut in 1963 by Nicholas Elliot. Due to some of the comments made by Philby during the interview, Elliott got the impression that he had been tipped off to expect a visit from MI5. In turn, this led Arthur Martin to believe there still was a high-level communist spy within MI5. In January 1963, Philby fled to the USSR, a very short time after his interview with Elliot. Elliot also sat on the board of directors of Lonrho during the time that MI5 agent Alan Ball (son of Pilgrim and Bilderberger George Ball) was chairman. Edward Du Cann, some time Chairman of the Conservative Party, Chairman of the Party's 1922 Committee, and, until 1991, Chairman of Lonrho, published an autobiography in 1995, Two Lives, which received little attention. He writes: "Yet another dissident was Nicholas Elliot, a director of MI6, the man who botched Commander Crabb's underwater investigation of the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze at the time of Kruschev's visit to the UK in 1956. A former head of station in Beirut, he travelled there in 1963 to obtain the traitor Kim Philby's confession. He succeeded in this, but then allowed his old friend from MI6 to escape to Soviet Russia. On the face of it these were two of the most monumental blunders perpetrated by British Intelligence since the War. Presumably the reality must have been different from the way in which the public perceived these events or he would surely have been dismissed in disgrace. For a while, until the shareholders of Lonrho dismissed him for his disloyalty to Rowland by an overwhelming majority, we were both directors of Lonrho. I never heard him make a single contribution of substance at any of our Board meetings. I always sat as far away from him as possible: he suffered badly from halitosis." Elliott has also been a Council Member of the Wilkinson / McWhirter / Ivens group, the Research Foundation for the Study of Terrorism. Elliot worked closely with co-Le Cercle member Brian Crozier, who included him in Margaret Thatcher's Shield committee and in 'The 61'. Feulner, Edwin J., Jr. Dr. Feulner has studied at the University of Edinburgh, the London School of Economics, the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Georgetown University, and Regis University. Feulner is the President of enormously influential right-wing Heritage Foundation, Washington’s leading public policy organization or think tank. Unlike most other think tanks, Heritage not only suggests ideas but actively pushes them in Congress. If you have any doubt that the Heritage Foundation is engaged in systematic lobbying, consider the words of Heritage vice presidents Stuart Butler and Kim Holmes, published in the 1995 Annual Report issued in spring 1996: Butler: Heritage now works very closely with the congressional leadership.... Heritage has been involved in crafting almost every piece of major legislation to move through Congress. Holmes: Without exaggeration, I think we've in effect become Congress's unofficial research arm.... We truly have become an extension of the congressional staff, but on our own terms and according to our own agenda. Butler: That's right. As Kim knows, things have been happening so fast on Capitol Hill we've had to sharpen our management skills to take full advantage of the opportunities. There has also been an unprecedented demand on us to "crunch the numbers" for the new congressional leadership. On January 18, 1989 President Reagan conferred the Presidential Citizens Medal on Feulner as "a leader of the conservative movement." Feulner also serves as Treasurer and Trustee of The Mont Pelerin Society; Trustee and former Chairman of the Board of The Intercollegiate Studies Institute; member of the Board of the National Chamber Foundation; member of the Board of Visitors of George Mason University; a Trustee of the Acton Institute, and the International Republican Institute. He is past president of various organizations including The Philadelphia Society and the Mont Pelerin Society, and past Director of Sequoia Bank, Regis University and the Council for National Policy. Feulner served on the Congressional Commission on International Financial Institutions ("Meltzer Commission," 1999-2000). He was the Vice Chairman of the National Commission on Economic Growth and Tax Reform ("Kemp Commission," 1995-1996), Counselor to Vice Presidential candidate Jack Kemp (1996), Chairman of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (1982-91), a Consultant for Domestic Policy to President Reagan, and an advisor to several government departments and agencies. He was a member of the President’s Commission on White House Fellows (1981-83), of the Secretary of State’s UNESCO Review Observation Panel (1985-89), and of the Carlucci Commission on Foreign Aid (1983). In the summer of 1982, he served as a United States Representative to the United Nations Second Special Session on Disarmament (with the rank of Ambassador) where he delivered the final United States address to the General Assembly. During the transition from the Carter Administration to the Reagan Administration, Feulner served on the Executive Committee of the Presidential Transition. He remains involved in various aspects of foreign policy, particularly public diplomacy, international communications issues and international economic policy. He has served on the United States delegations to several meetings of the IMF/World Bank group. Feulner is a member of the Bohemian Grove and a former chairman of the Institute for European Defense and Strategic Studies in London. By Georges Magazine he was ranked nr 45 in a list of the 50 most influential politicians. Greenspan was one, Cheney was two. Franks, Sir Arthur "Dick" Temple Director-General of MI6 1979-1982. Franks was reportedly a hardliner at odds with his boss, Maurice Oldfield (Director-General of MI6 1973-1978) who was, by the standards of the intelligence world, something of a liberal. During his time as head of MI6, Alexandre de Marenches, also a member of The Circle, was head of French foreign intelligence. Fraser, Charles Alan South African General. Chief of the South African Army and G.O.C. Joint Combat Forces back in the 1960s and 1970s. Has written a dissertation on 'counter-insurgency measures' and how to avoid a communist revolution. The book he wrote around 1968 has set South-Africa's general counter-revolution policy up until the wall came down. Fraser believed that this counter-revolution "war" had to be fought by politicians for at least 80%. People who had a better lifestyle than the communists could offer, wouldn't be interested in a revolution. Gehlen, general Reinhard Hans Langemann 1980 paper: "Gehlen, who was always interested in the undertaking [of the Pinay Circle], its figures, its personalities and its results, succeeded in recruiting Violet [the Circle founder and Otto von Habsburg agent] as a special agent and granted him 6000 DM a month for many years. He also claimed that this sum had been agreed with the former head of the SDECE, General Jacquier because Violet is also receiving the same sum from the SDECE." Major General Reinhard Gehlen headed the Foreign Armies East section of the Abwehr (German intelligence), directed towards the Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Gehlen had begun planning his surrender to the United States at least as early as the fall of 1944. In early March 1945 a group of Gehlen's senior officers microfilmed their holdings on the USSR. They packed the film in steel drums and buried it throughout the Austrian Alps. On May 22, 1945 Gehlen and his top aides surrendered to an American Counter-Intelligence Corps [CIC] team. Several weeks later they ended up in comfortable quarters at the army's Fort Hunt in Virginia, not far from the Pentagon. Here Gehlen negotiated an agreement (the 'secret treaty of Fort Hunt') with the United States which allowed his operations to continue in existence despite post-war de-nazification programs. The group, including his immediate staff of about 350 agents, and back in Germany in February 1946, became known as the Gehlen Organization. Reconstituted as a functioning espionage network under U.S. control, it became CIA's eyes and ears in Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. Hundreds of German army and SS officers were released from internment camps to join Gehlen's headquarters in the Spessart Mountains in central Germany. When the staff grew to 3,000, the Bureau Gehlen moved to a twenty-five-acre compound near Pullach, south of Munich, operating under the innocent name of the South German Industrial Development Organization. In the early fifties it was estimated that the organization employed up to 4,000 intelligence specialists in Germany, mainly former army and SS officers, and that more than 4,000 V-men (undercover agents) were active throughout the Soviet-bloc countries. From the early 1950s on, it seemed to most people that the Gehlen Organization had been thoroughly penetrated by the Soviets, as many operations and foreign agents were betrayed. In 1956, the Gehlen Organization became known as the BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst), the West-German intelligence service. Gehlen remained head of the organization until his retirement in 1968. The recruitment of Gehlen has had a major influence on the cold war. The Soviets weren't too pleased with the fact that the west was employing former Nazis to fight against them. Gehlen received enormous US financial support on the basis of his supposed access to an extensive network of anti-communist activists stretching from the Elbe to the Urals. Little proof of this materialised. In 1942 Gehlen had been unable to predict the time and place of the Soviet counter-attack at Stalingrad. In his new role running a major US-funded spy organisation, Gehlen produced numerous reports claiming a Soviet invasion of the west was imminent, that the Soviets were building a fleet of flying wing jet fighters, that the Soviets were planning a huge submarine fleet to starve Europe into submission etc, heightening the tension between the two power blocs, and also giving Germany an essential role as a geographical balancing point in the midst of this struggle. OSS officer & Pilgrims Society member Allen Dulles (Knight of Malta) played a crucial role in establishing the negotiations with Reinhard Gehlen. They were both involved with the Vatican rat lines, which brought several thousand Nazis to safety in Africa, South-America, but also the emerging U.S. military-industrial complex. Reinhard Gehlen and Allen Dulles are said to have been Knights of Malta, just as many other members of the OSS, the CIA, and the hard-right. On November 17, 1948 SMOM (The Sovereign Military Order of Malta) awarded one of its highest honors, the Grand Cross of Merit, to Reinhard Gehlen. In 1948, Reinhard Gehlen's brother was in Rome serving as the Secretary to Thun Hohenstein. Conveniently for Reinhard, who was negotiating with the U.S. for the preservation of his Nazi colleagues, Thun Hohenstein was Chairman of one of SMOM's grand magistral charities, the Institute for Associated Emigrations, and had arranged for two thousand SMOM passports to be printed for political refugees. Thun Hohenstein was also related to the leading German Knights of SMOM, and at a crucial time in an internal SMOM controversy after the war had received the active support of Prince Frederic von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Honorary Chairman of the Silesian Association of the Order, the head of the Catholic Hohenzollerns, of which several members were Knights of SMOM. Goldsmith, Sir James His first wife was the 18 year old daughter of 1001 Club member Antenor Patiño and a Spanish Royal. Patiño didn't want his daughter to marry with a Jew so the couple ran off. His wife died of massive cerebral hemorrhage some time later. Goldsmith was nicknamed the 'Green Billionaire'. Deeply involved with British intelligence. Financed the founding of the radical Friends of the Earth movement in 1970. Accused of smuggling his friend Lord Lucan out of the country after this person was investigated for the murder on his children's nanny and the attempted murder on his wife in 1974. From 1980 to 1982 Goldsmith was involved in a Circle coordinated propaganda effort in order to get the right-wing Franz Joseph Strauss elected as Chancellor of Germany. In 1989 Goldsmith joined forces with Lord Jacob Rothschild and Kerry Packer in an unsuccessful bid for British American Tobacco. According to EIR, Goldsmith bought KAS Enterprises in 1990, a private SAS front company that had been running Operation Lock under the supervision of David Stirling (his niece married Lord Cranborne of Le Cercle). Operation Lock was an assassination program in the whole of Southern Africa which targetted anti-apartheid leaders. This operation was closely associated with the WWF's 1001 Club. David Stirling, Lord Lucan, James Goldsmith, and Tiny Rowland, were all members of The Clermont gambling club in the 1960's. It has been claimed that during this time these people were thinking about committing a facist coup agaist the labour government. Some of Goldsmith's other friends included Circle members Kermit Roosevelt and George Soros. In the 1990s he founded the Euro-sceptic Referendum Party. In 2003, his son Benjamin, married Kate Rothschild of the Rothschild family. Habsburg, Otto von Born in Lower Austria in 1912 as a member of the Royal House of Habsburg. The Habsburg dynasty was extremely close with the Thurn und Taxis family (1001 Club, Mont Pelerin Society, seems to have been involved with intelligence) and the Vatican. During WWI his family lost the throne of the Habsburg kingdom. The Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all its official property. It has been said by some researchers that the impoverished Otto was subsidized to the tune of £50,000 a month by MI6 chief Stewart Menzies (1939-1953). Spent most of the war years in Washington, D.C. (1940-1944), after escaping from Austria to Portugal with a visa issued by the Portuguese consul in Bordeaux Aristides Sousa Mendes. Opposed the Nazi "Anschluss" of Austria of 1938 and went to the US. After the war, he lived in exile in France and Spain. Married Princess Regina Von Sachsen-Meiningen in 1951 with the blessing of Pius XII. Vice-president of the Internationale Paneuropa-Union 1957-1972, working under Count Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi. In 1961, Otto finally renounced all claims to the Austrian throne and was eventually allowed to return to his home country in 1966. It is said he helped to erect a secret intelligence group, the Pinay Circle, together with Jean Violet and Antoine Pinay in the late 1960s. When Coudenhove-Kalergi died in 1972, Otto followed him up as president of the Internationale Paneuropa-Union. He still served in this position in the early 21th century. Otto established the Académie Européenne de Sciences Politiques located in Brussels, an ultraconservative Pan-European society. It was managed by Pinay Circle member Jean Violet. Member of the European Parliament for the CSU 1979-1999. Long time president of the anti-communist European Council of Princes until 1992, when the Stewart dynasty took over (Prince Michael Stewart - Order of Malta; Grand Protector of the Order of the Dragon; Grand Master of the Knights Templar; Archpriest of the Celtic Church). Count Otto von Habsburg has been named as a member of the Priory of Sion (supposedly one of the more secret monarchist Templar organizations), a member of the Order of Malta, a member of the Order of the Dragon, a member of Opus Dei, and a member of the Mont Pelerin Society. Prominent Catholic and a patron of the Augustan Society. Former sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece, which has now become his son. King Juan Carlos of Spain is head of the only other Order of the Golden Fleece. He and his wife reside at the "Villa Austria" in Pöcking, Bavaria, Germany. When Otto von Habsburg visited the United States in April 2005, one of the few people he spoke with, besides the general meetings, was Henry Kissinger. Otto von Habsburg's oldest son Karl Habsburg (b. 1961), who is to be the future head of the Habsburg family, married Baroness Francesca of Thyssen-Bornemisza in 1993. Baroness Francesca is the daughter of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza, who was a member of the 1001 Club. The Habsburg Empire did not entirely end after WWI. Currently HSH Prince Hans Adam II of of Liechtenstein is a Habsburg monarch. He has close ties to the Vatican, is a member of the Knights of Malta, and at least a supporter of Opus Dei. Howard, Michael He was called to the Bar (Inner Temple) in 1964 and specialised in employment law and planning issues. The late 1960s saw his promotion within the Bow Group where he became Chairman in 1970 shortly after the general election in which he was again defeated at Edge Hill. Howard entered the Government early, becoming Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Trade and Industry in 1985 with responsibility for regulating the financial dealings of the City of London. This junior post became very important as he oversaw the Big Bang introduction of new technology in 1986. After the 1987 election he became Minister for Local Government where he became involved in two major political controversies. On behalf of the Government, he accepted the amendment which became Section 28, and defended its inclusion. He then guided through the House of Commons the Local Government Finance Act 1988 which brought in Mrs Thatcher's new system of local taxation, officially known as the Community Charge but almost universally nicknamed the poll tax. Howard personally supported the tax and was respected by Mrs Thatcher for minimising the rebellion against it within the Conservative Party. After a period as Minister for Water and Planning in 1988/89, in which time he was responsible for implementing water privatization in England and Wales, Howard was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Employment in January 1990 when Norman Fowler resigned "to spend more time with his family". Howard therefore took on responsibility for legislation abolishing the closed shop. He campaigned vigorously for Mrs Thatcher in the leadership contest following her resignation in November 1990. He retained the same cabinet post under John Major and made many attacks on trade union power as part of the 1992 general election campaign. His work in the campaign led to his appointment as Secretary of State for the Environment in the reshuffle after the election. He undertook some diplomacy to encourage the United States to participate in the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, but was soon after appointed as Secretary of State for the Home Department in a 1993 reshuffle initiated by the sacking of Norman Lamont. His tenure as Home Secretary was especially notable for his tough approach to crime, which he summed up in the soundbite "Prison works". When he was Home Secretary he released high-level drug dealer John Haase from prison just 10 months into an 18-year sentence, along with his associate Paul Bennett. Haase's criminal career began with armed robberies in the 1970s. He moved on when he realised there was much more money to be made in heroin. He took control of the British end of the southern route for heroin smugglers, which runs from Afghanistan to Britain via Turkey and the Balkans. A member of Haase’s gang, Simon Bakerman, imprisoned for running an amphetamine factory, is Michael Howard’s cousin. His reputation was dented in 1996 when a critical inquiry into a series of prison escapes was published. In advance of the publication Howard made statements to assign blame to the prison service. Ann Widdecombe, his former junior minister in the Home Office, made a statement to Parliament about the dismissal of then Director of the Prison Service, Derek Lewis and famously remarked of Howard that "there is something of the night about him", a bitter and widely quoted comment that fatally damaged his 1997 bid for the Conservative Party leadership. The comment was taken as a "bitchy" reference to his dour demeanour, which she was implying was sinister and almost Dracula-like, related to his Romanian ancestry. Attended the June 2001 meeting of Le Cercle in Lisbon, Portugal. After the 2001 General Election Howard was recalled to frontline politics when the Conservatives' new leader Iain Duncan Smith appointed him as Shadow Chancellor. After Duncan Smith was removed from the leadership by the parliamentary party, Howard was elected unopposed as leader of the party in 2003. In February 2004, Howard called on Tony Blair to resign over the Iraq war, because he had failed to ask "basic questions" regarding WMD claims and misled Parliament. In July the Tory leader stated that he would not have voted for the motion that authorised the Iraq war had he known the quality of intelligence information on which the WMD claims were based. At the same time, he said he still believed in the Iraq invasion was right because "the prize of a stable Iraq was worth striving for". His criticism of Blair did not earn Howard sympathies in Washington, where President Bush refused to meet him; Karl Rove is reported to have told Howard: "You can forget about meeting the president full stop. Don't bother coming." Howard is an old friend and cabinet colleague of Cercle member and Arms dealer Jonathan Aitken. Governor of the Ditchley Foundation. Huyn, Count Hans Hans Huyn was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1930. He was a German diplomat and high-ranking state official and CDU politician. He supported the South African Apartheid policies in Namibia, before it's independence in 1990. Member of the German Bundestag. In the spring of 1978 he wrote an article in the Journal of International Relations, titled "Rhodesia and Southern Africa: Decision for the Future of the Free World". Presented a paper called "Countering subversion, neutralism and pacifism" at the second annual world balance of power conference in July 1982. Huyn headed the german department of the Catholic aid organization 'Aid to the Church in Need' (kirche-in-not.org) from 1988 to 2005. Besides giving human aid, the main purpose of this organization seems to be to spread Catholicism to all corners of the world. At the moment Huyn is worrying about the rise of Putin and the communist influence in Russia. He seems to have a lot of respect for Henry Kissinger. Iliescu, Ion Born in Romania. Studied in Moscow and became a communist politician in Romania. He served as Minister of the Youth Problems in 1967. However, in 1971, he was marginalized by Nicolae Ceausescu and he was sacked from all his political functions. Iliescu was the main political profiteer (and leader) of the revolution that overthrew Nicolae Ceausescu in December 1989, as he assumed leadership. Said to have been a KGB agent, which Ceausescu of course didn't know. Iliescu was the President of Romania for eleven years, from 1990 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004. His final term ended in December 2004, and his successor is Democrat leader Traian Basescu. Currently, Ion Iliescu is a Senator from SDP party. It is unknown when Iliescu visited Le Cercle, but as far as we know this would not have been that unusual after the wall came down. Jameson, Donald F.B. Went to a Le Cercle meeting in 1980 in Zurich, Switserland. Chief of the Soviet division of the CIA's Operations Directorate in the 1950s and 1960s. He was an expert on the USSR and defectors. In the 1970s, he seems to have been involved in the CIA remote viewing project to spy on the Soviet Union. At the time, Jameson was a senior senior CIA Soviet specialist. Chief Executive Publishing in 2002: "In 1986, deals with the Soviets were lucrative, wrote Donald F.B. Jameson, a former member of the CIA and vice president of Research Associates International, a risk assessment firm in Arlington, Va. "The Soviets pay above-market prices and pay promptly. Negotiating can be trying, even for the big boys," he wrote in Chief Executive in a spring article titled, 'Trading with the Soviets'..."But if you have what they want and are persistent, you may well end up with a good deal, and after having clone one deal, others usually follow. Trading with the Soviets is a race that goes to the strong," Jameson said." Jameson was at a conference on 15 November 1991 where former KGB CIA officers spoke together in public for the first time. Other Cercle attendants were William Colby, Brian Crozier, and Hans Graf Huyn. Kissinger, Henry Alfred Henry Kissinger was born in the Bavarian city of Fuerth. He was a son of Louis and Paula Stern Kissinger. The elder Kissinger was a school teacher and after Hitler's rise to power, the family immigrated to London in 1938. After a short stay, they moved to Washington Heights in New York City. Recruited by Fritz Kraemer during WWII. Served in the U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps 1943-1946. According to Hersh, Kissinger stayed on active duty in West Germany after the war and was eventually assigned to the 970th CIC Detachment, whose functions included support for the recruitment of ex-Nazi intelligence officers for anti-Soviet operations inside the Soviet bloc. Captain in the Military Intelligence Reserve 1946-1949. Went to Harvard in 1947, where he was picked by the Rockefellers, three of whom were overseers there at the time. Executive director Harvard International Seminar 1951-1969. Became an consultant to the Operations Research Office in 1951. According to Hersh, that unit, under the direct control of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, conducted highly classified studies on such topics as the utilization of former German operatives and Nazi partisan supporters in CIA clandestine activities. Became a consultant to the Director of the Psychological Strategy Board in 1952, a covert arm of the National Security Council. The first director (and primary founder) was Gordon Gray, who served in this position from June 1951 to May 1952. Under Eisenhower, on September 2, 1953, the role of this department was expanded and the name became Operations Coordinating Board (OCB). Became an consultant to the Operations Coordinating Board in 1955, which was then the highest policy-making board for implementing clandestine operations against foreign governments. JFK would abolish the OCB in 1961 although a similar unacknowledged structure would remain operational. Became known as the most trusted aide to Nelson Rockefeller in the mid 1950s, who by then had served as Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Cold War Planning and overseer of all the CIA's clandestine operations. Member of the Department of Government, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1954-1969. Study director of nuclear weapons and foreign policy at the Council on Foreign Relations 1955-1956. Director Special Studies Project for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund 1956-1958, which worked out basic cold war policy manifestoes (hardline). They were in large part adopted by successive administrations in Washington. Author of 'Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy', released in 1957. Consultant Weapons Systems Evaluation Group of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1959-1960. Consultant National Security Council 1961-1962. Consultant RAND Corporation 1961-1968. Consultant United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 1961-1968. Consultant to the Department of State 1965-1968. Right-hand man to Nelson Rockefeller during the 1968 Republican nomination campaign. Nixon's National Security Advisor 1969-1973. Chairman of the secretive Forty Committee, the covert apparatus of the National Security Council, from at least 1969 to 1976, which oversaw the CIA's clandestine operations. Nelson Rockefeller, even in his Senate bio, has been named as an (earlier) chairman of the Forty Committee. As head of this committee Kissinger had access to more information than the other members and he is said to have distorted it at times. During this same time period Kissinger also set up and headed the Washington Special Action Group (WSAG), another very important foreign policy group. Committee Secretary of State 1973-1977. Made two secret trips to China in 1971 to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai. Together with David Rockefeller involved in setting up the National Council for US-China Trade in 1973. Negotiated the SALT I and ABM treaty with the Soviet Union. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. Made other secret trips to China in later years to make extremely sensitive intelligence exchanges. Robert C. McFarlane was among those who went to China with Kissinger, in his case between 1973 and 1976. Negotiated the end of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Said to have played a role in the 1973 Augusto Pinochet coup. Approved President Suharto's invasion of East-Timor in 1973, which resulted in a bout 250,000 dead communists and socialists. Suspected of having been involved in Operation Condor which started around 1975 and was an assassination and intelligence gathering operation on 3 continents. Director Council on Foreign Relations 1977-1981. Together with Cyrus Vance and David Rockefeller he set up the US-China Business Council in 1979, the sucessor to the Council for US-China Trade. Annual visitor of Bilderberg since at least the 1970s. Annual visitor of the Trilateral Commission since the late 1970s. Visited Le Cercle. Member of the 1001 Club and the Pilgrims Society. Visitor of Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay. Founder of Kissinger Associates in 1982, a secretive consulting firm to international corporations. Some of the first members to join Kissinger Associates were Brent Scowcroft (vice-chairman), Lawrence Eagleburger (president), Lord Carrington, Lord Roll of Ipsden, and Pehr Gyllenhammar. Some served until 1989, others were still active for Kissinger Associates in the late 1990s. Chairman National Bipartisan Commission on Central America 1983-1984. Set up the America-China Society in 1987, together with Robert McFarlane and Cyrus Vance. Appointed chairman of AIG's advisory council in 1987. Director of the Atlanta branch of the Italian Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) from 1985 to 1991. This was during the 1989 BNL Affair (Iraq Gate) in which it became known that the Atlanta branch had made $4 billion in unreported loans to Iraq. After the revelation, the money was said to be used by the Iraqis to buy food and agriculture equipment, but in reality they were buying loads of military equipment. His consultancy firm, Kissinger Associates, set up the China Ventures fund with CITIC in 1989, which would be in the same year that he defended the Tiananmen Square massacre, arguing against sanctions being placed on China. In 1990, he sat on boards of American Express, Union Pacific, R.M. Macy, Continental Grain, CBS, and the Revlon Group. Also a consultant to ABC news at this time. Member Atlantic Council of the United States. Member of the Council of Advisors of the United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce. Trustee of the Center Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), the Arthur F Burns Fellowship, the Institute of International Education, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Honorary Governor of the Foreign Policy Association. Patron of the Atlantic Partnership and the New Atlantic Initiative. Chairman of the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, the Nixon Center, and the American Academy in Berlin. Co-chairman of the Editorial Board of 'The National Interest' magazine. Chancellor of the College William and Mary. Honorary chairman World Cup USA 1994 (Kissinger has attended football matches with his friend and colleague Etienne Davignon). Named Honorary Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George, 1995. Director Freeport-McMoRan 1995-2001. Director of Conrad Black's Hollinger International Inc. Member of J.P. Morgan's International Advisory Council. Former member of the Advisory Council of Forstmann Little & Co. and American Express. Advisor to China National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC). Member of the Europe Strategy Board of Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst. Director of Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation. Chairman of the International Advisory Board of the American International Group (AIG), a partner of Kissinger Associates. Also chairman of the Advisory Boards of AIG Asian Infrastructure Funds I & II and a director of AIG Global. In 1997, Kissinger became the central advisor to the Business Coalition for US-China Trade, a group of about a 1000 leading companies willing to invest in China. In 2000, Henry Kissinger was quoted by Business Wire: "Hank Greenberg, Pete Peterson and I have been close friends and business associates for decades." Maurice Greenburg is head of AIG and Peter G. Peterson is head of The Blackstone Group, which is the other major partner of Kissinger Associates. Peterson is also a former chairman of Lehman Brothers. Kissinger is a friend of Lynn Forester and introduced her to Sir Evelyn de Rothschild at the 1998 Bilderberg conference. They would soon become married. After Pulitzer Price winning journalist Peter Arnett produced a CNN report on Operation Tailwind (a Vietnam operation in which US Special Forces allegedly killed US defectors with Sarin) in 1998, Kissinger and his friends called up CNN to demand that the news network should distance itself from the story (a story which CNN initially approved) and made sure that the producers of the show were publicly humiliated and fired. Arnett was fired again by NBC and National Geographic in March 2003 immediately after he said the Bush Administration was looking for a plan B now that Iraqi resistance turned out to be much more intense than expected. Within 24 hours the Daily Mail hired him. When Henry Kissinger is invited to speak at the United Nations Association on April 11, 2001 Lord Jacob Rothschild is flanking his side. Picked as the initial head of the 9/11 investigating committee in 2003, although he turned out to be too controversial to remain in that position. Henry Kissinger is a patron of the Open Russia Foundation since 2001, together with Lord Jacob Rothschild. The Foundation was set up by Mikhail Khodorkovsky, a controversial oligarch, later locked up by Putin. Honorary trustee of the Aspen Institute. Because of previous international attempts by European and South American judges to question him, he is known to take legal advice before traveling to certain countries in either continent. Lamont, Lord Norman After graduating from Cambridge University he worked for eleven years for N.M. Rothschild & Sons in the financial City of London, and was a director of their fund management company, Rothschild Asset Management. After returning to the private sector in 1993 he became a Director of N.M. Rothschild and Sons Ltd until 1995. In 1982, 10 years after he made it to parliament, he became a member of the Queen's Privy Council. In 1996, he was named chairman of Le Cercle (he still was in 2005). Lord Norman Lamont has served as a director of Scottish Re since December 2001. After the resignation of Margaret Thatcher, Lord Lamont was Campaign Manager to John Major, MP, during the 1990 Conservative Party Leadership Election. From 1990 to 1993, Lord Lamont served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (Treasury Secretary), chairing the G7 group of Finance Ministers and the European Union Finance Ministers. Lord Lamont served as a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1972 to 1993, served as a Minister in the Departments of Energy, Trade & Industry, Defense and Treasury from 1979 to 1997, and became a member of the British House of Lords in 1998. When Norman Lamont retired from government he received a seat on the board of the financial arm of General Mediterranean Holding, which runs Le Cercle member and Saddam associate Nadhmi Auchi's many businesses. Lord Lamont currently serves as a director of the Balli Group plc, a commodities trading company that specialized in steel, petrochemicals and non-ferrous metals. He also is an advisor to Rotch Property Group Ltd., one of Britain's largest private property companies. He also is a director of Compagnie Internationale de Participations Bancaires et Financieres, Banca Commerciala Robank, European Growth and Income Trust, and Jupiter Finance and Income Trust. He is Chairman of the East European Food Fund. Currently, Lord Lamont is a Director of Scottish Annuity & Life Holdings Ltd, a reinsurance company quoted on the New York Stock Exchange, Balli Group Plc, the London-based international trading corporation, and a number of financial corporations. He has also been an advisor to the Monsanto Corporation and to the Government of Romania, and is Vice Chairman of the International Nuclear Safety Commission (Chairman Mikhail Gorbachev) and Chairman of the Oil Club of independent oil corporations. In February 2005 it was reported that John Major and Norman Lamont were holding up the release of papers on Black Wednesday under the Freedom of Information Act. Black Wednesday refers to September 16, 1992 when the government was forced to withdraw the Pound from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) by currency speculators - most notably George Soros who earned over USD$1 billion in doing so. Arrived in Iran in May 2004 as co-chairman of a mission to strengthen the ties between Iran and the United Kingdom and to increase UK foreign investment into Iran. Has visited Bilderberg. Machtenburg, Hans von This name is a pseudonym. A senior intelligence official of Germany’s Intelligence service, BND, and a member of Crozier’s "61". He had been exchanging full reports on Crozier’s secret get-together’s with Hans Langemann, formerly a senior ranking officer of Germany’s Intelligence Service, the BND, and latterly Head of Bavarian State Security. Marenches, Alexandre de Marenches set up the Safari Club. He was head of the Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE, France's external intelligence agency) during the right-wing presidencies of Pompidou and Giscard d'Estaing (from November 6, 1970 to June 12, 1981). In 1978, Le Monde claimed that de Marenches led a domestic campaign of terrorism and disinformation. It is fairly apparent that these activities were designed to keep the socialist Francois Mitterand from office during the 1974 elections (it worked). However, with the exception of the Langemann papers, and an ISC memo published in Lobster, there are no other Cercle documents available to confirm these allegations. He resigned immediately in 1981 when Mitterrand came to power. In the following year, Mitterrand nationalized the Rothschild Bank, which was owned by Guy de Rothschild. In December 1980, Marenches advised Reagan to establish a core group of no more than six or seven secret emissaries who would operate outside all official channels and agencies. These emissaries would be in touch with a multinational group that was focused on destabilizing and collapsing the Soviet empire within 8 years. The plan didn't went through, because Marenches didn't have fate in one of the persons Reagan chose to organize the group. Supposedly, Marenches found more reliable support with the CIA. However, Reagan seemed to listened to at least one of the advises Marenches gave him. According to NewsMax Marenches said: "I would always pepper my speeches with references to the Soviet Empire, throwing in the occasional 'evil empire.' It is an empire with both inner and outer empires, and both are equally vulnerable." Marenches was a supporter of the Shah of Iran and even hired David Ogilvy, to run a PR campaign, as he thought that the image of the Shah was "terrible". In 1986, he co-authored Dans le secret des Princes ("In the Princes' secret", literally, published in English as The Evil Empire: Third World War Continues) with journalist Christine Ockrent about his days working in secret services. In 1992, he co-authored The Fourth World War: Diplomacy and Espionage in the Age of Terrorism with David Andelman. In this book he praises George H.W. Bush and denounces left-winger Jimmy Carter. He warns that Americans have lived a charmed and sheltered existence and will eventually have to deal with terrorism at home. A 1992 review of the book reads: "[He] claims that ``the Fourth World War has already begun''--a war, waged by ``small, highly deadly units of terrorists,'' that has ``the very real prospect of ending civilization, at least Western civilization, as we know it''- -there's very little information here to back this claim. Equally odd is his treatment of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, for he asserts that the Russians still harbor dreams of world domination and that conservative Communists have put aside billions of dollars to continue their secret war. As a memoir, however, the book contains a good deal of sage advice and some significant revelations. Among the latter are that, after de Marenches learned that the US was about to devalue the dollar in 1971, the Central Bank of France accumulated enormous profits by quietly selling dollars and buying francs; that French Intelligence carried out more than 40 operations along the lines of the Entebbe raid during de Marenches's tenure, including the overthrow of Emperor Bokassa of the Central African Empire; that during the 1970's, against the count's advice, terrorists operating out of French territory, even targeting its European allies, were not disturbed, provided that no operations took place in France; and that de Marenches sent secret emissaries to Rome to warn the Pope of hard intelligence that the Soviet leadership had decided to kill him, a warning that was dismissed out of hand. A mixed bag, but rewarding for its insider's discussion of French intelligence operations and for its friendly look at the deficiencies of American intelligence." Marenches was a member of the Order of Malta. MacLean, Neil "Billy" L.D. Colonel Billy Maclean & later co-Pinay Circle member Julian Amery were dropped in North-Albany in April 1944 as part of the British resistance against the Italian and German fascists. They worked with the Albanian resistance of Ihsan Toptani. After their task was accomplished they all became passionate anti-communists. In 1946, MacLean was stationed as an intelligence officer somewhere near the Karakoram mountains. He was an MI6 officer for most, if not all, of the post-war period. In 1962, Yemen was taken over by a communist regime and the Egyptian Nasser was supporting them by bombing Saudi-Arabia (who supported the deposed Imam). Already retired deputy head of MI6 George Kennedy Young was approached by Mossad agents to find the right person to lead a guerrilla war against the Yemeni rebels, Young introduced Colonel MacLean to the Israelis. Maclean's guerrilla war would eventually bring down the Yemeni regime and drive Nasser back to his own country. Munoz, Federico Silva Former Franco (Knight of Malta) minister and senior Opus Dei member. Chairman of the Spanish right-wing Alianza Popular (AP) party in 1978, which evolved in the Popular Party (PP). The AP was a mix of several extreme right-wing and conservative groups. It was filled and directed by Franco sympathisers and supported by Opus Dei. Additional info: Under the leadership of José Maria Aznar the Popular Party won the 1996 elections. In 2004 he was ousted by the socialist Zapatero. 3 days before the elections there was a massive bombing on trains, dubbed the European 9/11. Aznar tried to put the blame on the ETA, but later admitted he didn't have any evidence for this conclusion. The supposed Al-Qaeda perpetrators blew themselves up in their apartment a few days later and we still don't know who was responsible. Narjes, Karl-Heinz In 1963 he had been Chief of Staff for the EEC Commission's president, Prof. Hallstein, before heading the EEC Commission's public relations division from 1967 to 1969. Minister of Economy and Transport in Schlewig-Holstein from 1969 to 1972. In 1972 he was elected to the German Bundestag. Dr. Karl-Heinz Narjes was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz first class in 1977. In 1979 he attended a Pinay circle meeting. In 1981 he was nominated European Community Commissioner, responsible for common market issues, tariff union, industrial innovation, environment, consumer issues and nuclear security. From 1984 until 1988 he was responsible for industrial policy, technology and research. During the same time, 1984-1988, Narjes was also a vice-president of the European Commission. Narjes has attended the Trilateral Commission and has been working on the internal market liberalization of the European Union. Moss, Robert Moss was a protege of British disinfo specialist Brian Crozier. Moss was a journalist who gained fame suggesting that Soviet agents secretly controlled a network of left and liberal groups in the US. He has been accused of spreading disinformation at times. In 1970-1971 he was involved in setting up of the Le Cercle associated, Institute for the Study of Conflict. By 1974 Moss had written a couple of ISC 'conflict studies' - 2 on Chile, 2 on Uruguay and 1 on Northern Ireland. In 1973, he was working with CIA front Institute for General Studies (IGS) in Chile and makes the first public call for a military government in Chile in CIA-funded magazine SEPA (March 1973). In 1975, he is a founding member of the Washington Institute for Study of Conflict - ISC's US branch. Founder member and then director of National Association for Freedom (NAFF) in 1975. During this time, he worked as a journalist for The Economist. Wrote the supposedly CIA sponsored paper, 'Chile's Marxist Experiment' in 1975. speechwriter for Margaret Thatcher in 1976 and was a close associate, possibly a member, of Crozier's Shield committee. Visited Argentina, addressed the Air Force on the value of the Argentine military government as a model for the rest of the continent. In 1976, he visited Angola with Evan Davies (MI6, Churchill's bodyguard, Saudi National Security Advisor). He sat on the editorial board of US 'new right' journal Policy Studies - wrote cover story for first issue. In 1979, he was a participant at Jonathan Institute first conference on international terrorism from whence a good deal of the 'Soviets behind world terror' line has emerged. Moss has also been involved with the Royal Institute for International Affairs and the Heritage Foundation. Nixon, Richard In 1934 he graduated second in his class [Whittier College], and went to Duke University law school, where he received a full scholarship. During World War II, Nixon served in the United States Navy. He could have been exempt from military service because of his Quaker religion, but volunteered anyway. He later said he hated Hitler and was horrified by the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nixon served as a Cargo Officer in the South Pacific theater. He rose to the rank of Lieutenant Commander and his superiors praised him as an excellent officer and leader. Nixon was elected to the United States House of Representatives from California in 1946. In the House, Nixon served on a committee that helped to implement the Marshall Plan which aided war-torn Europe. He also helped in the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act which set up controls over labor unions. He proposed a bill to facilitate servicemen's voting that was passed by both houses and signed into law. Nixon climbed the political ladder swiftly, making his name as an anti-Communist and a rough, no-holds-barred campaigner. In 1948, Nixon won both the Republican and Democratic nomination for re-election to the House. Nixon was elected to the United States Senate in 1950, defeating actress turned congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, whom Nixon accused during the campaign of having communist sympathies. In 1952 he was elected Vice President on Dwight D. Eisenhower's ticket, although he was only 39 years old. In 1960, he ran for President on his own but lost to John F. Kennedy, ironically a friend of Nixon's (in contrast to Eisenhower). In the election of 1968, he completed a remarkable political comeback by defeating Hubert H. Humphrey to become the 37th President of the United States. He promised to end the Vietnam war, but that took many years. In 1972 Nixon was re-elected in one of the biggest landslide election victories in U.S. political history, defeating George McGovern and garnering over 60% of the popular vote. He carried 49 of the 50 states, trailing only in Massachusetts. Nixon was eventually investigated for the instigation and cover-up of the burglary of the Democratic Party offices at the Watergate office complex. Pandolfi, Filippo Maria Filippo Pandolfi born in 1927 in Bergamo, Italy, and holds a degree in literature and philosophy. He speaks Greek, Latin, French, and English in addition to his native Italian and managed a publishing house from 1952 until his election to Parliament. A Christian Democrat member of the Italian Parliament for more than twenty years, has held several important ministerial portfolios, including Finance (1976-1978), Treasury (1978-1980), Industry and Commerce (1980-1981 and 1982-1983), and Agriculture (1983-1988). In these ministerial posts he dealt with many central European Community issues, including the value-added tax, the European Monetary System, and the Common Agricultural Policy. He has played a central role in fostering the competitiveness of European industry, has expanded the EC investment in R&D in the member countries, and has established centers of excellence in many areas of technology. Pandolfi was a member of the Carnegie Group in 1991-1992. Patrick, William C. III Named by Alex Constantine. With 48 years of experience in the field of biological warfare, William Patrick III was one of the leading scientists in the early U.S. offensive biological weapons program. Since retiring from government service in 1986, he has worked as a consultant to the U.S. government and private organizations. President and CEO of Advanced Biosystems Inc. (ABS) and president of Bio Threats Assessment. Patrick is the inventor (or at least holds five secret patents) of the process that developed the unique anthrax spore concentration of one trillion per gram, the same concentration found in the anthrax mailed in the U.S. just after 9/11. He is the former chief of product development of bio-weapons (including anthrax) at Ft. Detrick, where his friend and protege Steven J. Hatfill also worked, the scientist who became a prime suspect in the September-October 2001 anthrax attacks. In April 1998, William C. Patrick III met with Bill Clinton, Dr. Thomas Monath (vice-president OraVax Corporation), Jerry Hauer (Director New York's Emergency Management), Dr. Joshua Lederberg (president emeritus Rockefeller University; JASON Group member), and John Deutsch (CIA Director), to negotiate the first of several multimillion dollar anthrax, smallpox, and West Nile virus vaccine contracts. In 1999, Patrick was commissioned by Hatfull to write a study that discussed the danger of anthrax spores spreading through the air and the requirements for decontamination after various kinds of attacks. His study was sent to SAIC. Patrick described placing 2.5 grams of Bacillus globigii, an anthrax simulant, in a standard business envelope - slightly more than the estimated amount of anthrax in each of the letters that killed five people last fall. However, the study was flawed in two respects. It did not contemplate the use of the new one trillion-spore concentration, the diameter of which is smaller than the pores in the average envelope. Nor did it take into account the pressure exerted by mail sorting machines. According to the Baltimore Sun of June 27, 2002, Hatfill is a friend and protegé of Patrick. Patrick is also a close friend and colleague of Ken Alibek. Alibek is the Americanized name of the former number two man in the Soviet Union’s bioweapon program. He defected to the U.S. in 1992. At the request of the CIA, Alibek was debriefed by Patrick and was subsequently welcomed with open arms into the U.S. intelligence community. Alibek is also a former employee of BMI. Patrick is also a consultant to Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI), a CIA-connected government contractor. Pinay, Antoine He was mayor of Saint-Chamond from 1929 to 1977. He served in the French National Assembly for nearly fifteen years before being named Premier. Prime Minister of France from 1952-1953. During his time as prime minister he is trying, with others, to establish a European NATO Army, under the European Community of Defense (CED). It fails. Pinay attends the first Bilderberg meeting in 1954, which he helped to establish. He later served as Finance Minister in the cabinet of General Charles De Gaulle. At first, he supports De Gaulle's right-wing leanings, but when De Gaulle wants to grant Algeria its independence, Pinay isn't happy anymore. He resigns in January 1960 and from that moment on De Gaulle survives several assassination attempts. Mossad agent, later 1001 Club member, and PERMINDEX president Mortimer Bloomfield is said to be involved, probably a person from the same network as Pinay. By 1969, Pinay, together with Jean Violet and Archduke Otto von Habsburg formed the Pinay Circle, and secretly began recruiting men of influence as members. Pinay defended the Apartheid in Africa and was a member of Opus Dei (just as the other two). Pinay died in 1994 at the age of 102. Qaboos, Sheikh The current Sultan of Oman, who attended a 1990 Pinay meeting in Oman. Qaboos spent his youth in Salalah where he was educated. At the age of 16, his father sent him to a private educational establishment in the United Kingdom. In 1960, he entered the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst as an officer cadet. Having passed out of Sandhurst he joined a British infantry battalion on operational duty in Germany and also held a staff appointment with the British Army. After his military service, Qaboos studied local government in England and went on a world tour before returning home. The next six years were spent in Salalah studying Islam and the history of Oman and its people. He rose to power after overthrowing his paranoid father, Sa’id ibn Taimur, in 1970. As Qaboos is the Sultan of Oman, he traditionally holds absolute power. He holds the portfolios of the Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Defense Minister and Finance Minister. Despite his wealth and power, he is generally regarded as a benevolent ruler who pursues moderate ideological goals. He is known for his selflessness and generosity, and in General Tommy Franks's 2004 book American Soldier, he described the sultan as a true friend to the United States in the War on Terror, with "no guile, no secret agenda". The Sultan is also credited with modernizing his country with modest oil profits. The first immediate problem that Qaboos faced was an armed Communist insurgency from South Yemen. The Sultan quickly defeated the incursion with little external aid. In the last few years, Oman has taken some steps towards democracy. Free and fair parliamentary elections (in which women have voted and stood as candidates) have been held and the Sultan has pledged greater openness and participation in government. Rockefeller, David Born in 1915 and youngest son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Descendant of the German-Jewish Roggenfelder family which came to the United States in 1722. Attended school in New York City and graduated with a bachelor's degree in English history and literature from Harvard University in 1936. This was followed with a Ph.D. (1940) in economics from the University of Chicago and a study at both Harvard and the London School of Economics. Married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath in September 1940 and they raised six children, including son David Rockefeller Jr. Along with his brothers - John D. III, Nelson, Laurance, and Winthrop, David Rockefeller established the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) in 1940. Became a trustee of The Rockefeller Institute (later transformed into a university) for Medical Research in 1940. Trustee Rockefeller University 1940-1995. Secretary to New York City Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia 1940-1941. Assistant regional director of the United States Office of Defense, Health and Welfare Service 1941-1942. Enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942. Military Intelligence officer in North Africa and Southern France 1942-1945. Assistant Military Attaché in Paris in the last 7 months of the war. Joined Chase National/Manhattan Bank in 1946 as an assistant manager under Winthrop W. Aldrich (Rockefeller intermarried) in the Foreign Department. Assistant manager in the Foreign Department, Chase National Bank 1947-1948. Played a major role in the development of the Morningside Heights neighborhood on the Upper West Side of Manhattan as president (1947-1957) and then chairman (1957-1965) of Morningside Heights, Inc. Second vice president Chase National Bank 1948-1949. Director of the Museum of Modern Art 1948-1958. Vice president Chase National Bank 1949-1952. Vice-president Council on Foreign Relations 1950-1970. Chairman of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 1950-1975. In 1953, at this position, he recruited Detlev W. Bronk as president of the Rockefeller Institute and head of its medical research program. Bronk, a biophysicist, appeared on the initial membership list of the MJ-12 study group. Senior vice president of Chase National Bank with responsibility for supervising the economic research department and customer relations in the metropolitan New York area, including all the New York City branches 1952-1955. Attended the first Bilderberg meeting in 1954 and was one of its founders. When Chase National and the Bank of the Manhattan Company merged in 1955, David Rockefeller was appointed an executive vice president in charge of the bank development department. In 1957, he became vice chairman of the Board of Directors with responsibility for the administrative and planning functions of the bank as a whole. Briefly chairman of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in 1958. Again in 1962-1972, and again in 1987-1993. Life trustee of the University of Chicago (which his grandfather helped to establish) and an honorary trustee of International House (New York), established by his father. In 1958 David Rockefeller helped establish the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (D-LMA), serving as its chairman 1958-1975. Primary founder of the Dartmouth Conferences in 1960, which was initiated at Dartmouth College in an effort to prevent U.S.-Soviet nuclear conflict. Only influential private citizens with no government positions were supposed to meet here. President Chase Manhattan 1961-1969. In 1962, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began plans to build the World Trade Center, which was pushed hard for by David and Nelson Rockefeller. Founding member of the Commission on White House Fellows, 1964. David had a two and a half hour meeting in Moscow with Nikita Khrushchev in the summer of 1964. He reported to president Johnson that Khrushchev would like to do more trade with the United States and David recommended that more credit should be extended to the Russians. Met Khrushchev's successor, Leonid Brezhnev, soon afterwards. Also met Chou En-lai in the 1960s, to discuss economic cooperation. Other leaders David met with are Deng Xiaoping, Nasser, Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, the Shah of Iran, etc. David is on very good terms with Nelson Mandela and they regularly meet each other. It's interesting to note that Mandela is one of George W. Bush's fiercest critiques. Instrumental in the formation of the International Executive Service Corps and chairman 1964-1968. Founder Americas Society in 1965 (then called Council of the Americas). Helped found the Rockefeller Family Fund in 1967. Helped form The Business Committee for the Arts in 1967. Chairman and CEO of the board of Chase Manhattan 1969-1981. Chairman Council on Foreign Relations 1970-1985. In May 1973 Chase Manhattan Bank opened it Moscow office at 1 Karl Marx Square, Moscow. Chairman of the Overseas Development Council of the US-USSR Trade and Economic Council, Inc., which was founded in 1973. Founder of the Trilateral Commission in 1973. Chairman Trilateral Commission 1977-1991. Founded the New York City Partnership in 1979 and was chairman 1979-1988. Chairman Chase Manhattan Bank Advisory Committee 1981-1999. Trustee Carnegie Endowment International Peace since 1981. President of the Harvard College Board of Overseers; life trustee of the University of Chicago; one of the most important members of the Bilderberg committee; visitor of the Bohemian Grove Stowaway camp; member American-Australian Association; chairman Americas Society 1981-1992; chairman Rockefeller Group 1981-1995. Helped to establish the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University in 1994. Chairman of Rockefeller Center Properties 1996-2001; became a director of the Shinsei Bank in 2000; chairman Rockefeller University; chairman of the Museum of Modern Art; member International Council of J.P. Morgan Chase; wrote 'Unused Resources and Economic Waste' (1940), 'Creative Management in Banking' (1964), and 'Memoirs' (2002); major shareholder of Atlantic Richfield Petroleum and International Petroleum Corporation (also a napalm manufacturer). David is the last of the "Fortunate Five" brothers. Winthrop died in 1972 after having been devastated by a chemotherapy procedure; John D. III died in a 1978 car crash; Nelson died in 1979 in bed with his mistress. Laurance died in 2004 of natural causes. David and Laurance were members of the Peace Parks foundation. David has attended meetings of Le Cercle and is a member of the Pilgrims Society. Roosevelt, Kermit, Jr. Born in Buenos Aires, eldest son of Kermit Roosevelt, the son of President Theodore Roosevelt. CIA agent in charge of Operation Ajax, which overthrew the democratically elected government of Iran and Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953. Twenty-six years later, Kermit Roosevelt took the unusual step of witing a book about how he and the CIA carried out the operation. He called his book Countercoup to press home the idea that the CIA coup was staged only to prevent a takeover of power by the Iranian Communist Party (The Tudeh) closely backed by the Soviet Union. Roosevelt was thus arguing that Mossadegh had to be removed to prevent a communist 'takeover,' whereas the Truman administration had felt that Mossadegh had to be kept in power to prevent one. "There is some speculation that Kim Roosevelt may have been part of a British plot to maintain an anglophile alliance with the United States. Roosevelt was strongly pro-England and pro oil industry..." (Mossadegh nationalized the oil companies just before he was ousted) Kermit was one of the 5 founders of the African Wildlife Foundation in 1961, together with Russell E. Train and 1001 Club member Arthur W. Arundel. Kermit was involved with the US Institute for the Study of Conflict. Kermit seems to have been a member of the 'Knight's Templar' (together with Allen Dulles), an elite intelligence group within the CIA. He is said to have been involved in the creation of the Safari Club and similar right-wing intelligence institutes throughout Europe. Rowland, Tiny The tycoon made his fortune in the mines of Africa before moving to Britain and buying the Observer newspaper. He became the chairman of Lonrho (London-Rhodesia) in 1961, became very popular with the shareholders, but was eventually ousted in 1994. In 1973 a group of Lonrho directors tried to oust Mr Rowland, claiming that he had bribed African leaders and violated international sanctions imposed on Rhodesia. The then-Prime Minister, Ted Heath, referred to his company around the same time as the "unacceptable face of British capitalism" because of its attempt to avoid tax. The former editor of the Observer, Donald Trelford, who worked with Mr Rowland for several years, called him one of the most remarkable and beguiling people in British life since World War II. "He had a vision of Africa and its potential resources that was like Cecil Rhodes," he said. But Mr Trelford added that after building up a huge conglomerate, "he virtually destroyed it by his single-minded obsession about getting Harrods". Lonrho tried to persuade the government to investigate the circumstances surrounding the al-Fayeds' acquisition of the store. He spent much of the rest of his career pursuing a feud with al-Fayed. Tiny is said to have been an intelligence asset. From 1974 and on Tiny financed the war of UNITA (Angola) rebel Jonas Savimbi (said to be a British intelligence asset himself). He and other members of Lonrho even visited Savimbi and his headquarters. The Soviets were supporting their more communist opponents, the MPLA. UNITA started out as a Maoist rebel group. During the 1980s, it turns out that Michael Johns of the Heritage Foundation (Foundation is represented in the Le Cercle) was also supporting UNITA, together with the Reagan administration. Also during the 1980s, Tiny was accused of helping the Marxist government of Mozambique manage its agricultural resources, and he increased Lonrho's South African holdings while sanctions against the apartheid government were still in place. Then in 1992, Rowland controversially sold a stake in some of Lonrho's hotels to the Libyan leader, Colonel Gadaffi, only three years after the Lockerbie bombing which was attributed to Libyan terrorists. All in all, Rowland has been a close associate of people like Ashraf Marwan, Gaddafi, Ahmed al-Dam, and Adnan Khashoggi. Marwan, son-in-law of President Nasser, was the head of Egyptian intelligence and a big time real estate buyer in Paris and London. His nickname in Egypt was "Dr. Death", because he ran a bunch of sophisticated torture chambers in the period 1974-1978. In early 1986 he led a secret delegation of Lonrho executives, lawyers and security personnel to Egypt to obtain information about the Al Fayed family. Al-Dam is a cousin of Gaddafi and runs Lybian intelligence. Al-Dam and his brother Sayad are said to have been instrumental in financing many terrorist attacks of Abu Nidal and his Abu Nidal Organization. Khashoggi, an international arms dealer and associate of the British crown, received an 8.6 million pounds loan from Tiny Rowland in 1985-1986. Khashoggi had some financial trouble at the time. Schwarzkopf, Norman H. Attended the 1990 Pinay meeting in Oman. Born in Trenton, New Jersey to Norman Schwarzkopf, Sr., he graduated from West Point in 1956, and earned a masters degree in missile engineering from the University of Southern California in 1964. After graduating from West Point and receiving a commission in the infantry, Schwarzkopf had assignments in the United States and Germany before going back to school to earn his masters in guided missile engineering. Schwarzkopf then returned to West Point as a member of the faculty. Following Schwarzkopf's first year as a member of the faculty at West Point he requested a reassignment to Vietnam. Schwarzkopf served as an adviser to the Vietnamese airborne division during his two combat tours in the Vietnam War and received the Purple Heart after being injured. Schwarzkopf made general in 1978, and in 1983 was deputy commander during the US invasion of Grenada, and in 1988 was appointed to the U.S. Central Command. In 1990 he was chosen to run Operation Desert Storm, and was responsible for the "left hook" strategy that went into Iraq behind the Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait, and widely credited with bringing the ground war to a close in just four days. He was personally very visible in the conduct of the war, giving frequent press conferences, and was dubbed "Stormin' Norman." He was awarded the United States Republican Senatorial Medal of Freedom and the British Order of the Bath. Schwarzkopf has visited the Bohemian Grove. Soros, George A Hungarian-born Jewish-American businessman. He is famous as a currency speculator and a philanthropist. In 1969 he co-founded the Quantum Fund with Jim Rogers, which is located at the tax haven of the Netherlands Antilles. Trustee chairman of the Central European University. Chairman of Soros Fund Management and the Open Society Institute. He is also a former member of the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations. Dr Mahathir Mohamad, prime minister of Malaysia, accused Soros of spearheading the manipulation that led to the 1997 East Asian financial crisis. He also accused him of having played a central role in the gigantic 1997 Asian fires. Accused of heading the succesful movement to privatize the Human Genome Project in 2003, whereby many crucial patents went to Rockefeller University. George is known around the world for the role he played in Georgia's 2003 Rose Revolution, where his Open Society Institute had been financing the western-oriented side. Soros has been accused of doing the same in the Ukrainian revolution of 2004. Other names accused in the Ukrainian revolution affair were Mark Brzezinski (son of Cercle member Zbigniew Brzezinski), the National Democratic Institute (chaired by Madeleine Albright), and the Eurasia Foundation (president = Bilderberg / CFR / Carnegie / Rhodes scholar). Putin raided the Open Society offices in Russia after accusations that he was financing a coup there too. In the United States he is known for donating large sums of money to in an attempt to defeat President George W. Bush for reelection. Soros is a trustee of the Center for Russian Leadership Development (Open World Program), together with Bohos Bill Frist and James W. Symington. The program has brought nearly 4,000 young Russian leaders from 87 regions to 680 communities in the United States, including 150 members of the two houses of the Russian Parliament, the Federation Council and the State Duma. It has also brought 169 Russian judges to the United States. These Russians will return to Russia after having experienced the American way of life. George is close with Le Cercle member Sir James Goldsmith, a person intermarried with the Rothschild family. Circle member Paul Volcker wrote the foreword of George Soros' 2003 book 'The Alchemy of Finance'. Spinola, Antonio de Became governor of Portuguese Guinea in 1968 when te colony was at war with the Portuguese. In February 1974, General Antonio de Spinola, the army’s second in command and a director of two of Portugal’s leading monopolies, including CUF, published 'Portugal and the Future'. The book criticised the African policy of Salazar’s successor, Marcello Caetano, and called for cultivating a moderate black elite who could be split away from the nationalists. Caetano banned the book and dismissed Spínola and the commander of the army, General Costa Gomes, who had authorised its publication. On April 25, 1974, the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA; Movement of the Armed Forces), a group of military officers seeking to end the African wars, overthrew Caetano's government in a bloodless coup d'état known as the Revolution of the Carnations. A junta under General Antonio de Spinola was installed that promised democracy at home and peace for the African territories. The new regime appealed for cease-fires in Africa and restored many democratic liberties, including toleration of a wide range of political parties. Socialists and communists came out of hiding as a more or less fascist government was gone. Widespread upheavals took place as workers used their new civil liberties to seek better wages and working conditions. The communists were the best-organised party in the country through intersindical, the umbrella organisation overseeing all union activity. Spinola could not afford to form a government without their inclusion and invited them to participate. However, Spinola resisted too much social / communist reform and was ousted as a result of that in September 1974. He was subsequently involved in the failed coup of March 11, 1975. The right-wing (extremists) were in a hurry to attempt the coup, because rumors were circulating that the left-wing government wanted to round up and execute them. In the aftermath of the coup, Spinola and 18 others fled to Spain and then to Brazil. An March 6 article about Spinola in the Parisian paper Temoignage Chretien had said that US ambassador Frank Carlucci (who had CIA connexions) had given the go-ahead for a right wing take-over of Portugal. MFA head (socialists / communist) Otelo de Carvalho's remark on March 11 that "Carlucci had better have plans to leave the country or face the con-sequences" was seen as related to the failed coup. Kissinger, according to a Sunday Times (London) report, had sanctioned the use of the CIA. Stilwell, Richard Giles The original (translated) text named a DIA affiliated General D. Stinwell as a participant of the 1980 meeting in Zurich. The proper name must have been Stilwell (often spelled as Stillwel), because the name Stinwell doesn't exist, especially not as a general. I also cannot find a 'General D. Stilwell', but the only possibility seems to be General Richard "Dick" G. Stilwell. He has been referred to as "Dick" by some of his friends, like Major General John K. Singlaub. His son, who had the same name also used the name "Dick" himself (only a colonel). General Stilwell was very conservative, anti-communist, an expert in counter-insurgency, head of the UN armies in Korea, and involved in many covert operations, including the stay-behind networks. All of this fits perfectly with Le Cercle. General Stilwell served in the U.S. Army from 1938 to 1976. He was appointed in January 1946 as Assistant Military Advisor to the Secretary of State (James F. Byrnes - Pilgrims Society) who was performing the duties of U.S. Member of the Council of Foreign Ministers, the quadripartite organization designed to deal, with post-war problems. As an outgrowth of this assignment, in 1947 Colonel Stilwell was named Special Military Advisor to the American Ambassador in Italy. Over the next two years, his staff responsibilities encompassed the Trieste question, finalization of the Italo- Yugoslav boundary and Italian rearmament. Thereafter, from 1949 to 1952, he held important posts in the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1956, he was assigned to Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe, SHAPE, as Chief of Strategic Planning. He left SHAPE in June 1958 to become Commander of the Western Area, Germany. In 1959, he drafted his recommendations for a special Presidential Committee under General William Draper reporting to President Eisenhower: that the U.S. help develop "higher level military schools" with political-economic curricula in the Third World, to encourage local armies to become "internal motors" for "socio-political transformation". He later formed a group of retired military personnel called the 'Gray Eagles', whose intent was to train third world armies. Supposedly, General Richard G. Stilwell and Colonel Edward G. Lansdale (NSA director and designer of the 1961 Mongoose and 1962 Northwoods operations) were in charge of CIA's / Pentagon's Stay-Behind network (called Gladio in Italy). In the early 1960s, these two created the American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), whose aim was retaking control over trade union movements in Latin America. The priorities of the AIFLD were decided by people like David Rockefeller and Knights of Malta head, J. Peter Grace. He was at least informed of the 1963 Ngo Dinh Diem coup before it happened, so maybe he had an active role in planning it. In 1969, as opposition to the Vietnam war grew, Stilwell was the one who personally quashed the reports of dissenting colonels, and who, though he was not in intelligence at the time, went through the intelligence reports, tidying them up. He was the Commander-in-Chief of UN and American forces in Korea from 1974 to 1976. Stilwell went to the January 1980 Le Cercle Meeting in Zurich. Around the same time, Stilwell created the Special Forces Detachment-Korea (SFD-K), a worldwide intelligence operation to train infiltration agents, to report on the political situation in allied armies, and to oversee counter terrorism teams with the South Koreans. This group had to be created, because the people involved didn't want congressional oversight (like the CIA had). SFD-K received their orders from Army Intelligence and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Stilwell was Deputy Under-Secretary of Defense for Policy from 1981 to 1985. In 1981, Stilwell was involved in the creation of the Washington-based U.S. Global Strategy Council (USGSC), together with media-magnate and Pilgrims Society member Henry luce III (his grandfather bought and held on to the JFK Zapruder film), and former CIA deputy-director Ray Cline. In early 1982, Stilwell set up a new covert Army unit known as the Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), which became a separate entity in the Army's secret world of special operations, with its own commander, a Col. Jerry King. Deputy Defense Secretary Frank Carlucci, in a memo to Stilwell, described the ISA in 1982 as "Our own CIA...uncoordinated and uncontrolled" (Carlucci denounced it after it was discovered in 1982). ISA has been linked to coups in the Americas, drug smuggling, Barry Seal, Col. Albert Carone, and Oliver North. Carone's personal phone book contained the home addresses and telephone numbers of William Casey (Bechtel employee, Knights of Malta, Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay, and probably Le Cercle) Gambino crime boss Pauly Castellano and General Stilwell. On February 4, 1983, a short cancellation notice was sent to a number of Defense Department officials at the request of Richard G. Stilwell, the deputy undersecretary for policy. The memo asked recipients to "remove and destroy immediately" any copies of two Defense Department directives in their possession--the top secret and confidential versions of a directive titled "The Defense Special Plans Office." As Stilwell explained in a memo two days earlier, "The directives were charter documents establishing a DoD activity whose establishment subsequently was not authorized by Congress." General Stilwell was chairman of the DOD Security Review Commission in 1985 and was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Since 1986 Stilwell had been president of Stilwell Associates, Inc. He worked closely with people like Richard Armitage, Frank Carlucci, and Peter G. Peterson. His son and namesake, who also used the name "Dick", died in a car accident in 2002. His son was a retired colonel. Strauss, Franz Josef Strauss studied germanistics, history and economics at the University of Munich from 1935 to 1939. In World War II, he served in the german Wehrmacht, on the Western and Eastern Fronts. While on furlough, he passed the German state exams to become a teacher. After suffering from severe frostbites at the Eastern Front at the end of 1942, he served as an Offizier fuer wehrgeistige Fuehrung (kind of political officer) at the antiaircraft artillery school in Altenstadt, near Schongau. After the war, he was appointed deputy Landrat (county president) of Schongau by the American occupiers and was involved in founding the local CSU there. He became a member of the first Bundestag in 1949 and, in 1953, Federal Minister for Special Affairs in the second cabinet of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, in 1955 Federal Minister of Nuclear Energy (supported the idea that Germany should build nuclear weapons), and in 1956 defense minister, charged with the build-up of the new Bundeswehr. He became chairman of the CSU in 1961. He was forced to step down as defense minister in 1962, in the wake of the Spiegel scandal (he lied to parliament). Strauss was appointed minister of the treasury again in 1966, in the cabinet of Kurt Georg Kiesinger. After the SPD provided the Chancellor in 1969, Strauss became one of the most vocal critics of Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik. He was also a rival of Helmut Kohl (and Helmut Schmidt). From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauss was minister-president of Bavaria, possibly the most memorable figure to ever hold that office. After Strauss became minister-president of Bavaria, he slowly retreated from German national politics. He was president of Deutsche Airbus during the 1980's and died while hunting with Prince Johannes von Thurn und Taxis (1001 Club) in 1988. It is said Strauss collapsed and died 3 hours later, although some claim he was murdered. In later years, it came out that he was very corrupt; he accepted bribes, expensive gifts, and visited brothels, which other people paid for him. He and some of his friends have also been suspected of taking bribes from companies like Thyssen, to arrange export licenses for the weapons industry. Strauss also maintained contact with DDR Stasi-spy Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, with whom he arranged a 3 billion mark deal in 1983, to save the economy of the DDR. A move nobody expected of him. Max Strauss, his oldest son, is an acquintance of Dieter Holzer and Holger Pfahls, BND agents and politicians who were under investigation for illegal weapon sales for Thyssen. A major aim of Le Cercle was to influence West German elections to ensure that Franz Joseph Strauss, the ultra right wing leader (often described as a nazi or neo-fascist) of the Christian Social Union Party, became Chancellor of Germany (failed). Strauss was a close friend of Alexandre de Marenches and was a frequent visitor to the SDECE's headquarters during Marenches' time. In late 1977 he went to a meeting of Le Cercle. The Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, the political trust attached to Strauss' Christian Social Union party, is an important group in international parapolitical manipulation. Active in Latin America for the Contras, supporting Mobuto in Zaire, involved in the Fiji coup in 1987, it was caught diverting state development aid from Germany into right-wing party coffers in Ecuador in the same year. Strauss and CSU were the main beneficiaries of identified Pinay Circle activities; i.e. the promotion of right-wing European politicians through Brian Crozier, Robert Moss, Fred Luchsinger of the Neue Zurcher Zeitung and Gerhard Lowenthal, anchorman on current affairs programmes for ZDF television, the major German network. In the end, all Le Cercle's activities have not brought the desired 'regime change'. Talal, Hussein bin King of Jordan from 1952 to 1999. The country defied the west and the other allied leaders by siding with Saddam Hussein in the Gulf War. In 1994 King Hussein led negotiations to end the official state of war with the State of Israel resulting in the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace. The king wrote three books: Uneasy Lies the Head (1962), about his childhood and early years as king, My War With Israel (1969), and Mon Métier de Roi. King Hussein was an avid amateur radio operator. He also loved to fly airplanes (prop and jet) as well as helicopters. Tantum, Geoffrey An MI6 officer since 1969 who had served in Jordan, Aden and Kuwait. From 1992 until his retirement in late 1995, Tantum was head of MI6's Middle East section. He met with Jonathan Aitken every six weeks. The minister and the MI6 officer traded information and contacts candidly about the Middle East as Aitken had maintained close contact with his Arab business associates. Tantum has been a secretary of Le Cercle. Twetten, Thomas CIA Deputy Director of Operations. Retired in 1995 after a 34 year career at the CIA's clandestine services. Twetten spent the majority of his career in Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East. In February 1998 it was revealed that he was working outside his office or jurisdiction in a plot by Iraqi Generals to murder Saddam. Supposedly, Clinton himself had approved a feasible death plot. Mysteriously, all the names of the plotters were leaked from Washington and the plot was thwarted. MI6 were actively involved on an operational level directly with Twetten. In all some 120 officers were shot as a result. Violet, Jean The parapolitical activities of Jean Violet go back to the 1930s, when Violet was a member of the fascist quasi-Masonic movement Comite Secret pour l'Action Revolutionnaire, or CSAR, which was the French military arm of the very secret multinational Synarchist Movement of Empire (SME). During WW2, the top leaders of CSAR - Eugene Deloncle and a certain Filliol - were such enthusiastic collaborators that they were in contact with General Max Thomas, who headed the Gestapo and S.S. Security Service (S. D.) forces in France in 1941. In October of that year, those same leaders arranged for the bombing of synagogues in Paris on behalf of General Thomas. Violet managed to emerge from WW2 untained by CSAR's actions and proceeded to make a name for himself as a lawyer. He also fell in with Opus Dei. In 1951 Pinay introduced him to the French intelligence service, the SDECE. He would be working with Vatican and MI6 officials and cross the path of several P2-scandal figures. In later times, Violet also joined the Mont-Pelerin Society. In 1969 he erected the Pinay Circle, together with Antoine Pinay and Otto von Habsburg. As a director, he would run the circle, as Pinay was getting to old to do it himself. Violet managed the Académie Européenne de Sciences Politiques located in Brussel, an ultraconservative Pan-European society. This society was erected by Otto von Habsburg. Volcker, Paul A. Volcker was born on September 1927 in Cape May, New Jersey. He earned a bachelor of arts degree, summa cum laude, from Princeton in 1949, and a master of arts degree in political economy and government from the Harvard University Graduate School of Public Administration in 1951. Research assistant in the research department of the New York Fed during the summers of 1949 and 1950. Pilgrims Society member and later Rockefeller Foundation vice-chair Robert Vincent Roosa was his mentor there, and Paul Volcker became part of his 'Brain trust', or 'Roosa bloc' in the following years. Volcker would also become a member of the Pilgrims Society. From 1951 to 1952, he was Rotary Foundation Fellow at the London School of Economics (Rotary International and the Lions Clubs are still seen today by some as the most important recruiting centers for the Masonic movement). He returned to the New York Fed as an economist in the research department in 1952, and special assistant in the securities department from 1955 to 1957. Financial economist at Chase Manhattan Bank 1957-1961. Director of the Office of Financial Analysis at the Treasury 1962-1963. Deputy Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs at the Treasury 1963-1965. Rejoined Chase Manhattan as vice president and director of forward planning 1965-1968. Undersecretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs 1969-1974. Senior fellow at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University for the 1974-1975 academic year. Director Council on Foreign Relations 1975-1979 & 1988. President Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1975-1979. On July 26, 1979 the New York Times stated: "David Rockefeller, the chairman of Chase, and Mr. Roosa were strong influences in the Mr. Carter decision to name Mr. Volcker for the Reserve Board chairmanship." Chairman Federal Reserve System 1979-1987. Identified by BND officer Hans Langemann as a person who attended the December 1, 1979 meeting of Le Cercle in the Madison Hotel in Washington. Others that attended the meeting were the German Karl-Heinz Narjes (Bundestag; soon went to the ECC), William Colby (the recently retired CIA director at the time), Ed Feulner (president of the Heritage Foundation), Julian Amery (later chairman of Le Cercle; Privy Councillor; father was one of the closest Rothschild allies in building up Israel), and Jean Violet (French intelligence officer; Habsburg employee; Le Cercle co-founder and chairman; Fascist militant before WWII). Volcker became a member of the advisory board of Power Corporation in 1988 and is a friend to Canadian Paul G. Desmarais, Sr., a Privy Councillor and controlling shareholder of Power Corporation since 1968 (Desmarais and the Belgian Albert Frère jointly own about half of the major industries in France and Belgium, including Suez, Société Générale, Total, Imerys, and Groupe Bruxelles Lambert). Director of Prudential Insurance 1988-2000. Chairman of Wolfensohn & Co. in New York 1988-1996. North American chairman of the Trilateral Commission 1991-2001. Chairman of the newly created J. Rothschild, Wolfensohn & Company from March 1992 to 1995, Wolfensohn & Co.'s London-based joint venture. Visited Bilderberg in 1997. Attended meetings of the Ditchley Foundation and has chaired some of them. Advisor to the Japan Society and the International House. Member of the advisory board of Hollinger, together with Henry Kissinger, Richard Perle, and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Director of UAL Corporation, Bankers Trust New York Corporation, and Nestle, S.A. Director United States/Hong Kong Economic Cooperation Committee. Public member of the Board of Governors of the American Stock Exchange American Stock Exchange. Honorary trustee of the Aspen Institute. American Council on Germany, and the American Assembly. Co-chairman of the advisory board of Leadership Forum International and a principal of the Council for Excellence in Government. Member Circle of Presidents RAND Corporation, which means he has donated at least tens of thousands of dollars if not millions. Trustee International Accounting Standards Committee. Honorary chairman Financial Services Volunteer Corps, a firm founded by Cyrus Vance and John C. Whitehead in 1990. Honorary chairman Committee to Encourage Corporate Philanthropy. Chairman Independent Inquiry Committee into the Oil-For-Food program, which also employed Rockefeller’s granddaughter, attorney Miranda Duncan. Chairman board of trustees Group of Thirty (2005). Paul Volcker is a visitor of the Bohemian Grove camp Mandalay. Director of the United Nations Association of the United States of America 2000-2004. Director of the Fund for Independence in Journalism. Wrote the foreword of George Soros' 2003 book 'The Alchemy of Finance'. Director of the Institute for International Economics, Washington, headed by Peter G. Peterson. Other directors of the institute are Maurice R. Greenberg and David Rockefeller. Trustee of the American Assembly anno 2005, together with Admiral Bobby Ray Inman (former NSA head; director SAIC; Bohemian Grove; CFR; Trilateral Commission), David Gergen (Bohemian Grove; CFR; Trilateral Commission), and Frank A. Weil (governor Atlantic Institute; CFR). The American Assembly is sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation. Weck, Philippe de Weck joined the family operated bank Weck, Aeby & Cie. as a partner for three years. When this bank was acquired by Union Bank of Switzerland in 1953 he was appointed manager of the Union Bank of Switzerland's Fribourg branch office. From 1956 he managed the Geneva branch office of Union Bank of Switzerland as Senior Vice President and from 1962 as Deputy Executive Vice President. Later he assumed new duties at the Head office in Zurich and in 1964 he was promoted to the position of Executive Vice President. Philippe de Weck subsequently headed various divisions of Union Bank of Switzerland (Administrative and International Divisions) and was also responsible for the branch offices and the credit operations of the french-speaking part of Switzerland and the Ticino. In 1968, he assumed the duties connected with coordinating the operations of the Executive Management and was also placed in charge of the staff divisions of the executive management as well as the branch offices of the french-speaking part of Switzerland and the Ticino. He was chairman of UBS from 1976 to 1980, but stayed on the executive board until 1988. In the late seventies, Weck was president of the Panamanian FISALMA, a company that pretty much only existed on paper. Weck worked with several associates in ripping of the French oil company Elf (now TotalFinaElf) for about 200 million dollars. It isn't known what the money was used for, but it has been speculated that it was used for political, catholic and anti-communist organizations. At the time, he was working with Jean Violet, Antoine Pinay, and different (other) Opus Dei members. He himself has also been accused of being a member of Opus Dei. After this Elf affaire, the Pope elected Weck to the supervisory council of the Vatican Bank (IOR), which was around the time of the Calvi murder (by Opus Dei). He was a frequent visitor in Milan of the Group for Culture, Ethics, and Finance. Wisner, Frank, Jr. His father, Frank Wisner Sr., was a senior OSS and CIA official (Head of OSS on the Balkans, deputy of Allen Dulles at the end of WWII), who was a passionate and very important anti-communist. In 1948 Frank Wisner was appointed director of the Office of Special Projects. Soon afterwards it was renamed the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC). This became the espionage and counter-intelligence branch of the Central Intelligence Agency. Wisner was told to create an organization that concentrated on "propaganda, economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world." In 1948, he co-started a project called Operation Bloodstone. This included recruiting former German Nazi officers and diplomats who could be used in the covert war against the Soviet Union. The people recruited for this operation seemed to have been involved in a lot of dirty business. In the 1950s, Wisner set up operation Mockingbird (The CIA's succesful attempt to subvert the media), was involved in the overthrow of Arbenz of Guatemala (1954) and Mossadeq of Iran (1953), and worked for people like Allen Dulles (Knight of Malta, Pilgrims Society) and Dean Acheson (Pilgrims Society, very influential Secretary of State under Truman, accused of being soft on Communism). In the 1950s, Wisner Sr. worked closely with Kim Philby, who later turned out to be a communist spy (fled to the USSR after Le Cercle member Nicholas Elliot questioned / warned him). In 1954 Wisner arranged for the funding the Hollywood production of Animal Farm, the animated allegory based on the book written by George Orwell. Wisner, Jr. is a graduate of Princeton University and well-known in the CIA. He worked as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs; Wisner is vice-chairman of External Affairs of American International Group (AIG), the leading U.S.-based international insurance organization. Prior to joining AIG, he was the U.S. Ambassador to India from July 1994 through July 1997. During Wisner tenure in India, he fought long and hard to secure various deals for Enron. In October 1997 he joined Enron. He retired from the U.S. Government with the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest grade in the Foreign Service. Wisner joined the State Department as a Foreign Service Officer in 1961 and served in a variety of overseas and Washington positions during his 36-year career. Among his other positions, Wisner served successively as U.S. Ambassador to Zambia, Egypt and the Philippines. Before being named U.S. Ambassador to India, his most recent assignment was as Under Secretary of Defense for Policy. Prior to that he was Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs. Has spoken at the Asia Society. Director at the U.S. India Business Council, EOG Resources Inc., American Life Insurance Company, the AIG Investment Bank in Russia, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the American University of Beirut, the American University of Cairo, the American School of Tangiers, Refugees' International, United Service Organization, The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Business Committee, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown, Princeton University's Middle Eastern Affairs Advisory Board and The American Hospital in Paris. Also sits on the board of Hakluyt (a London-based corporate investigation firm formed by ex-MI6 agents). Vice Chairman of the U.S. Bangladesh Business Council and Vice Chairman of the Business Council on International Understanding. Wisner sits on the Board of Advisors of 'Dialogues: Islamic World - U.S. - The West', together with Etienne Davignon (Atlantic Institute and everywhere else) and Prince El Hassan bin Talal (head Club of Rome). The Dialogues, which are located in New York, are sponsored by the Carnegie Corporation and Rockefeller Brothers Fund. Some other very likely members. At least very close associates. Bella, (Alfredo?) Sánchez A right-wing Spanish Minister of Information and Tourism from 1969 to 1973, picked by Franco (Knight of Malta). His term has been described as "extreme conservatism". Supposedly also head of European Operations for Spain's Secret Service and closely connected to Opus Dei (Cannot confirm the original intelligence and Opus Dei claims. The Opus Dei Counsellor in Spain is Florencio Sanchez Bella, but many Franco sympathisants were involved with Opus Dei). Botha, Colonel This person is said to have visited a 1979 Le Cercle meeting and is sometimes spelled as Botta. According to Langemann this name refers to a Chief of provisions in the Swiss military intelligence. That could be, but I can't find any Bothas in Switzerland, especially no Colonels. Botha is a typical South-African name and not just the name of one of their presidents. Even German sources constantly point to South-Africa when you type in this name. Coincidentally, there has been a Colonel (Hendrik Johannes Petrus) Botha in the South-Africa, who was involved in the death of an 'Umkhonto We Sizwe' member (MK - the armed wing of the communist ANC and co-founded by Nelson Mandela). This 'rebel' (name: Mbova Mzimela) was caught in 1977 and left to starve in the Pretoria Prison, at which this Colonel was stationed. This is no separate incident. Communist funded MK members were often arrested, tortured and killed, when they tried to cross the borders of South-Africa. So who knows, Le Cercle was active in South-America, maybe this person was referred too. But of course, this is a guess. Bush, George H.W. Bush and ex-MI6 and Le Cercle member Nicholas Elliott stood in contact with each other in 1980. Bush is not a confirmed member however. Carlucci, Frank Charles He was a naval officer from 1952 to 1954, joined the Foreign Service, and worked for the State Department from 1956 to 1969. In 1961 he participated in a CIA mission to the Congo, where he was involved in the operation to overthrow (and assassinate) Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba (followed up by 1001 Club member Mobutu). The assassination took place less than seven months after the Congo had declared its independence, with Lumumba as its first prime minister. In 1964 he is said to have been involved in the overthrow of the Brazilian Goulart government ("soft on communism"). Carlucci became Ambassador to Portugal, and served in this position from 1974 until 1977. Here he was accused of being involved in the (failed) 1975 coup of the right-wing General Spinola. Carlucci was an intermediary between Le Cercle member Henry Kissinger and Le Cercle member Spinola. During the early 1970s he became a protégé of Donald Rumsfeld and Caspar Weinberger (both probably are / were members of Le Cercle). He was undersecretary of Health, Education and Welfare when Weinberger was secretary during the Nixon administration. Involved with the Institute for the Study of Conflict, which was established in 1975. Deputy Director of the CIA from 1978-1981, under CIA Director Stansfield Turner, who succeeded George Herbert Walker Bush. Carlucci was deputy defense secretary from 1981 until 1986, national security advisor from 1986 until 1987, and defense secretary in 1987, following the resignation of Weinberger, his nomination by President Ronald Reagan and his confirmation in the Senate by a vote of 91 to 1. He was reportedly less hard-line in policies toward the Soviet Union than Weinberger. Carlucci is Chairman emeritus of the Carlyle Group (board members included James Baker III, John Major, and George H.W. Bush) and Nortel Networks. He also has business interests in the following companies: General Dynamics, Westinghouse, Ashland Oil, Neurogen, CB Commercial Real Estate, Nortel, BDM International, Quaker Oats, and Kaman. Carlucci is a former director of Wackenhut and a director at (the very corrupt) defense contractor United Defense (majority owned by Carlyle). Worked with Harold Okimoto, a high ranking member of the Yakuza, for many years. Affiliated with the Project for the New American Century, a think tank that's sets American policy to take over the world. Trustee of the RAND Corporation. Advisory board member of G2 Satellite Solutions. Member of the Atlantic Council of the United States. Dulles, Allen Included it in the original Circle article but I have no clue of its source. Besides, Dulles died in 1969, the year the Circle was supposedly founded. Brother of John F. Dulles. Princeton up to 1916. Attended Cap & Gown events, according to Kay Griggs, just as Donald Rumsfeld, William Colby, Frank Carlucci, James Baker, George Griggs, and George P. Shultz (August 3, 2005, Rense). Sent to Bern, Switzerland to work under State Department senior Hugh Wilson (Skull & Bones 1909) to collect political information on Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1916-1918. Joines his older brother, John Foster Dulles (Pilgrim), and David Bruce (Pilgrim) as members of President Woodrow Wilson's staff at the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919. Became a partner in Sullivan & Cromwell from 1927. Director of Schroder Co. Director Council on Foreign Relations 1927-1933. Secretary Council on Foreign Relations 1933-1944. In May 1941 he urges the U.S. to enter World War II. Recruited by OSS intelligence chief and Knight of Malta Colonel William J. Donovan 1941. Sets up and runs a spy post in Bern, Switserland 1942-1945. Vice-president Council on Foreign Relations 1944-1946. Said to have been involved in Operation Paperclip where about many German scientists and their families were secretly imported into the United States and placed into the Military-Industrial complex. President Council on Foreign Relations 1946-1950. Director Central Intelligence Agency 1953-1961. Member of President Johnson’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy 1963-1964 (forerunner of the Warren Commission). Primary United Fruit Company shareholder. Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C. is named after him. Dulles was a member of Le Cercle and the Order of Malta. Member of the Pilgrims Society, :e Cercle, and the Order of Malta. Seems to have been a member of the 'Knight's Templar' (together with Kermit Roosevelt and Frank Wisner), an elite intelligence group within the CIA. Haig, Alexander, Jr. Born in Philadelphia in 1924. University of Notre Dame 1942-1944. West Point 1944-1947. Commissioned a second lieutenant in the Army, serving in Japan and Korea on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur. In 1950, he married the daughter of MacArthur's deputy chief of staff, to whom Haig was aide-de-camp. Served in Korea 1950-1951 where he freed Sun Myung Moon (the person who thinks he's the new Messiah) from a concentration camp during the battle of Inchon in September 1950. Studied business administration at Columbia University 1954-1955. Operations officer of a tank battalion in Europe 1956-1958. Student at Naval War College 1959-1960. M.A. in International Relations from Georgetown University 1962. In 1962 he was selected over many other applicants to become a staff aide to a Kennedy Administration task force on Cuba directed by Cyrus Vance and Joseph A. Califano, Jr. Here he became involved with the CIA trying to overthrow Fidel Castro. He was the Pentagon's representative to a highly classified unit known as the "Subcommittee on Subversion", who's target was Cuba. Stayed at the Pentagon until 1965. Battalion and brigade commander in Vietnam 1966-1967. Deputy Commander of Cadets at West Point 1967-1968. Military aide on the National Security Council staff 1968-1969. Senior Military Advisor to the Assistant of the President for National Security Affairs, Henry Kissinger, 1969-1973. Worked all the time-every day, every night, and every weekend-to insure that the flow of documents in and out of Kissinger's office was uninterrupted. Haig was one of the persons that kept pushing the bombing of Cambodia and was working every moderate staff member out of office. Coordinated Nixon's historic visit to China in February 1972. Haig long was rumored to have been Deep Throat, the inside source for the Washington Post as the paper exposed the Nixon cover-up of the Watergate break-in of June 1972. Haig helped South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to negotiate the final cease-fire talks in October 1972. Promoted to full 4 star general in 1972. Vice Chief of Staff of the Army January to May 1973. Nixon's White House Chief of Staff 1973-1974, at which point he retired after twenty-six years in the Army. Commander in Chief of United States European Command 1974-1979. Supreme Allied Commander of NATO 1974-1979. Retired from the Army in 1979. President and CEO of United Technologies Corporation 1979-1981 for which he still serves as a senior adviser (has negotiated international arms deals for the company). When the P2 scandal unfolded in 1981-1982, Haig and Kissinger were named among those who stood in contact with this neo-fascist lodge that fought the communist influence on the Italian government. U.S. Secretary of State 1981-1982. Reagan didn't like him, because Haig pushed his own policies too hard. During the confusion after Ronald Reagan was shot by John Hinckley, Haig asserts at the White House, "I'm in control here", forgetting about the Constitutional line of succession. One of the more famous Haigisms from those days is "That's not a lie. It is a terminological inexactitude". Visited the Trilateral Commission since at least 1982 (and until at least 1990) as a fellow of the Hudson Institute. In 1984 he was the founder of the global consulting firm Worldwide Associates, Inc. and has headed it ever since (seems to be a similar concept as Kissinger Associates). It has a strong focus on the former Soviet Union and China and today it is run by the United Technologies Corporation, to which Haig still is a senior advisor today. A 1991 Congressional report in the aftermath of the BNL affair said about Haig's role in United Technologies: "neither Paul nor Haig would comment on what Haig was doing for the company." A basic description (the only thing available) about Worldwide Associates reads: "... the company assists corporations in developing and implementing acquisition and marketing strategies. It also provides advice on the domestic and international political, economic and security environments and their effects on the global marketplace." Today's managing director of Worldwide Associates is retired Army Colonel Sherwood D. Goldberg, a civilian aide to the Secretary of the Army. He is about the only person besides Haig Sr. and Jr. that has been identified as an employee of Worldwide Associates. Wrote the book 'Caveat: Realism, Reagan and Foreign Policy' in 1984. Ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1988. Wrote the book 'Inner Circles: How America Changed the World - A Memoir ' in 1992. Host of the weekly television program, "World Business Review," and is a member of the board of directors of Compuserve Interactive Services, Inc., Metro-Goldwyn Mayer, Inc., MGM Mirage, Inc., Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., SDC International, Inc., Abington Biomedical Funds, and China Overseas Shipping Co. (one of the largest dry bulk shipping companies in the world, among other things, and a front for the Chinese military), the National Foundation for Advanced Cardiac Surgery, and Preferred Employers Holdings, Inc. Today (2005) a director of the Jamestown Foundation, which was created in 1983 for the purpose of educating the United States and the West about the nature and purposes of the Soviet Union. It helped defectors from the communist world resettle in the United States. Other board members have included Dick Cheney, James Woolsey, Donald Rumsfeld, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Tom Clancy, Admiral John McCain, and Donald Rumsfeld. It is focused on the former USSR and China. Haig was a founding director of America Online, Inc. and is a strategic advisor to DOR BioPharma, Inc. since 2003. Serves on the board of Newsmax together with Arnaud de Borchgrave. Member of the neoconservative Benador Associates, together with James Woolsey, Lord Lamont (chairman of Le Cercle), Arnaud de Borchgrave, and Richard Perle. Advisor to the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Trustee of the Foreign Policy Research Institute. Advisor to the National Infantry Foundation. Senior advisor to United Technologies Corporation. Member of the Knights of Malta, the Bohemian Grove, the Atlantic Council of the United States, and the Council on Foreign Relations. Just as Arnaud de Borchgrave and Jerry Falwell, Haig is a close friend and colleague of Sun Myung Moon. Haig has claimed that Moon's educational battle fought on the pages of the international newspapers and on the college campuses has been a primary reason for the demise of communism. Kraemer, Fritz Gustav Anton Hohenzollern monarchist in his early days. Kraemer is quite a mysterious person, who studied in Germany and Rome, became a senior legal adviser to the League of Nations in Rome, fled Europe in 1939, came to the US, and went on to fight the Fascists. He discovered and mentored Kissinger, who he absorbed in Counter-Intelligence Corps. Kissinger went on to work for the Rockefellers and Kraemer, after helping to prepare the Nuremberg trials, became an important Pentagon official for the next 25-30 years, where he mentored generations of America's leading generals and politicians on historical and geopolitical issues. Besides Kissinger (Le Cercle), he tutored Vernon A. Walters (Le Cercle), Alexander Haig Jr. (almost 100% sure a Le Cercle member), Edward G. Lansdale (Operation Northwoods, look below), Creighton Abrams, and his son Sven (also a top Pentagon official). Donald H. Rumsfeld (almost 100% sure a Le Cercle member looking at his Iraq dealings) once praised Kraemer, indicating he has had a significant influence on him. Kraemer himself is sometimes almost portrait as a god, even more so than Kissinger. His son Sven summarized at his father's funeral: "[He] publicly denounced Hitler's National Socialists as barbarian pagans and their communist rivals as proletarian thugs. He sometimes carried his small German imperial flag with its Christian cross of Malta into their street demonstrations as a provocative alternative to both swastika and hammer and sickle. Both sides would beat him bloody." Löwenthal, Gerhard Lowenthal is a German Jew who made it through the WWII concentration camps. After WWII he started studying medicine in East-Berlin, but ran into trouble with the communists when he was a beginning reporter. He went to West-Berlin and gradually became a more well-known anti-left/socialist/communist news reporter. Gerhard was chairman of the conservative Germany foundation (Deutschland-Stiftung) from 1977 to 1994. Member of the German International Society for Human Rights (IGFM - fights against religious intolerance), Resistance International, WACL, CAUSA, the Jonathan Institute, Konservative Aktion and the European Institute on Security (all right wing). Anchorman on current affairs programmes for ZDF television, the major German network. In 2001 he wrote: "I, Gerhard Lowenthal, am the witnes of this tragedy. In 1980, the MOK granted the right to host the Olympiad to the communists of the Soviet Union which severely suppressed its own people and peoples of the East Europe and at the same time created threat to world peace. The communist party of the Soviet Union took advantage of the Olympiad as an opportunity to give a new impulse to communist fanaticism. Communists unleashed the war in Afghanistan which became the first victim of their next plan of invasion into neighbouring countries. Besides death of great number of Soviet soldiers and citizens of Afghanistan, this war created threat to the world security. Joint efforts of peaceful forces all over the world made it possible to help the people of Afghanistan and to stop the development of the war..." Luchsinger, Fred Editor of the Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Recipient of the Freedom Prize 1985. Can find very little info on him, but is said to have been used as a propaganda-outlet by Le Cercle. Meulmeester, Karel M. British politician Alan Clark described how he went to the 1990 Le Cercle meeting in Oman and met the head of Dutch intelligence when visiting the bathroom. Clark didn't mention the name of this person, but at the time Karel Meulmeester was head of the IDB, which was the Dutch foreign intelligence agency (stood in close contact with the CIA, MI6, and the Mossad). Further, judging from his bio this is almost certainly the person Clark met. As head of the IDB he incurred the wrath of virtually his entire staff (at least 18 of the 22, including all 3 of his deputies), because he was hopelessly antisocial and corrupt. On top of that, Meulmeester managed a secret annual fund of about 350,000 dollars of which nobody knew what it was used for. He put phone taps on his own personel or even on people that had left the IDB. Once in a while, Meulmeester would go off to secret meetings in different parts of the world, while nobody would know any details of his location or what he would be discussing. In the early nineties these dissatisfactions exploded. At the same time, Gladio was exposed in Italy and it became known that the Dutch version, Intelligence & Operations (I&O), was located at the IDB headquarters. They had their attic stuffed with inflatable rubber boats, diving equipment, etc. As a result the IDB was dissolved in 1994, but not before a small group of intelligence officials had secretly been transferred to another government department while keeping close contact with the Raad van State (Dutch Privy Council, official head is the Queen). The ever protected Meulmeester was one of them. Against all regulations, most of the archives of the IDB were destroyed. Meulmeester later became an advisor on data protection to the United Nations Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. This organization checks if countries comply with the regulations set at the Chemical Weapons Convention. Very little is known about Meulmeester and unless he's involved in some kind of scandal you won't hear his name on the evening news. The Pope Has been briefed at least one time by a Circle member. Not that strange with all the Knights of Malta, Opus Dei members, and ordinary Catholics running around in Le Cercle. Tugwell, Maurice Colonel Tugwell had been an intelligence officer in Palestine, Malaya, Cyprus, Arabia and Kenya. In 1979, Maurice Tugwell, former head of Information Policy, a black propaganda unit set-up by British military intelligence in Northern Ireland, formed the Canadian Centre for Conflict Studies. CCS largely operates on contract work for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the Canadian Dept. of National Defence plus others. In 1986, he was a co-founder of the Canadian MacKenzie Institute for the Study of Terrorism, Revolution and Propaganda (Sort of Canadian version of the ISC). This was a far-right institute supposedly "to provide Canadians with a source of information on psychological warfare". Walters, General Vernon After President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan in December, 1941 Walters joined the U.S. Army. In 1942, as a result of being able to speak several languages, he became an intelligence agent. His first assignment was to infiltrate a group of suspected Nazi spies. Served in North Africa and Italy from 1942 to 1945. Military attaché in Brazil 1945-1948. In 1950, Walters served as an aide to W. Averell Harriman (involved in everything) at the Marshall Plan headquarters in Paris. Then he accompanied Averell Harriman to Korea in 1950 and assisted Harriman in US mediation attempts between Britain and Iran 1951. In 1951, as a lieutenant colonel, he returned to Paris to help set up the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe. Assistant to the deputy Chief of Staff at SHAPE in Paris 1951-1956. Member of the Atlantic Council of the United States. In the 1950s Walters worked as an aide and interpreter to Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. Walters was fluent in French, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese, Chinese and Russian. He also represented Truman when he was was in conflict with General Douglas MacArthur, commander of United Nations forces in Korea. Walters has been named as a person who planned the JFK assassination. Lobster Magazine, issue 23, June 1992: "Nearly ten years ago former BOSS agent Gordon Winter replied to a letter from Steve Dorril about BOSS's view of the assassination with the answer that BOSS files had attributed it to 'a General named Walters'. In 1963 Vernon Walters was Military Attaché in Rome. (It may be a coincidence that in Walters' autobiography there is nothing at all on what he was doing in 1963.) Also in Rome in 1963 as CIA station chief was William Harvey, who, it is widely reported, hated the Kennedys... All that is missing is evidence." Served in Vietnam 1967. US Military attaché in Paris 1967-1972. While serving as a military attaché in Paris, Walters played a role in secret peace talks with North Vietnam. He arranged to smuggle Henry Kissinger into France for secret meetings with a senior North Vietnamese official, and then smuggle him out again. He accomplished this by borrowing a private airplane from an old friend, French President Georges Pompidou. Deputy Director of the CIA 1972-1976. Is said to done everything he could to hide the role of the CIA in the Watergate scandal. Established private consultancy 1976-1980. Became a member of Crozier's "61" 1977. President Reagan's "Ambassador at large" 1980-1985. Appointed US Ambassador to the United Nations 1985. During the 1990s, when he was no longer a public servant, Walters worked as a business consultant and was active on the lecture circuit. Knight of Malta. Once involved with the Le Cercle-funded Institute for the Study of Conflict (so very likely members): Bechtel, Stephen D., Sr. Look for his bio in the Bohemian membership list. He's is the most prominent member of camp Mandalay. (CIA affiliated) Buckley, William F., Jr. Look for his bio in the Bohemian membership list. Hill Billies. (Knight of Malta / CIA affiliated) Casey, William Joseph Look for his bio in the Bohemian membership list. Camp Mandalay. (Knight of Mata / CIA director) Krulak, Victor H. Look for his bio in the Bohemian membership list. Owl's Nest. (Marine / Army Intelligence) Whitney, John Hay Look for his bio in the Pilgrims Society membership list. (CIA affiliated) Reproduced with deep appreciation from: www.gnosticliberationfront.com

Thanks for pointing this out to me. I cut and pasted this from the Hartford Township website where it was archived about 5 years ago, when Weyl was still alive. Thanks for pointing this out to me. Read posts #2 and #3 and see if you or someone you know can explain them. I have posted well over 100,000 lines of random fulminations over the years and quite frankly lose track of them. And it was done using various email addresses.